Evaluation of leg length discrepancy in children

International Pediatrics

Volumn 19, Issue 3, 2004, Pages

  Stricker, Stephen J ^a   Hunt, Terrance ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Epiphysiodesis; Growth prediction; Hemihypertrophy; Leg length discrepancy (LLD); Lower limb length inequality

Indexed keywords

ADRENAL CORTEX CARCINOMA; BACKACHE; BECKWITH WIEDEMANN SYNDROME; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; BODY HEIGHT; BODY WEIGHT; BONE DYSPLASIA; BONE INJURY; BONE MATURATION; BONE NECROSIS; BONE RADIOGRAPHY; CHILD; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; DISTRACTION OSTEOGENESIS; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; EPIPHYSIODESIS; EXOSTOSIS; FOOT MALFORMATION; FRACTURE EXTERNAL FIXATION; GAIT DISORDER; GENETIC SCREENING; GROWTH DISORDER; HEMIHYPERTROPHY; HEMIMELIA; HEPATOBLASTOMA; HIP DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPEREMIA; HYPOPLASIA; INFECTION; JOINT DEGENERATION; LEG LENGTH INEQUALITY; LEG LENGTHENING; LIMB ISCHEMIA; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MUSCLE CONTRACTURE; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NEPHROBLASTOMA; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE; PALPATION; PERTHES DISEASE; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATION; PSEUDARTHROSIS; REVIEW; SCOLIOSIS; SPASTIC PARESIS; SUBLUXATION; SURGICAL RISK; URINALYSIS; X RAY ANALYSIS;

EID: 19344364224     PISSN: 08856265     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Rush WA, Steiner HA. A study of lower extremity length inequality. Am J Roentgenol. 1946;56:616-23.
2. Gross RH. Leg length discrepancy: How much is too much? Orthopedics 1978;1:307-10.
3. Kaufman KR, Miller LS, Sutherland DH. Gait asymmetry in patients with limb-length inequality. J Pediatr Orthop. 1996;16:144-50.
4. Liu X-C, Fabry G, Molenaers G, Lammens J, Moens P. Kinematic and kinetic asymmetry in patients with leg-length discrepancy. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18:187-9.
5. Song KM, Halliday SE, Little DG. The effect of limb-length discrepancy on gait. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:1690-8.
6. Giles LG, Taylor JR. Low-back pain associated with leg length inequality. Spine 1981;6:510-21.
7. Papaioannou T, Stokes I, Kenwright J. Scoliosis associated with limb-length inequality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64:59-62.
8. Gofton JP, Trueman GE. Studies in osteoarthritis of hip: part II, osteoarthritis of hip and leg length disparity. Can Med Assoc J 1971;104:791-9.
9. Brand RA, Yack HJ. Effects of leg length discrepancies on the forces at the hip joint. Clin Orthop 1996;333:172-80.
10. Grundy PF, Roberts CJ. Does unequal leg length cause back pain? A case-control study. Lancet 1984;2:256-8.
11. Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, Heliövaara M. Leg-length inequality in people of working age. The association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. Spine 1991;16:429-31.
12. Crawford AH, Schorry EK. Neurofibromatosis in children: the role of the orthopaedist. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999;7:217-30.
13. Dutkowsky JP, Kasser JR, Kaplan LC. Leg length discrepancy associated wtih vivid cutis marmorata. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:456-8.
14. Rogalski R, Hensinger R, Loder R. Vascular abnormalities of the extremities: clinical findings and management. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:9-14.
15. Stricker S. Musculoskeletal manifestations of Proteus syndrome: report of two cases with literature review. J Pediatr Orthop 1992;12:667-74.
16. Ballock RT, Wiesner GL, Myers MT, Thompson GH. Current concepts review. Hemihypertrophy. Concepts and controversies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997;79-A:1731-8.
17. Bettin D, Karbowski A, Schwering L. Congenital ball-and-socket anomaly of the ankle. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:492-6.
18. Finch GD, Dawe CJ. Hemiatrophy. J Pediatr Orthop 2003;23:99-101.
19. Fiser RT, Walker WM, Seibert JJ, McCarthy R, Fiser DH. Tibial length following intraosseous infusion: a prospective, radiographic analysis. Pediatr Emer Care 1997;13:186-8.
20. Rizzo V, Traggiai C, Stanhope R. Growth hormone treatment does not alter lower limb asymmetry in children with Russell-Silver syndrome. Horm Res 2001;56:114-6.
21. Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Effects of hemophilia on articulations of children and adults. Clin Orthop 1996;328:7-13.
22. Butler MS, Robertson WW, Rate W, D'Angio GJ, Drummond DS. Skeletal sequelae of radiation therapy for malignant childhood tumors. Clin Orthop 1990;251:235-40.
23. Robertson WW Jr, Butler MS, D'Angio GJ, Rate WR. Leg length discrepancy following irradiation for childhood tumors. J Pediatr Orthop 1991;11:284-7.
24. Farrar MJ, Bennet GC, Wilson NIL, Azmy A. The orthopaedic implications of peripheral limb ischaemia in infants and children. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996;78:930-3.
25. Grayhack JJ, Carroll NC. Projected limb length inequality: selecting patients for surgery. Orthop Clin North Am 1991;22:581-7.
26. Stanitski DF. Limb-length inequality: assessment and treatment options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 1999;7:143-53.
27. DeBaun MR, Tucker MA. Risk of cancer during the first four years of life in children from The Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome Registry. J Pediatr 1998;132:398-400.
28. Weng EY, Mortier GR, Graham JM Jr. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. An update and review for the primary pediatrician. Clin Pediatr 1995;34:317-26.
29. Woerman AL, Binder-Macleod SA. Leg length discrepancy assessment: accuracy and precision in five clinical methods of evaluation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1984;5:230-9.
30. Stricker SJ, Barone SR. Tips about hips in children: review article. Int Pediatr 2001;16:196-205.
31. Aaron A, Weinstein D, Thickman D, Eilert R. Comparison of orthoroentgenography and computed tomography in the measurement of limb-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1992;74:897-902.
32. Helms CA, McCarthy S. CT scanograms for measuring leg length discrepancy. Radiology 1984;151:802.
33. Shapiro F. Developmental patterns in lower-extremity length discrepancies. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982;64-A:639-51.
34. nd ed. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 1959.
35. Carpenter CT, Lester EL. Skeletal age determination in young children: analysis of three regions of the hand/wrist film. J Pediatr Orthop 1993;13:76-9.
36. Westh RN, Menelaus MB. A simple calculation for the timing of epiphyseal arrest: a further report. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1981;63:117-9.
37. Green WT, Anderson M. Experiences with epiphyseal arrest in correcting discrepancies in length of the lower extremities in infantile paralysis: a method of predicting the effect. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1947;29:659-75.
38. Moseley CF: A straight-line graph for leg-length discrepancies. Clin Orthop 1978;136:33-40.
39. Paley D, Bhave A, Herzenberg JE, Bowen JR: Multiplier method for predicting limb-length discrepancy. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000;82:1432-46.
40. Little DG, Nigo L, Aiona MD. Deficiencies of current methods for the timing of epiphysiodesis. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:173-9.
41. Dewaele J, Fabry G. The timing of epiphysiodesis: a comparative study between the use of the method of Anderson and Green and the Moseley chart. Acta Orthop Belg 1992;58:43-7.
42. Cundy P, Paterson D, Morris L, Foster B. Skeletal age estimation in leg length discrepancy. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8:513-5.
43. Dahl MT. Limb length discrepancy. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996;43:849-65.
44. Canale ST, Christian CA. Techniques for epiphysiodesis about the knee. Clin Orthop 1990;255:81-85.
45. Horton GA, Olney BW. Epiphysiodesis of the lower extremity: results of the percutaneous technique. J Pediatr Orthop 1996;16:180-182.
46. Porat S, Peyser A, Robin GC. Equalization of lower limbs by epiphysiodesis: results of treatment. J Pediatr Orthop 1991;11:442-8.
47. Surdam JW, Morris CD, DeWeese JD, Drvaric DM. Leg length inequality and epiphysiodesis: review of 96 cases. J Pediatr Orthop 2003;23:381-4.
48. Chapman ME, Duwelius PJ, Bray TJ, Gordon JE. Closed intramedullary femoral osteotomy. Shortening and derotation procedures. Clin Orthop 1993;287:245-51.
49. Kenwright J, Albinana J. Problems encountered in leg shortening. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:671-5.
50. Naudie D, Hamdy RC, Fassier F, Duhaime M. Complications of limb-lengthening in children who have an underlying bone disorder. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1998;80:18-24.
51. Paley D. Current techniques of limb lengthening. J Pediatr Orthop 1988;8:73-92.
52. Velazquez RJ, Bell DF, Armstrong PF, Babyn P, Tibshirani R. Complications of use of the Ilizarov technique in the correction of limb deformities in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;75:1148-56.
53. Hrutkay JM, Eilert RE. Operative lengthening of the lower extremity and associated psychological aspects: the Children's Hospital Experience. J Pediatr Orthop 1990;10:373-7.
54. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect of the genesis and growth of tissues: Part II. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop 1989;239:263-85.