Prophylaxis and treatment of fungal infections in oncohematological patients;Profilaxis y tratamiento de las infecciones fúngicas en el paciente oncohematológico sociedad española de quimioterapia y asociación española de hematología y hemoterapia

Revista Espanola de Quimioterapia

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 387-401

  Aguado, J M ^b   Garcia Rodriguez J A ^a   Gobernado, M ^b   Mensa, J ^b   Picazo, J ^b   De la Camarra R ^b   Carreras, E ^b   Sanz, M A ^b  

^a HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO DE SALAMANCA   (Spain)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMPHOTERICIN B DEOXYCHOLATE; AMPHOTERICIN B LIPID COMPLEX; CASPOFUNGIN; FLUCONAZOLE; ITRACONAZOLE; VORICONAZOLE;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; ASPERGILLUS; CANCER PATIENT; CANDIDA ALBICANS; CANDIDA KRUSEI; CANDIDA TROPICALIS; HUMAN; MYCOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ASPERGILLOSIS; CANDIDIASIS; CATHETERIZATION, CENTRAL VENOUS; CHRONIC DISEASE; FEVER; HEMATOLOGIC NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; MYCOSES; NEUTROPENIA;

EID: 18844474246     PISSN: 02143429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. McSweeney, P.A., Niederwieser, D., Shizuru, J.A. y cols. Hematopoietic cell transplantation in older patients with hematologic malignancies: Replacing high-dose cytotoxic therapy with graft-versus-tumor effects. Blood 2001; 97: 3390-3400.
2. Giralt, S., Estey, E., Albitar, M. y cols. Engraftment of allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cells with purine analog-containing chemotherapy: Harnessing graft-versus-leukemia without myeloablative therapy. Blood 1997; 89: 4531-4536.
3. Khouri, I.F., Saliba, R.M., Giralt, S.A. y cols. Nonablative allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation as adoptive immunotherapy for indolent lymphoma: Low incidence of toxicity, acute graft-versus-host disease, and treatment-related mortality. Blood 2001; 98: 3595-3599.
4. Junghanss. C., Marr, K.A., Carter, R.A. y cols. Incidence and outcome of bacterial and fungal infections following nonmyeloablative compared with myeloablative allogeneic hematopoyetic stem cell transplantation. A matched control study. Biology Blood Marrow Transplant 2002; 8: 512-520.
5. Martino, R., Caballero, M.D., Canals, C. y cols. Reduced-intensity conditioning reduces the risk of severe after allogeneic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 2001; 28: 341-347.
6. Marr, K.A., Carter, R.A., Crippa, F., Wald, A., Corey, L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 909-917.
7. Martino, R., Subirá, M., Rovira, M. y cols. Invasive fungal infections after allogenic peripheral blood stem cell transplantation: Incidence and risk factors in 395 patients. Br J Haematol 2001; 116: 475-482.
8. Cole, G., Halawa, A., Anaissie, E. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in hematogenous candidiasis: From the laboratory to the bedside. Clin Infect dis 1996; 22: S73-S88.
9. Bow, E., Loewen, R., Cheang, M., Schacter, B. Invasive fungal disease in adults undergoing remission induction therapy for acute myeloid leukemia. The pathogenic role of the antileukemic regimen. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 361-369.
10. Sparrelid, E., Hagglund, H., Remberger, M. y cols. Bacteraemia during the aplastic phase after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is associated with early death from invasive fungal infection. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 22: 795-800.
11. Marr, K., Seidel, K., White, T., Bowden, R. Candidemia in allogeneic blood and marrow trasplant recipients: Evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 309-316.
12. Sayer, H., Longton, G., Bowden P., Storb, R. Increased risk of infection in marrow transplant patients receiving methylprednisone for graft-versus-host disease prevention. Blood 1994; 84: 1328-1332.
13. Verfaille, C., Weisdorf, R., Haake, R., Hostetter, M., Ramsey, N., McGlave, P. Candida infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 1991; 8: 177-184.
14. Goodrich, J., Reed, E., Mori, M. y cols. Clinical feature and analysis of risk factors for invasive candida infection after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1991; 164: 731-740.
15. Denning, D., Marinus, A., Cohen. J. y cols. An EORTC multicentre prospective survey of invasive aspergillosis in haematological patients. Diagnosis and therapeutic outcome. EORTC Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group. J Infect 1998; 37: 173-180.
16. Wingard, J., Merz, W., Saral, R. Candida tropicalis. A major pathogen in immunocompromised patients. Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 539-543.
17. Sanford, C., Merz, W., Wingard, J., Charache, P., Saral, R. The value of surveillance cultures as predictors of systemic fungal infectios. J Infect Dis 1980; 142: 503-509.
18. Passweg, J., Rowlings, P., Atkinson, K. y cols. Influence of protective isolation on outcome of allogeneic bone marow transplantation for leukemia. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21: 1231-1238.
19. O'Donnell, M., Schmidt, G., Tegtmeier, B. y cols. Prediction of systemic fungal infetion in allogeneic marrow recipients: Impact of amphotericin prophylaxis in high risk patients. J Clin Oncology 1994; 12: 827-834.
20. Alangaden, J., Wahiduzzaman, M., Chandrasekar, P. Aspergillosis: The most common community-acquired pneumonia with gram-negative bacilli as copathogens in stem cell transplant recipients with graft-versus-host disease. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 659-664.
21. Wald, A., Leisenring, W., van Burik, J., Bowden, R. Epidemiology of Aspergillus infections in a large cohort of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 1459-1466.
22. Eriksson, U., Seifert, B., Schaffner, A. Comparison of effects of amphotericin B deoxycholate infused over 4 or 24 hours: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2001; 322: 579-582.
23. Herbrecht, R., Denning, D.W., Patterson, T.F. y cols. Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary therapy of invasive aspergillosis. N Engl J Med 2002: 347: 408-415.
24. Mora-Duarte, J., Betts, R., Rotstein, C. y cols. Comparison of caspofungin and amphotericin B for invasive candidiasis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 2020-2029.
25. Perfect, J., Klotman, M., Gilbert, C. y cols. Prophylactic intravenous amphotericin B in neutropenic autologous bone marrow transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 1992; 165: 891-897.
26. Lortholary, O., Dupont, B. Antifungal prophylaxis during neutropenia and immunodeficiency. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 477-504.
27. Monforte, V., Roman, A., Gavalda, J. y cols. Nebulized amphotericin B prophylaxis for Aspergillus infection in lung transplantation: Study of risk factors. J Heart Lung Transplant 2001; 20: 1274-1281.
28. Palmer, S.M., Drew, R.H., Whitehouse, J.D. y cols. Safety of aerosolized amphotericin B lipid complex in lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 2001; 72: 545-548.
29. Conneally, E., Cafferkey, M., Daly, P., Keane, C., McCann, C. Nebulized amphotericin B as prophylaxis against aspergillosis in granulocytic patients. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1993; 5: 403-406.
30. Schwartz, S., Behre, G., Heinemann, V. y cols. Aerosolized amphotericin B inhalations as prophylaxis of invasive Aspergillus infections during prolonged neutropenia. Results of a prospective randomised multicenter trial. Blood 1999; 93: 3654-3661.
31. Shepp, D., Klosterman, A., Siegel, M., Meyers, J. Comparative trial of ketoconazole and nystatin for prevention of fungal infection in neutropenic patients treated in a protective invironment. J Infect Dis 1985; 152: 1257-1263.
32. Hann, I., Prentice, H., Corringham, R. y cols. Ketoconazole versus nystatin plus amphotericin B for fungal prophylaxis in severely immunocompromised patients. Lancet 1982; 1: 826-829.
33. Wingard, J., Vaughan, W., Braine, H. y cols. Prevention of fungal sepsis in patients with prolonged neutropenia: A randomized, doubleblind, placebo controlled trial of intravenous miconazole. Am J Med 1987; 83: 1103-1110.
34. Slavin, M., Osborne, B., Adams, R. y cols. Efficacy and safety of fluconazole Prophylaxis for fungal infections after marrow transplantation - A prospective, randomized, double-blind study. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 1545-1552.
35. Goodman, J., Winston, D., Greenfield, R. y cols. A controlled trial of fluconazole to prevent fungal infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 845-851.
36. McMillan, M., Goodman, J., DeFor, T., Weisdorf, D. Fluconazole to prevent yeast infections in bone marrow transplantation patients: A randomized trial of big versus reduced dose, and determination of the value of maintenance therapy. Am J Med 2002; 112: 369-379.
37. Van Burik, J., Leisenring, W., Myerson, D. y cols. The effect ofprophylactic fluconazole on the clinical spectrum of fungal diseases in bone marrow transplant recipients with special attention to hepatic candidiasis. Medicine 1998; 77: 246-254.
38. Winston, D.J., Chandrasekar, P.H., Lazarus, H. y cols. Fluconazole prophylaxis of fungal infections in patients with acute leukaemia - Results of a randomised, placebo controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 495-503.
39. Wingard, J., Merz, W., Rinaldi, M. y cols. Increase in Candida krusei infection among patients with bone marrow transplantation and neutropenia treated prophylactically with fluconazole. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1274-1277.
40. Wingard, J., Merz, W., Rinaldi, M., Miller, C., Karp, J., Saral, R. Association of Torulopsis glabrata infections with fluconazole prophylaxis in neutropenic bone marrow transplant patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 1847-1849.
41. Rosenberg-Arska, M., Dekker, A., Branger, J., Verhoef, J. Randomised study to compare oral fluconazole to amphotericin B in the prevention of fungal infections in patients with acute leukaemia. J Antimicrob Chemother 1991; 27: 369-376.
42. Prentice, G., Kibbler, C., Prentice, A. Towards a targeted, risk-based, antifungal strategy in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 273-284.
43. Mart, K., White, T., Burik, J., Bowden, R. Development of fluconazole resistance in Candida albicans causing disseminated infection in a patient undergoing marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 908-910.
44. Newman, S., Flanigan, A., Rinaldi, M., Stein, M., Vigilante, K. Clinically significant mucosal caudidiasis resistant to fluconazole treatment in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19: 684-686.
45. Kanda, Y., Yamamoto, R., Chizuka, A. y cols. Prophylactic action of oral fluconazole against fungal infection in neutropenic patients. Cancer 2000; 89: 1611-1625.
46. Marr, K., Seidel, K., Slavin. M. y cols. Prolonged fluconazole prophylaxis is associated with persistent protection against candidiasis-related death in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients: Long-term follow-up of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Blood 2000; 96; 2055-2061.
47. Boogaerts, M., Maertens, Van Hoof, A. y cols. Itraconazole versus amphotericin B plus nystatin in the prophylaxis of fungal infections in neutropenic cancer patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 48: 97-103.
48. Morgenstem, G., Prentice, A., Prentice, H. y cols. A randomized controlled trial of itraconazole versus fluconazole for the prevention of fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies. Br J Haematology 1999; 105: 901-911.
49. Winston, D.J., Maziarz, R.T., Chandrasekar, P.H. y cols. Long-term prophylaxis in allogenic bone marrow transplant patients: A multicenter randomized trial of intravenous/oral itraconazole versus intravenous/oral fluconazole. Blood 2001; 98: 489a.
50. Pfaller, M., Cabezudo, I., Koontz, F., Bale, M., Gingrich, R. Predictive value of surveillance cultures for systemic infection due to Candida species. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 628-633.
51. Martino, P., Girmenia, C., Venditti, M. y cols. Candida colonization and systemic infection in neutropenic patients. Cancer 1989; 64: 2030-2034.
52. Walsh, T.J., Whitcomb, P.O., Revankar, S.G., Pizzo, P.A. Successful treatment of hepatosplenic candidiasis through repeated cycles of chemotherapy and neutropenia. Cancer 1995; 76: 2357-2362.
53. Bjerke, J.W., Meyers, J.D., Bowden, R.A. Hepatosplenic candidiasis - A contraindication to marrow transplantation? Blood 1994; 84: 2811-2814.
54. Herbart, H., Loffler, J., Meisner, C. y cols. Early detection of Aspergillus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation by polymerase chain reaction screening. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 1713-1719.
55. Offner, E, Cordonnier, C., Ljungman, P. y cols. Impact of previous aspergillosis on the outcome of bone marrow transplantation. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1098-1103.
56. Karp, E., Burch, P., Merz, W. An approach to intensive antileukemia therapy in patients with previous invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 1988; 85: 203-206.
57. Michallet, M., Persat, F., Kranzhofer, N. y cols. Pharmacokinetics of itraconazole oral solution in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients receiviug total body irradiation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1998; 21: 1239-1243.
58. Walsh, T., Lee, J., Lecciones, J. y cols. Empiric therapy with amphotericin B in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 496-503.
59. Pizzo, P.A., Robichaud, K., Gill, F.A., Witebsky, F.G. Empiric antibiotic and antifungal therapy for cancer patients with prolonged fever and granulocytopenia. Am J Med 1982; 72: 101-111.
60. EORTC International Antimicrobial Therapy Cooperative Group. Empiric antifungal therapy in febrile granulocytopenic patients. Am J Med 1989; 86: 668-672.
61. Walsh, T., Finberg, R., Arndt, C. y cols. Liposomal amphotericin B for empirical therapy in patients with persistent fever and neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 764-771.
62. Prentice, H., Hann, I., Hebrecht, R. y cols. A randomized comparison of liposomal versus conventional amphotericin B for the treatment of pyrexia of unknow origin in neutropenic patients. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 711-718.
63. Winston, D., Hathorn, J., Schuster, M., Schiller, G., Territo, M. A multicenter, randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for empiric antifungal therapy of febrile neutropenic patients with cancer. Am J Med 2000; 108: 282-289.
64. Malik, I., Moid, I., Aziz, Z. y cols. A randomized comparison of fluconazol with amphotericin B as empiric anti-fungal agents in cancer patients with prolonged fever and neutropenia. Am J Med 1998; 105: 478-483.
65. Boogaerts, M., Winston, D., Bow, E. y cols. Intravenous and oral itraconazole versus intravenous amphotericin B deoxycholate as empirical antifungal therapy for persistent fever in neutropenic patients with cancer who are receiving broad-spectrum antibacterial therapy. Ann Intern Med 2001; 135: 412-422.
66. Wingard, J., White, M., Anaissie, E. y cols. A randomized, double-blind comparative trial evaluating the safety of liposomal amphotericin B versus amphotericin B lipid complex in the empirical treatment of febrile neutropenia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 1155-1163.
67. Walsh, T., Pappas, P., Winston, D. y cols. Voriconazole compared with liposomal amphotericin B for empirical antifungal therapy in patients with neutropenia and persistent fever. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 225-234.
68. Bates, D., Su, L., Yu, T. y cols. Mortality and costs of acute renal failure associated with amphotericin B therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 686-693.
69. Cagnoni, P. Liposomal amphotericin B versus conventional amphotericin B in the empirical treatment of persistently febrile neutropenic patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49 (Suppl. S1): 81-86.
70. Marr, K. Fungal infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Curr Treat Op Infect Dis 2001; 3: 533-541.
71. Lin, M., Lu, H., Chen, W. Improving efficacy of antifungal therapy by polymerase chain reaction-based strategy among febrile patients with neutropenia and cancer. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1621-1627.
72. Maertens, J., Van eldere, J., Verhaegen, J., Verbeken, E., Verschakelen, J., Boogaerts, M. Use of circulating galactomannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1296-1306.
73. Villanueva, A., Arathoon, E., Gotuzzo, E., Berman, R., Dinubile, M., Sable, C. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus amphotericin for the treatment of candidal esophagitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1529-1535.
74. Arathoon, E., Gotuzzo, E., Noriega, L., Berman, R., DiNubile, M., Sable, C. Randomized, double-blind, multicenter study of caspofungin versus amphotericin B for treatment of oropharingeal and esophageal candidiases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 451-457.
75. Villanueva, A., Gotuzzo, E., Arathoon, E. y cols. A randomized double-blind study of caspofungin versus fluconazole for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis. Am J Med 2002; 113: 294-299.
76. Ally, R., Schurmann, D., Kresel, W. y cols. A randomized double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 1447-1454.
77. Kartsonis, N., DiNubile, M., Bartizal, K., Scott, P., Ryan, D., Sable, C. Efficacy of caspofungin in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis resistant to fluconazole. JAIDS 2002; 31: 183-187.
78. Hegener, P., Troke, P., Fakenheuer, G., Diehl, V., Ruhnke, M. Treatment of fluconazole-resistant candidiasis with voriconazole in patients with AIDS. AIDS 1998; 12: 2227-2228.
79. De Pauw, B.E., Raemaekers, J.M., Donnelly, J.P., Kullberg, B.J., Meis, J.F. An open study on the safety and efficacy of fluconazole in the treatment of disseminated Candida infections in patients treated for hematological malignancy. Ann Hematol 1995; 70: 83-87.
80. Anaissie, E., Bodey, G.P., Kantarjian, H. y cols. Fluconazole therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with leukemia and prior amphotericin B therapy. Am J Med 1991; 91: 142-150.
81. Kauffman, C.A., Bradkey, S.F., Ross, S., Weber, D.R. Hepatosplenic candidiasis: Successful treatment with fluconazole. Am J Med 1991; 91: 137-141.
82. Sallah, S., Semelka, R.C., Wehbie, R., Sallah, W., Nguyen, N.P., Vos, P. Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1999; 106: 697-701.
83. Kontoyiannis, D.P., Luna, M.A., Samuels, B.I., Bodey, G.P. Hepatosplenic candidiasis. A manifestation of chronic disseminated candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2000; 14: 721-739.
84. Wong-Beringer, A., Jacobs, R.A., Guglielmo, B.J. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B: Clinical efficacy and toxicities. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 603-618.
85. Sallah, S., Semelka, R.C., Sallah, W., Vainright, J.R., Philips, D.L. Amphotericin B lipid complex for the treatment of patients with acute leukemia and hepatosplenic candidiasis. Leuk Res 1999; 23: 995-999.
86. Walsh, T.J., Whitcomb, P., Piscitelli, S. y cols. Safety, tolerance, and pharmacokinetics of amphotericin B lipid complex in children with hepatosplenic candidiasis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1944-1948.
87. Anaissie, E., Rex, J., Uzum, O., Vartivarian, S. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidemia. Am J Med 1998; 104: 238-245.
88. Rex, J., Bennett, J., Sugar, A. y cols. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 1325-1310.
89. Anaissie, E., Darouiche, R., Abi-Said, D. y cols. Management of invasive candidal infections: Results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter study of fluconazole versus amphotericin B and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 964-972.
90. Nguyen, M.H., Peacock, J., Tanner, D. y cols. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidemia. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 2429-2435.
91. Horn, R., Wong, B., Kiehn, T., Armstrong, D. Fungemia in a cancer hospital: Changin frecuency, earlir onset, and results of therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 646-655.
92. Groll, A., Giri, N., Petraitis, V. y cols. Comparative efficacy and distribution of lipid formulations of amphotericin B in experimental Candida albicans infection of the central nervous system. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 274-282.
93. Fraser, V., Jones, M., Dunkel, J., Storfer, S., Medoff, G., Clairbone, W. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: Epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 414-421.
94. Nucci, M., Anaissie, E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidemia? An evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 591-599.
95. Denning, D.W. Therapeutic outcome in invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 608-615.
96. Patterson, T.F., Kirkpatrick, W.R., White, M. y cols., Aspergillus Study Group. Invasive aspergillosis. Disease spectrum, treatment practices, and outcomes. Medicine 2000; 79: 250-260.
97. Lin, S.J., Schranz, J., Teusch, S.M. Aspergillosis case-fatality rate: Systematic review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 358-366.
98. Chen, K.Y., Ko, S.C., Hsuch, P.R., Luh, K.T., Yang, P.C. Pulmonary fungal infection. Emphasis on microbiological spectra, patient outcome, and prognostic factors. Chest 2001; 120: 177-184.
99. Janssen, J., Strack, R., Ossenkoppele, G., Thijs, L., Huijgens, P. Outcome of ICU treatment in invasive aspergillosis. Int Care Med 1996; 22: 1315-1322.
100. Bowden, R., Chandrasekar, P., White, M.H. y cols. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion versus amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 359-366.
101. Walsh, T.J., Hiemenz, J.W., Seibel, N.I. y cols. Amphotericin B lipid complex for invasive fungal infections: Analysis of safety and efficacy in 556 cases. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1383-1396.
102. Coukell, A.J., Brogden, R.N. Liposomal amphotericin B. Therapeutic use in the management of fungal infections and visceral leishmaniasis. Drugs 1998; 55: 585-612.
103. Denning, D.W., Lee, J.Y., Hostetler, J.S. y cols. NIAID Mycoses Study Group multicenter trial of oral itraconazol therapy for invasive aspergillosis. Am J Med 1994; 97: 135-144.
104. Stevens, D.A., Lee, J.Y. Analysis of compassionate use of itraconazole therapy for invasive aspergillosis by the NIAID Mycoses Study Group criteria. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1857-1862.
105. Caillot, D., Bassaris, H., McGeer, A. y cols. Intravenous itraconazole followed by oral itraconazole in the treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with hematologic malignancies, chronic granulomatous disease, or AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33: 83-90.
106. th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Diego, USA, 2002; abstract M-868.
107. Ellis, M., Spence, D., de Pauw, B. y cols. An EORTC international multicenter randomized trial (EORTC number 19923) comparing two dosages of liposomal amphotericin B for treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27; 1406-1412.
108. Arikan, S., Lozano-Chiu, M., Paetznick, V., Rex, J.H. In vitro synergy of caspofungin and amphotericin B against Aspergillus and Fusarium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 245-247.
109. Perea, S., González, G., Fothergill, A.W., Kirkpatrick, W.R., Rinaldi, M.G., Patterson, T.F. In vitro interaction of caspofungin acetate with voriconazole against clinical isolates of Aspergillus spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3039-3041.
110. Kirkpatrick, W.R., Perea, S., Coco, B.J., Patterson, T.F. Efficacy of caspofungin alone and in combination with voriconazole in a Guinea pig model of invasive aspergillosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2564-2568.
111. Sutton, D.A., Sanche, S.E., Revankar, S.G., Fothergill, A.W., Rinaldi, M.G. In vitro amphotericin B resistance in clinical isolates of Aspergillus terreus, with a head-to-head comparison to voriconazole. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2343-2345.
112. Lass-Florl, C., Kotler, G., Kropshofer, G. y cols. In-vitro testing of susceptibility to amphotericin B is a reliable predictor of clinical outcome in invasive aspergillosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 497-502.
113. Schwartz, S., Milatovic, D., Thiel, E. Successful treatment of cerebral aspergillosis with a novel triazole (voriconazole) in a patient with acute leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1997; 97: 663-665.
114. Nesky, M.A., McDougal, E.C., Peacock, Jr., J.E. Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical drainage: Case report and literature review of central nervous system pseudallescheriasis. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 673-677.
115. Sharkey, P.K., Graybill, J.R., Johnson, E.S. y cols. Amphotericin B lipid complex compared with amphotericin B in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 315-321.
116. Leenders, A., Reiss, P., Portegies, R y cols. Liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) compared with amphotericin B both followed by oral fluconazole in the treatment of AIDS-associated cryptococcal meningitis. AIDS 1997; 11: 1463-1471.
117. Caillot, D., Covaillier, J., Bernard, A. y cols. Increasing volume and changing characteristics of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis on sequential thoracic computed tomography scans patients with neutropenia. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 253-259.