Chronic barium intoxication disrupts sulphated proteoglycan synthesis: A hypothesis for the origins of multiple sclerosis

Medical Hypotheses

Volumn 62, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 746-754

  Purdey, Mark ^a  

^a High Barn Farm   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE (POTASSIUM SODIUM); BARIUM; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR; HEPARAN SULFATE; OIL; PROTEOGLYCAN;

AEROSOL; ATMOSPHERE; CANADA; CELL PROLIFERATION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; ECOSYSTEM; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; MYELIN SHEATH; OLIGODENDROGLIA; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOIL; STEM CELL; SYNTHESIS; TELECOMMUNICATION; TEXTILE; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION; UNITED STATES; VEGETATION; WELDING;

EID: 1942436060     PISSN: 03069877     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2003.12.034     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Choudhury H, Cary R. Concise international chemical assessment document: 33-barium and barium compounds. Geneva: WHO; 2001.
2. Barium, Environmental health criteria 107, International programme on chemical safety. WHO: Geneva; 1990.
3. Herskovitz S. In: Spencer PS, Schaumburg HH, editors. Experimental and clinical neurotoxicology. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 225-6. 20-1.
4. Russell TJ. Additives influencing diesel/kerosene fuel combustion. In: Owen K, editor. Gasoline and diesel fuel additives: critical reports on applied chemistry, vol. 25. Chichester [UK]: Wiley; 1989. p. 65-104.
5. Lauer K. Risk of multiple sclerosis in relation to industrial activities: an ecological study in four European countries. Neuroepidemiology 1989;8:38-42.
6. Stein EC, Schiffer RB, Hall WJ, Young N. Multiple sclerosis and the workplace: report of an industry based cluster. Neurology 1987;37:1672-7.
7. Lauer K, Firnhaber W. Epidemiological investigations into MS in Southern Hesse pt 111. The possible influence of occupation on the risk of disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1985;72:397-402.
8. Sutherland JM. Multiple sclerosis: fifty years on. Clin Exp Neurol 1983;19:1-12.
9. Flodin U, Soderfeldt B, Noortind-Brage H, Fredriksson M, Axelson O. Multiple sclerosis, solvents and pets: a case referent study. Arch Neurol 1988;45:620-3.
10. Amaducci L, Arfaoli C, Inzitari D. MS amongst shoe and leather workers: an epidemiological survey in Florence. Acta Neurol Scand 1982;65:94-103.
11. Fischman H. Multiple sclerosis: a new perspective on epidemiological patterns. Neurology 1982;32:864-70.
12. Shepherd DI. Multiple sclerosis in NE Scotland. MD Thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.
13. Mauras Y, Allain P, Roques MA, Caron C. Digestive absorption of Ba after oral administration of Ba sulphate for radiology. Therapie 1983;38:109-11.
14. Clavel JP, Lorillot ML, Buthian D, Gerbet D, Heitz F, Galli A. Intestinal absorption of Ba during radiological studies. Therapie 1987;42:239-43.
15. Bastarache E. Barium and compounds/toxicology (CASRN 7440-39-3). Integrated risk information system, IRIS toxicological review, US Environmental protection agency.
16. Baranzini SE, Oksenberg JR, Hauser SL. New insights into the genetics of MS. J Rehabil Res Dev 2002;39(2):201-10.
17. Rinne UK, Panelius M, Kivalo E, Hokkanen E, Palo J. Distribution of MS in Finland with special reference to some geological factors. Acta Neurol Scand 1966;42:385-99.
18. Sotgiu S, Pugliatti M, Sanna A, Sotgiu A, Castiglia P, Solinas G, et al. MS complexity in selected populations: the challenge of Sardinia. Eur J Neurol 2002;9(4):329.
19. Layton W, Aust M, Sutherland JM. Geochemistry and multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis. Med J Aust 1975;1:73-7.
20. Mykura W. Orkney and Shetland: British regional geology, Institute of Geological Sciences, Natural Environment Research Council. London: HMSO; 1976.
21. Warren HV. Geology and MS. Nature 1959;15:561.
22. Pais I, Benton Jones J. The handbook of trace elements. Florida: St. Lucie Press; 1997.
23. Frausto da Silva JJR, Williams RJP. The biological chemistry of the elements. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001.
24. Barium: in mineral tolerance of domestic animals (Board on Agriculture). The National Academies Press; 1980. p. 54-9.
25. Underwood EJ. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition. 4th ed. New York: Academic Press; 1977.
26. Wilmot D, Tomolillo E. Map of distribution of MS cases at S. Weymouth - Abingdon, Weymouth and Rockland environmental studies (AWARES), Reported in "Clustered cases of MS" Boston Globe, 23rd Febuary 2003.
27. Paine TO. NASA barium ion cloud. Patent US 3813875, Barium release system to create ion clouds in upper atmosphere. Application No.: US 1972000248761, Patent issue date, June 4th 1974.
28. Dorsch J. Electronic news, January 11 1999.
29. Spraker T, Miller M, Williams E, Getzy D, Adrian W, Schoonveld G, et al. Spongiform encephalopathy in free-ranging mule deer, white tailed deer and Rocky mountain elk in northcentral Colorado. J Wildl Dis 1997;33(1):1-6.
30. Tracey JI, Schlanger SO, Stark JT, Doan DB, May HG. General geology of Guam, Geological survey professional paper 403-A. US Department of the Interior, US government printing office, Washington, DC, 1964, 104pp.
31. Calne DB, Eisen A, McGeer E, Spencer P. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and motorneurone disease: abiotrophic interaction between ageing and environment? Hypothesis. Lancet 1986:1067-70.
32. Gadjusek DC. Foci of motor neurone disease in high incidence in isolated populations of East Asia and the western Pacific. In: Rowland LP, editor. Human motor neurone disease. New York: Raven Press; 1982. p. 363-93.
33. Alpers MP, Kuru. In: Alpers MP, Attenborough RD, editors. Human biology in Papua New Quinea. Melbourne: Clarenden Press; 1992. p. 314 [chapter 16].
34. Muller WK. Experimental studies on several aspects of MS in Iceland. Bulletin No. 31. Hveragerdi, Iceland: Research Institute Nedri As Publications; 1979.
35. Devlin TM. Textbook of biochemistry with clinical correlations. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley - Liss; 1992.
36. Nader HB, Takahashi HK, Guimaraes JA, Dietrich CP, Bianchini P, Ozima B. Heterogeneity of heparin. Int J Biol Macromol 1981;3(6):356-60.
37. Winkler S, Stahl RC, Carey DJ, Bansal R. Syndecan-3 and perlecan are differentially expressed by progenitors and mature oligodendrocytes and accumulate in the extracellular matrix. J Neurosci Res 2002;69(4):477-87.
38. Stringer SE, Mayer-Proschel M, Kalyani A, Rao M, Gallagher JT. Heparin is a unique marker of progenitors in the Glial cell lineage. J Biol Chem 1999;274(36):25455-60.
39. Collinge J, Palmer M, editors. Prion diseases. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1997.
40. Root-Bernstein RS, Westall FC. Serotonin binding sites; structure of sites on Myelin Basic Protein, LHRH, MSH, ACTH, Interferon, Serum albumin, ovalbumin and red pigment cone hormone. Brain Res Bull 1984;12:425-36.
41. Carnegie PR. Interaction of 5-hydroxytryptamine with the encephalitogenic protein of myelin. In: Schmitt FO, Worden FG, editors. The Neurosciences 3rd study program, 81. Cambridge (MA, USA): MIT Press; 1974. p. 925-8.
42. Kan M, Wang F, Kan M, To B, Gabriel JL, McKeehan WL. Divalent cations and heparin/heparan sulphate cooperate to control assembly and activity of the fibroblast growth factor receptor complex. Am Soc Biochem Mol Biol 1996;271(42):26143-8.
43. Markianos M, Sfagos C. Altered serotonin uptake kinetics in MS. J Neurol 88 235(4):236-7.
44. Brain's clinical neurology 6th edition (revised by Sir Roger Bannister). Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1986.
45. Perriman N, Bemfield M. Nature 2000;404:725-8.
46. Lund-Olesen K. Etiology of MS: role of superoxide dismutase. Med Hypotheses 2000;54(2):321-2.
47. Hastings L, Evans JE. Olfactory primary neurons as a route of entry for the toxic entry into the CNS. Neurotoxicology 1991;12:707-14.
48. Perez M, Wandosell F, Colaco C, Avila J. Sulphated glycoaminoglycans prevent neurotoxicity of a human prion protein fragment. Biochem J 1998;335:369-74.
49. Purdey M. Ecosystems supporting clusters of sporadic TSEs demonstrate excesses of the radical generating divalent cation, manganese, and deficiencies of antioxidant co factors Cu, Se, Fe, Zn Does a foreign cation substitution at Prp's Cu domain initiate TSE? Med Hypotheses 2000;54(2):278-306.
50. Irnne DG, Schiefer HB, Haser WJ. Geotoxicology of MS: the Henribourg, Saskatchewan, Cluster Focus, 1. The water. Sci Total Environ 1989;84:45-59.