Double diffusion in the Mediterranean Sea: Observation and parameterization of salt finger convection

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 108, Issue 9, 2003, Pages

  Onken, Reiner ^a   Brambilla, Elena ^a  

^a NATO UNDERSEA RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

Author keywords

Density ratio; Double diffusion; Mediterranean; Salt fingering; Vertical mixing

Indexed keywords

DOUBLE DIFFUSION; PARAMETERIZATION; TURBULENCE; VERTICAL MIXING;

MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 18844469717     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jc001349     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Astraldi, M., S. Balopoulos, J. Candela, J. Font, M. Gaǐč, G. P. Gasparini, B. Manca, A. Theocharis, and J. Tintoré, The role of straits and channels in understanding the characteristics of Mediterranean circulation, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 65-108, 1999.
2. Astraldi, M., G. P. Gasparini, A. Vetrano, and S. Vignudelli, Hydrographic characteristics and interannual variability of water masses in the central Mediterranean region: A sensitivity test for the long-term changes in the Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 49, 661-680, 2002.
3. Brarr billa, E., Doppio flusso diffusivo di temperatura e salinità nel mar Mediterraneo. Ph.D. thesis, 104 pp., Univ. 'a degli Stud. di Milano, Milano, Italy, 2000.
4. Brasseur, P., J. M. Beckers, J. M. Brankart, and R. Schoenauen, Seasonal temperature and salinity fields in the Mediterranean Sea: Climatological analyses of a historical data set, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 159-192, 1996.
5. Castellari, S., N. Pinardi, and K. Leaman, Simulation of water mass formation processes in the Mediterranean Sea: Influence of the time frequency of the atmospheric forcing, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 24, 157-24,181, 2000.
6. Frassetto, R., A study of the turbulent flow and character of the water masses over the Sicilian Ridge in both summer and winter, paper presented at 7th SACLANTCEN Conference, SACLANT Undersea Res. Cent., La Spezia, Italy, 1972.
7. Haines, K., and P. Wu, A modelling study of the thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean: Water formation and dispersal, Oceanol. Acta, 18, 401-417, 1998.
8. Hecht, A., N. Pinardi, and A. R. Robinson, Currents, water masses, eddies and jets in the Mediterranean Levantine basin, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1320-1353, 1998.
9. Johannessen, O. M., and O. S. Lee, Thermohaline staircase structure in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Deep Sea Res., 21, 629-639, 1974.
10. Kelley, D. E., Effective diffusivities within oceanic thermohaline staircases, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 10,484-10,488, 1984.
11. Kelley, D. E., Fluxes through diffusive staircases: A new formulation, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 3365-3371, 1990.
12. Klein, B., W. Roether, B. B. Manca, D. Bregant, V. Beitzel, V. Kovacevic, and A. Luchetta, The large deep water transient in the eastern Mediterranean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 371-414, 1999.
13. Korres, G., N. Pinardi, and A. Lascaratos, The ocean response to low frequency interannual atmospheric forcing variability in the Mediterranean Sea, J. Clim., 13, 705-731, 2000.
14. Lascaratos, A., W. Roether, K. Nittis, and B. Klein, Recent changes in deep water formation and spreading in the eastern Mediterranean Sea: A review, Prog. Oceanogr., 44, 5-36, 1999.
15. Millot, C., Circulation in the western Mediterranean Sea, J. Mar. Syst., 20, 424-442, 1999.
16. Molcard, R., and R. I. Tait, The steady state of the step structure in the Tyrrhenian Sea, in A voyage of Discovery, edited by M. Angel, Deep Sea Res., 24, suppl., 221-233, 1978.
17. Molcard, R., and A. J. Williams, Deep-stepped structure in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Mem. Soc. R. Sci. Liege, 6, 191-210, 1975.
18. Onken, R., and J. Sellschopp, Water masses and circulation between the eastern Algerian basin and the Strait of Sicily in October 1996, Oceanol. Acta, 24, 151-165, 2001.
19. Onken, R., and H. Yüce, Winter circulation and convection in the Antalya basin (eastern Mediterranean), J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 1099-1110, 2000.
20. Özsoy, E., A. Hecht, and Ü. Ünlüata, Circulation and hydrography of the Levantine basin: Results of POEM coordinated experiments 1985-1986, Prog. Oceanogr., 22, 125-170, 1989.
21. Pinardi, N., G. Korres, A. Lascaratos, V. Roussenov, and E. Stanev, Numerical simulation of the interannual variability of the Mediterranean Sea upper ocean circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 425-428, 1997.
22. Schmitt, R. W., Form of the temperature-salinity relationship in the central water: Evidence for double-diffusive mixing, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1015-1026, 1981.
23. Schmitt, R. W., Double diffusion in oceanography, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 26, 255-285, 1994.
24. Schmitt, R. W., Double-diffusive convection: Its role in ocean mixing and parameterization schemes for large scale modeling, in Ocean Modeling and Parameterization, edited by E. Chassignet and J. Verron, pp. 215-234, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1998.
25. Sparnocchia, S., G. P. Gasparini, M. Astraldi, M. Borghini, and P. Pistek, Dynamics and mixing of the eastern Mediterranean outflow in the Tyrrhenian basin, J. Mar. Syst., 20, 301-317, 1999.
26. Stommel, H. M., A. B. Arons, and D. Blanchard, An oceanographic curiosity: The perpetual salt fountain, Deep Sea Res., 3, 152-153, 1956.
27. Wu, P., and K. Haines, Modelling the dispersal of Levantine Intermediate Water and its role in Mediterranean Deep Water formation, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 6591-6607, 1996.
28. Wu, P., and K. Haines, The general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from a 100-year simulation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 1121-1135, 1998.
29. Wüst, G., On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 66, 3261-3271, 1961.
30. Zhang, J., and R. W. Schmitt, The impact of salt fingering on the thermohaline circulation under mixed boundary conditions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1223-1231, 2000.
31. Zhang, J., R. W. Schmitt, and R. X. Huang, Sensitivity of the GFDL Modular Ocean Model to parameterization of double-diffusive processes, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 28, 589-605, 1998.
32. Zodiatis, G., and G. P. Gasparini, Thermohaline staircases in the Tyrrhenian Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 43, 655-678, 1996.