Circulation in the Western Mediterranean Sea

Journal of Marine Systems

Volumn 20, Issue 1-4, 1999, Pages 423-442

  Millot, Claude ^a  

^a STATION MARINE D ENDOUME   (France)

Author keywords

Circulation; Sea dynamics; Water mass

Indexed keywords

MEDITERRANEAN SEA; WATER ANALYSIS; WATER FLOW;

OCEANIC CIRCULATION; WATER MASS;

MEDITERRANEAN SEA;

EID: 0032919230     PISSN: 09247963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0924-7963(98)00078-5     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Afanasyev, Y., Fillipov, I., 1996. Generation of intermediate vortices in a rotating stratified fluid: laboratory models. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 18167-18174.
2. Albérola, C., Millot, C., Font, J., 1995a. On the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current during the PRIMO-O experiment in the western Mediterranean Sea. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 163-192.
3. Albérola, C., Rousseau, S., Millot, C., Astraldi, M., Garcia-Lafuente, J.J., Gasparini, G.P., Send, U., Vangriesheim, A., 1995b. Tidal currents in the Western Mediterranean Sea. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 273-284.
4. Alvarez, A., Tintoré, J., Holloway, G., Eby, M., Beckers, J.M., 1994. Effect of topographic stress on circulation in the Western Mediterranean. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 16053-16064.
5. Artale, V., Astraldi, M., Buffoni, G., Gasparini, G.P., 1994. The seasonal variability of the gyre-scale circulation in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 14127-14137.
6. Astraldi, M., Gasparini, G.P., 1992. The seasonal characteristics of the circulation in the north Mediterranean Basin and their relationship with the atmospheric-climatic conditions. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 9531-9540.
7. Astraldi, M., Gasparini, G.P., 1994. The seasonal characteristics of the circulation in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), Seasonal and interannual variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 46, 115-134.
8. Astraldi, M., Gasparini, G.P., Sparnocchia, S., 1994. The seasonal and interannual variability in the Ligurian-Provencal Basin. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), Seasonal and interannual variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 46, 93-114.
9. Astraldi, M., Bianchi, C.N., Gasparini, G.P., Morri, C., 1995. Climatic fluctuations, current variability and marine species distribution: a case study in the Ligurian Sea (north-west Mediterranean). Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 139-149.
10. Astraldi, M., Gasparini, G.P., Sparnocchia, S., Moretti, M., Sansone, E., 1996. The characteristics of the water masses and the water transport in the Sicily Strait at long time scales. In: Briand, F. (Ed.), Dynamics of Mediterranean straits and channels, Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique, 17, 95-115.
11. Ayoub, N., Le Traon, P.Y., De Mey, P., 1998. A description of the Mediterranean surface variable circulation from combined ERS-1ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetric data. J. Mar. Sys. 18, 3-40.
12. Baey, J.M., Renouard, D., Chabert d'Hières, G., 1995. Preliminary results about the stability of n intermediate water current. Deep-Sea Res. 42 (11-12), 2063-2073.
13. Beckers, J.M., Nihoul, J., 1992. Model of the Algerian current's instability. J. Mar. Syst. 3 (4-5), 441-451.
14. Benzohra, M., Millot, C., 1995a. Characteristics and circulation of the surface and intermediate water masses off Algeria. Deep-Sea Res. 42 (10), 1803-1830.
15. Benzohra, M., Millot, C., 1995b. Hydrodynamics of an open-sea Algerian eddy. Deep-Sea Res. 18 (2), 1831-1847.
16. Béthoux, J.P., Prieur, L., Bong, J.H., 1988. Le courant Ligure au large de Nice. Oceanol. Acta 9, 59-67.
17. Béthoux, J.P., Gentili, B., Raunet, J., Tailliez, D., 1990. Warming trend in the western Mediterranean deep water. Nature 247, 660-662.
18. Bouzinac, C., Font, J., Millot, C., 1999. Hydrology and currents observed in the Channel of Sardinia during the PRIMO-1 experiment from November 1993 to October 1994. J. Mar. Sys. 20, 333-355, (this volume).
19. Brasseur, P., Brankart, J.M., Beckers, J.M., 1994. Seasonal variability of general circulation fields in the Mediterranean Sea: Inventory of climatological fields. GHER progress report, University of Liège.
20. Brasseur, P., Beckers, J.M., Brankart, J.M., Shoenauen, R., 1996. Seasonal temperature and salinity fields in the Mediterranean Sea: climatological analyses of a historical data set. Deep-Sea Res. 43 (2), 159-192.
21. Bryden, H., Brady, E., Pillsbury, R., 1989. Flow through the Strait of Gibraltar. In: Almazan, J., Bryden, H., Kinder, T., Parrilla, G. (Eds.), Seminario sobre la Oceanografia Fisica del Estrecho de Gibraltar, SECEG, 166-194.
22. Bryden, H., Kinder, T., 1991. Recent progress in Strait Dynamics. Rev. of Geophysics, 617-631.
23. Burkov, V.A., Krivosheya, V.A., Ovchinnikov, I.M., Savin, M.T., 1979. Eddies in the current system of the Western Mediterranean Basin. Oceanology 19, 9-13.
24. Candela, J., 1991. The Gibraltar Strait and its role in the dynamics of the Mediterranean Sea. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 15 (3-5), 267-299.
25. Chabert d'Hières, G., Didelle, H., Obaton, D., 1991. A laboratory study of surface boundary current: application to the Algerian current. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12.539-12.548.
26. Conan, P., Millot, C., 1995. Variability of the Northern Current off Marseilles, western Mediterranean Sea, from February to June 1992. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 193-205.
27. Crépon, M., Boukthir, M., Barnier, B., Aikman III, F., 1989. Horizontal ocean circulation forced by deep water formation: Part I. An analytical study. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 19, 1781-1792.
28. Davies, P., Folkard, A., Chabert d'Hières, G., 1993. Remote sensing observations of filament formation along the Almeria-Oran front. Ann. Geophysicae 11, 419-430.
29. Durrieu de Madron, X., Nyffeler, F., Godet, C., 1990. Hydrographic structure and nepheloid spatial distribution in the Gulf of Lions continental margin. Cont. Shelf Res. 10 (9-11), 915-929.
30. EUROMODEL Group, 1995. Progress from 1989 to 1992 in understanding the circulation of the Western Mediterranean Sea. Oceanol. Acta, 18, 255-271.
31. Folkard, A., Davies, P., Prieur, L., 1994. The surface temperature field and dynamical structure of the Almeria-Oran front from simultaneous shipboard and satellite data. J. Mar. Sys. 5, 205-222.
32. Font, J., 1987. The path of the Levantine Intermediate Water to the Alboran Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 34 (10), 1745-1755.
33. Font, J., Salat, J., Tintore, J., 1988. Permanent features of the circulation in the Catalan Sea. Oceanol. Acta 9, 51-57.
34. Font, J., Garcia-Ladona, E., Gorriz, E., 1995. The seasonality of mesoscale motion in the Northern Current of the western Mediterranean: several years of evidence. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 207-219.
35. Font, J., Millot, C., Salas, J., Julià, A., Chic, O., 1998. The drift of Modified Atlantic Water from the Alboran Sea to the Eastern Mediterranean. Sci. Mar. 62 (3), 211-216.
36. Fuda, J.L., Millot, C., Taupier-Letage, I., Send, U., Bocognano, J.M., 1998. XBT sections across the Western Mediterranean Sea. Deep-Sea Res., submitted.
37. Garcia-Ladona, E., Tintoré, J., Pinot, J.M., Font, J., Manriquez, M., 1994. Surface circulation and dynamics of the Baliaric Sea. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), The Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 46, 73-91.
38. Garcia-Lafuente, J., Lopez-Jurado, J.L., Cano-Lucaya, N., Aguiar-Garcia, J., 1995. Water masses circulation through the Ibiza channel. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 245-254.
39. Garrett, C., Bormans, M., Thompson, K., 1990. Is the exchange through the Strait of Gibraltar maximal or submaximal? In: Pratt, L. (Ed.) The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Kluwer, 271-294.
40. Garzoli, S., Maillard, C., 1976. Hydrologie et circulation hivernales dans les canaux de Sicile et de Sardaigne. Int. rep. of the Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique du Museum, Paris.
41. Gascard, J.C., Richez, C., 1985. Water masses and circulation in the Western Alboran Sea and in the Straits of Gibraltar. Progr. Oceanogr. 15, 157-216.
42. Gasparini, G.P., Astraldi, M., Picco, P., Nair, R., Sparnocchia, S., 1994. The role of the Tyrrhenian Basin in modifying the Levantine Intermediate Water and Deep Water characteristics. First workshop of the Mediterranean Targeted Project, Barcelona, November 21-23, 47-49.
43. Gleizon, P., Chabert D'Hières, G., Renouard, D., 1996. Experimental study of the Alboran Sea gyres. Oceanol. Acta 19 (5), 499-511.
44. Guibout, P., 1987. Atlas hydrologique de la Méditerranée. Lab. d'Océanographie Physique du Museum, Paris, 174 pp.
45. Harzallah, A., Cadet, D., Crépon, M., 1993. Possible forcing effects of net evaporation, atmospheric pressure and transients on water transports in the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 98, 12341-12350.
46. Heburn, G., La Violette, P., 1990. Variations in the structure of the anticyclonic gyres found in the Alboran Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1599-1613.
47. Herbaut, C., Mortier, L., Crépon, M., 1996. A sensitivity study of the general circulation of the western Mediterranean Sea: Part I. The response to density forcing through the straits. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (1), 65-84.
48. Hopkins, T.S., 1988. Recent observations on the intermediate and deep water circulation in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Oceanol. Acta 9, 41-50.
49. Katz, E.J., 1972. The Levantine Intermediate Water between the Strait of Sicily and the Strait of Gibraltar. Deep-Sea Res. 19, 507-520.
50. Kinder, T., Parrilla, G., 1987. Yes, some of the Mediterranean outflow does come from great depths. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 2901-2906.
51. Kinder, T., Bryden, H., 1990. Aspiration of deep waters through straits. In: Pratt, L. (Ed.), The Physical Oceanography of Sea Straits, Kluwer, 295-319.
52. Lacombe, H., Tchernia, P., 1960. Quelques traits généraux de l'hydrologie Méditerranéenne. Cahiers Océanographiques XII (8), 527-547.
53. Lacombe, H., Tchernia, P., Gamberoni, L., 1985. variable bottom water in the Western Mediterranean Basin. Progress in Oceanography 14, 319-338.
54. Larnicol, G., Le Traon, P.Y., De Mey, P., 1995. Mean sea level and variable surface circulation of the Mediterranean Sea from two years of TP altimetry. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 163-177.
55. La Violette, P., 1990. The Western Mediterranean Circulation Experiment (WMCE): introduction. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1513-1514.
56. La Violette, P., Tintoré, J., Font, J., 1990. The surface circulation of the Balearic Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1559-1568.
57. Leaman, K., 1994. The formation of Western Mediterranean deep Water. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), The Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies 46, 227-248.
58. Leaman, K., Schott, F., 1991. Hydrographic structure of the convection regime in the Golfe du Lion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 575-598.
59. Le Vourch, J., Millot, C., Castagné, N., Le Borgne, P., Olry, J.P., 1992. Atlas of thermal fronts of the Mediterranean Sea derived from satellite imagery. Mémoires de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco 16, 146.
60. Lopez-Garcia, M.J., Millot, C., Font, J., Garcia-Ladona, E., 1994. Surface circulation variability in the Balearic Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 99, 3285-3296.
61. Lopez-Jurado, J.L., Garcia-Lafuente, J.M., Cano-Lucaya, N., 1995. Hydrographic conditions of the Ibiza channel during November 90, March 91 and July 92. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 235-243.
62. Madec, G., Chartier, M., Crépon, M., 1991a. Effect of thermohaline forcing variability on deep water formation in the Western Mediterranean Sea: a high resolution three dimensional numerical study. Dyn. Atm. Oceans 15 (3-5), 301-332.
63. Madec, G., Chartier, M., Delecluse, P., Crépon, M., 1991b. A three-dimensional numerical study of deep water formation in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 1349-1371.
64. Manzella, G., La Violette, P., 1990. The seasonal variation of water mass content in the western Mediterranean and its relationship with the inflows through the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1623-1626.
65. Manzella, G., Hopkins, T., Minnet, P., Nancini, E., 1990. Atlantic water in the Strait of Sicily. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1569-1575.
66. Marullo, S., Santoleri, R., Bignami, F., 1994. The surface characteristics of the Tyrrhenian Sea: Historical satellite data analysis. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), The Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies 46, 135-154.
67. Maso, M., Tintoré, J., 1991. Variability of the shelf water off the north-east Spanish Coast. J. Mar. Sys. 1, 441-450.
68. Millot, C., 1985. Some features of the Algerian current. J. Geophys. Res. 90, 7169-7176.
69. Millot, C., 1987a. Circulation in the Western Mediterranean. Oceanol. Acta 10 (2), 143-149.
70. Millot, C., 1987b. The circulation of the Levantine Intermediate Water in the Algerian Basin. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 8265-8276.
71. Millot, C., 1991. Mesoscale and seasonal variabilities of the circulation in the Western Mediterranean. Dyn. Atm. Oceans 15, 179-214.
72. Millot, C., 1992. Are there major differences between the largest mediterranean seas? A preliminary investigation. Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique, Monaco 11, 3-25.
73. Millot, C., 1994. Models and data: a synergetic approach in the western Mediterranean Sea. In: Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Robinson, A.R. (Eds.), Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics:Global and Mediterranean Examples, Kluwer, 407-425.
74. Millot, C., 1995. PRIMO-0 and related experiments. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 137-138.
75. Millot, C., Taupier-Letage, I., Benzohra, M., 1990. The Algerian Eddies. Earth-Sci. Rev. 27, 203-219.
76. Millot, C., Manzella, G., La Violette, P., 1992. Correction to 'The seasonal variation of water mass content in the western Mediterranean and its relationship with the inflows through the straits of Gibraltar and Sicily'. In: Manzella, G., La Violette, P. (Eds.), J. Geophys. Res., 97, 17961-17962.
77. Millot, C., Benzhora, M., Taupier-Letage, I., 1997. Circulation in the Algerian Basin inferred from the MEDIPROD-5 current meters data. Deep-Sea Res. 44 (9/10), 1467-1495.
78. Morel, A., André, J.M., 1991. Pigment distribution and primary production in the western Mediterranean as derived and modeled from Coastal Zone Color Scanner observations. J. Geophys. Res. 96, 12685-12698.
79. Mortier, L., 1992. Les instabilités d'un courant côtier de densité. Application au courant algérien. Thèse de doctorat de l'Université d'Aix Marseille II, 326 pp.
80. Obaton, D., Millot, C., Chabert d'Hières, G., Taupier-Letage, I., 1998. The Algerian current: comparisons between in situ and laboratory measurements. Deep-Sea Res., submitted.
81. O'Neil Baringer, M., Price, J., 1997. Mixing and spreading of the Mediterranean outflow. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 27 (8), 1654-1677.
82. Ovchinnikov, I.M., 1966. Circulation in the surface and intermediate layers of the Mediterranean. Oceanology 6, 48-59.
83. Parrilla, G., Kinder, T., Preller, R., 1986. Deep and intermediate Mediterranean Water in the western Alboran Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 33, 55-88.
84. Perkins, H., Pistek, P., 1990. Circulation in the Algerian Basin during June 1986. J. Geophys. Res. 95, 1577-1585.
85. Picco, P., 1990. Climatological atlas of the Western Mediterranean. ENEA, Roma, 224 pp.
86. Pichevin, T., Nof, D., 1996. The eddy canon. Deep Sea Res. 43 (9), 1475-1507.
87. Pinardi, N., Korres, G., Lascaratos, A., Roussenov, V., Stanev, E., 1997. Numerical simulation of the interannual variability of the Mediterranean Sea upper ocean circulation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (4), 425-428.
88. Pinot, J.M., Tintoré, J., Gomis, D., 1994. Quasi-synoptic mesoscale variability in the Balearic Sea. Deep-Sea Res. 41 (5), 897-914.
89. Pinot, J.M., Tintoré, J., Gomis, D., 1995. Multivariate analysis of the surface circulation in the Balearic Sea. Prog. Oceanogr. 36, 343-376.
90. Prieur, L., Sournia, A., 1994. 'Almofront-1' (April-May 1991): an interdisciplinary study of the Almeria-Oran geostrophic front, SW Mediterranean Sea. J. Mar. Syst. 5, 187-203.
91. Roether, W., Manca, B., Klein, B., Bregant, D., Georgopoulos, D., Beitzel, V., Kovacecic, V., Luchetta, A., 1996. Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water found in an entirely new state. Science 27, 333.
92. Rohling, E., Bryden, H., 1992. Man-induced salinity and temperature increases in the Western Mediterranean deep water. J. Geophys. Res. 97, 11191-11198.
93. Roussenov, V., Stanev, E., Artale, V., Pinardi, N., 1995. A seasonal model of the Mediterranean Sea general circulation. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 13515-13538.
94. Salat, J., 1995. The interaction between the Catalan and Balearic currents in the southern Catalan Sea. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 227-234.
95. Salat, J., Font, J., 1987. Water mass structure near and offshore the Catalan coast during the winter of 1982 and 1983. Annales Geophysicae 5, 49-54.
96. Sammari, C., Millot, C., Prieur, L., 1995. Some aspects of the seasonal and mesoscale variabilities of the Northern Current inferred from the PROLIG-2 and PROS-6 experiments. Deep-Sea Res. 42 (6), 893-917.
97. Sammari, C., Millot, C., Taupier-Letage, I., Stefani, A., Brahim, M., 1998. Hydrological characteristics in the Tunisia-Sicily-Sardinia area during spring 1995. Deep-Sea Res., in press.
98. Schott, F., Leaman, K., 1991. Observations with moored acoustic Doppler current profilers in the convection regime in the Golfe du Lion. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21, 558-574.
99. Schott, F., Visbeck, M., Send, U., 1994. Open ocean deep convection, Mediterranean and Greenland Seas. In: Malanotte-Rizzoli, P., Robinson, A. (Eds.), Ocean Processes in Climate Dynamics: Global and Mediterranean Examples, Kluwer, 203-225.
100. Schott, F., Visbeck, M., Send, U., Fisher, J., Stramma, L., Desaubies, Y., 1996. Observations of deep convection in the Gulf of lions, Northern Mediterranean, during the winter of 1991/92. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (4), 505-524.
101. Schlitzer, R., Roether, W., Oster, H., Junghans, H.G., Hausmann, M., Johannsen, H., Michelato, A., 1991. Chlorofluoromethane and oxygen in the eastern Mediterranean. Deep-Sea Res. 38 (12), 1531-1551.
102. Send, U., Font, J., Mertens, C., 1996. Recent observation indicates convection's role in deep water circulation. EOS 77, 7, pp. 61, 65.
103. Send, U., Krahmann, G., Mauuary, D., Desaubies, Y., Gaillard, F., Terre, T., Papadakis, J., Taroudakis, M., Skarsoulis, E., Millot, C., 1997. Acoustic observations of heat content across the Mediterranean Sea. Nature 385, 615-617.
104. Sparnocchia, S., Manzella, G., La Violette, P., 1994. The interannual and seasonal variability of the MAW and LIW core properties in the Western Mediterranean Sea. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), The Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies 46, 177-194.
105. Sparnocchia, S., Picco, P., Manzella, G., Ribotti, A., Copello, S., Brasey, P., 1995. Intermediate water formation in the Ligurian Sea. Oceanol. Acta 18 (2), 151-162.
106. Sparnocchia, S., Gasparini, G.P., Astraldi, M., Borghini, M., Pistek, P., 1999. Dynamics and mixing of the Eastern Mediterranean Outflow in the Tyrrhenian Basin. J. Mar. Sys. 20, 301-317, (this volume).
107. Speich, S., Crépon, M., Madec, G., 1996. A strait outflow circulation process study: the case of the Alboran Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (3), 320-340.
108. Stommel, H., Bryden, H., Mangelsdorf, P., 1973. Does some of the Mediterranean outflow come from great depth? Pure Appl. Geophys. 105, 879-889.
109. Taupier-Letage, I., Millot, C., 1986. General hydrodynamical features in the Ligurian Sea inferred from the DYOME experiment. Oceanol. Acta 9 (2), 119-131.
110. Taupier-Letage, I., Millot, C., 1988. Surface circulation in the Algerian Basin during 1984. Oceanol. Acta 9, 119-131.
111. Tintoré, J., La Violette, P., Blade, I., Cruzado, A., 1988. A study of an intense density front in the eastern Alboran Sea: the Almeria-Oran front. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 18 (10), 1384-1397.
112. Tintoré, J., Gomis, D., Alonso, S., Parilla, G., 1991. Mesoscale dynamics and vertical motion in the Alboran Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 21 (6), 811-823.
113. Tintoré, J., Viudez, A., Gomis, D., Alonso, S., Werner, F., 1994. Mesoscale variability and Q vector vertical motion in the Alboran Sea. In: La Violette, P.E. (Ed.), Seasonal and interannual variability of the Western Mediterranean Sea, Coastal and Estuarine Studies 46, 47-71.
114. Vangriesheim, A., Madelain, F., 1977. Courantométrie SEGAMO, Traitement et synthèse des données. Rap. Int. CNEXO, Brest.
115. Vazquez, J., Font, J., Martinez-Benjamin, J.J., 1996. Observations of the circulation in the Alboran Sea using ERS-1 altimetry and sea surface temperature data. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26, 1426-1439.
116. Vignudelli, S., 1997. Potential use of ERS-1 and Topex/Poseidon altimeters for resolving oceanographic patterns in the Algerian Basin. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24 (14), 1787-1790.
117. Viudez, A., Tintoré, J., Haney, R., 1996. Circulation in the Alboran Sea as determined by quasi-synoptic hydrographic observations: Part I. Three-dimensional structure of the two anticyclonic gyres. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 26 (5), 684-705.
118. Viudez, A., Tintoré, J., 1995. Time and space variability in the eastern Alboran Sea from March to May 1990. J. Geophys. Res. 100, 8571-8586.
119. Wu, P., Haines, K., 1996. Modeling the dispersal of Levantine Intermediate Water and its role in Mediterranean deep water formation. J. Geophys. Res. 101, 6591-6607.
120. Wüst, G., 1961. On the vertical circulation of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 66, 3261-3271.
121. Zodiatis, G., Gasparini, G.P., 1996. Thermohaline staircase formations in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Deep-sea Res. 43 (5), 655-678.