Following the pathway of female entrepreneurs: A six-country investigation

International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 84-107

  Mcclelland, Emma ^a   Swail, Janine ^a   Bell, Jim ^b   Ibbotson, Patrick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Business development; Business formation; Cross cultural studies; Entrepreneurs; International business; Women

Indexed keywords

EID: 18844442022     PISSN: 13552554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/13552550510590527     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Alstete, J.W. (2003), “On becoming an entrepreneur: an evolving typology”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 222-34.
2. Andersen, G. (1983), “Resource-based theory and international growth strategies: an exploratory study”, International Business Review, Vol. 7, pp. 163-84.
3. Ansoff, H.I. (1968), Corporate Strategy, Penguin Books, Bungay.
4. Babaeva, L. and Chirikova, A. (1997), “Women in business”, Russian Social Science Review, Vol. 38 No. 3, pp. 81-92.
5. Belcourt, M., Burke, R. and Lee-Gosselin, H. (1991), The Glass Box: Women Business Owners in Canada, Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, Ottawa.
6. Bell, J., Crick, D., McNaughton, R. and Young, S. (2001), “Towards an eclectic model of small firm internationalisation”, in Jones, M.V. and Dimitrios, P. (Eds), Proceedings of the 4th McGill Conference on Entrepreneurship: Researching New Frontiers, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Vol. 1, 21-23 September, pp. 95-110.
7. Birley, S. (1989), “Female entrepreneurs: are they really any different?”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 27 No. 1, pp. 32-7.
8. Brush, C.G. (1992), “Research on women business owners: past trends, a new perspective and future directions”, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 16 No. 4, p. 5.
9. Brush, C.G. and Hisrich, R.D. (1991), “Antecedent influences on women-owned businesses”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 9-16.
10. Burns, P. (2001), Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Palgrave, New York, NY.
11. Burns, P. and Dewhurst, J. (1996), Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 2nd ed., Macmillan Business Press, London.
12. Buttner, H. and Moore, D. (1997), “Women's organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 35 No. 1, pp. 34-47.
13. Carter, N. (1997), “Entrepreneurial processes and outcomes: the influence of gender”, in Reynolds, P. and White, S. (Eds), Economic Growth, Men, Women and Minorities, Quorum Books, Westport, CT.
14. Carter, N., Brush, C., Gatewood, E., Greene, P. and Hart, M. (2002), “Does enhancing women's financial sophistication promote entrepreneurial success?”, paper presented at Promoting Female Entrepreneurship: Implications for Education, Training and Policy Conference, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, 19 November.
15. Carter, S. (2000a), “Improving the numbers and performance of women-owned businesses: some implications for training and advisory services”, Education + Training, Vol. 42 No. 4/5, pp. 326-34.
16. Carter, S. (2000b), “Gender and enterprise”, in Carter, S. and Jones-Evans, D. (Eds), Enterprise and Small Business: Principles, Practice and Policy, Financial Times Prentice-Hall, London.
17. Carter, S. and Cannon, T. (1988), “Female entrepreneurs: a study of female business owners, their motivations, experiences and strategies for success, Research Paper, No. 65, Department of Employment, London.
18. Carter, S. and Cannon, T. (1992), Women as Entrepreneurs, Academic Press, London.
19. Carter, S. and Rosa, P. (1998), “The financing of male- and female-owned businesses”, Entrepreneurship and Research Development, Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 225-41.
20. Catley, S. and Hamilton, R.T. (1998), “Small business development and gender of owner”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 17 No. 1, pp. 75-82.
21. Churchill, N. and Lewis, V.L. (1983), “The five stages of small business growth”, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 61 No. 3, pp. 30-50.
22. Collis, J. and Hussey, R. (2003), Business Research, 2nd ed., Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.
23. Coviello, N.E. and McAuley, A. (1999), “Internationalisation and the smaller firm: a review of contemporary and empirical research”, International Business Review, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 63-85.
24. Coviello, N. and Munro, H. (1995), “Growing the entrepreneurial firm: networking for the international market development”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 49-61.
25. Cromie, S. (1987), “Motivations of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs”, Journal of Occupational Behaviour, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 251-61.
26. Deakins, D. and Whittam, G. (2000), “Business start-up: theory, practice and policy”, in Carter, S. and Jones-Evans, D. (Eds), Enterprise and Small Business: Principles, Practice and Policy, Financial Times Prentice-Hall, London.
27. Domegan, C. and Fleming, D. (2003), Marketing Research in Ireland: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed., Gill and Macmillan, Dublin.
28. Fielden, S.L., Davidson, M.J., Dawe, A.J. and Makin, P.J. (2003), “Factors inhibiting the economic growth of female-owned small businesses in North West England”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development., Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 152-66.
29. Gibb, A. and Scott, M. (1985), “Strategic awareness, personal commitment and the process of strategic planning in the small business”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 22 No. 6, pp. 597-627.
30. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2002), Total Entrepreneurial Activity by Country by Gender: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Executive Report, available at: www.entreworld.org/GEM2002 (accessed 26 March 2004).
31. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2003), Total Entrepreneurial Activity by Country by Gender: Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Executive Report, available from: www.gemconsortium.org (accessed 6 December 2004).
32. Goffee, R. and Scase, R. (1985), Women in Charge: The Experiences of Female Entrepreneurs, George Allen & Unwin, London.
33. Grondin, D. and Grondin, C. (1994), “The export orientation of Canadian female entrepreneurs in New Brunswick”, Women in Management Review, Vol. 9 No. 5, pp. 20-30.
34. Henry, C. (2002), closing remarks at Research Forum: Promoting Female Entrepreneurship - Implications for Education, Training and Policy. Centre for Entrepreneurship Research, Dundalk Institute of Technology, Dundalk, 19 November.
35. Hill, J., McGowan, P. and Drummond, P. (1999), “The development and application of a qualitative approach to researching the marketing networks of small firm entrepreneurs”, Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 71-81.
36. Hisrich, R.D. and Brush, C.G. (1983), “The woman entrepreneur: implications of family, educational and occupational experience”, in Hornaday, J.A., Timmons, J.A. and Vesper, K.H. (Eds), Frontiers in Entrepreneurship Research: Proceedings of the 1983 Conference on Entrepreneurship, Babson College, Wellesley, MA, pp. 255-70.
37. Hisrich, R.D. and Brush, C.G. (1984), “The woman entrepreneur: management skills and business problems”, Journal of Small Business Management., Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 30-7.
38. Hisrich, R.D. and Brush, C.G. (1986), The Woman Entrepreneur, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
39. Hisrich, R., Brush, C., Good, D. and De Souza, G. (1997), “Performance in entrepreneurial ventures: does gender matter?”, Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research: Conference Proceedings, Babson College, Babson Park, MA, pp. 238-9.
40. Hurmerinta-Peltomaki, L. (2001), “Time and internationalisation: theoretical challenges set by rapid internationalisation”, in Jones, M.V. and Dimitratos, P. (Eds), Proceedings of the 4th McGill Conference on Entrepreneurship: Researching New Frontiers, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Vol. 1, 21-23 September, pp. 494-518.
41. Ibarra, H. (1993), “Personal networks of women and minorities in management: a conceptual framework”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 56-88.
42. Johnsen, R. and Johnsen, T. (1999), “International market development through networks: the case of the Ayrshire knitwear sector”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 5 No. 6, pp. 297-312.
43. Kleiman, C. (1998), “Women entrepreneurs are a big loss to corporations”, St Louis Post, Dispatch, C5.
44. Koreen, M. (2001), “Women entrepreneurs in SMEs: realising the benefits of globalisation and the knowledge-based economy: synthesis”, OECD Proceedings, 2nd OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Realising the Benefits of Globalisation and the Knowledge-Based Economy, Paris, 29-30 November, pp. 23-64.
45. Lee, J. (1996), “The motivation of women entrepreneurs in Singapore”, Women in Management Review, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 18-29.
46. Leonidou, L.C. (1994), “Export barriers: non-exporters' perceptions”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 12 No. 1, pp. 4-25.
47. Leonidou, L.C. and Katsikeas, C.S. (1996), “The export development process: an integrative review of the empirical models”, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 27 No. 3, pp. 517-51.
48. McElwee, G. and Al-Riyami, R. (2003), “Women entrepreneurs in Oman; some barriers to success”, Career Development International, Vol. 8 No. 7, pp. 339-46.
49. McGee, R.W. (1992), “Ethical issues in acquisitions and megers”, in McGee, R.W. (Ed.), Business and Common Sense, Quorum Books, pp. 167-85.
50. McKay, R. (2001), “Women entrepreneurs: moving beyond family and flexibility”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research., Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 148-65.
51. Mancuso, J.R. (2004), “Do you fit the mould for start-up success?”, Start-up Journal: The Wall Street Journal Center for Entrepreneurs, available at: www.startupjournal.com/forms/printContent.asp?url=http%3A//www.startupjournal (accessed 5 August 2004).
52. Mitra, R. (2002), “The growth pattern of women-run enterprises: an empirical study in India”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 217-37.
53. Neider, L. (1987), “A preliminary investigation of female entrepreneurs in Florida”, Journal of Small Business Management., Vol. 25 No. 3, pp. 22-9.
54. Nelson, G.W. (1987), “Information needs of female entrepreneurs”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 38-44.
55. Nelton, S. (1998), “Women's firms thrive”, Nation's Business, August, pp. 38-40.
56. NMSU Library (n.d.), “Using the internet for academic research”, available at: http://lib.nmsu.edu/ital/research.html (accessed 9 August 2004).
57. Oeltjen, H. (1992), “Breaking barriers: dismantling the glass ceiling”, Women in Business, Vol. 44 No. 5, pp. 20-22.
58. O'Gorman, C. (2001), “The sustainability of growth in small and medium-sized enterprises”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 60-75.
59. Orhan, M. and Scott, D. (2001), “Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explorative model”, Women in Management Review, Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 232-47.
60. Orser, B., Fischer, E., Reuber, R., Hooper, S. and Riding, A. (1999), Beyond Borders: Canadian Business Women in International Trade, Royal Bank of Canada, Ottawa, available at: http://198.103.104.42/businesswomen/beyond_borders/report-e.pdf (accessed 5 November 2002).
61. Pellegrino, E.T. and Reece, B.L. (1982), “Perceived formation and operational problems encountered by female entrepreneurs in retail and service firms”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 15-24.
62. Poutziouris, P. (1993), “A growth model of small manufacturing firms in Cyprus”, PhD thesis, Department of Economics, School of Management and Finance, Nottingham University, Nottingham.
63. Ragin, C. (1987), The Competitive Method: Moving Beyond Qualitative and Quantitative Strategies, University of California Press, London.
64. Ragin, C. and Zaret, C. (1983), “Theory and method in comparative research: two strategies”, Social Forces, Vol. 61, pp. 731-85.
65. Reid, S.D. (1983), “Firm internationalisation: transaction cost and strategic choice”, International Marketing Review, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 45-55.
66. Riebe, M. (2003), “Growth-orientated women entrepreneurs: making it their way”, International Council for Small Business Proceedings; Advancing Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 48th World Conference, Belfast, 15-18 June.
67. Rosa, P., Carter, S. and Hamilton, D. (1996), “Gender as a determinant of small business performance: insights from a British study”, Small Business Economics, No. 8, pp. 463-78.
68. Rosa, P., Hamilton, D., Carter, S. and Burns, H. (1994), “The impact of gender on small business management: preliminary findings of a British study”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 12 No. 3, pp. 25-33.
69. Schwartz, E.B. (1976), “Entrepreneurship: a new female frontier?”, Journal of Contemporary Business, Vol. 5, pp. 47-76.
70. Scott, C.E. (1986), “Why more women are becoming entrepreneurs”, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 37-44.
71. Silverman, D. (1993), Interpreting Qualitative Data: Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and Ingteraction, Sage Publications, London.
72. Simpson, S. (1991), “Women entrepreneurs”, in Firth-Cozens, J. and West, M.A. (Eds), Women at Work – Psychological and Organizational Perspectives, Open University Press, Philadelphia, PA.
73. Stanton, J. and Rogelberg, S.G. (2001), “Using the internet/intranet web pages to collect organizational research data”, Organizational Research Methods., Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 199-216.
74. Starr, J. and Yudkin, M. (1996), Women Entrepreneurs: A Review of Current Research, Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women, Wellesley, MA.
75. Still, L.V. and Timms, W. (2000a), Making a Difference: The Values, Motivations and Satisfaction, Measures of Success, Operating Principles and Contributions of Women Small Business Owners, discussion paper series, Centre for Women and Business, The University of Western Australia, Perth, pp. 3-18.
76. Still, L.V. and Timms, W. (2000), “Women's business: the flexible alternative workstyle for women”, Women in Management Review, Vol. 15 No. 5/6, pp. 272-83.
77. Timmons, J.A. and Spinelli, S. (2003), New Venture Creation: Entrepreneurship for the 21st Century, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill, Singapore.
78. Vozikis, G. (1984), “A strategic disadvantage profile of the stages of development of small businesses: an empirical investigation”, Review of Business and Economic Research, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 96-110.
79. Walker, D. and Joyner, B.E. (1999), “Female entrepreneurship and the market process: gender-based public policy considerations”, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 4 No. 2, p. 95.
80. Watkins, D.S. and Watkins, J. (1984), “The female entrepreneur: her background and determinants of business choice: some British data”, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 21-31.
81. Weeks, J.R. (1999), “International trade opens new doors for women entrepreneurs”, Economic Reform Today, No. 3.
82. Welsh, M. (1988), The Corporate Enigma: Women Business Owners in New Zealand, GP Books, Wellington.
83. Carter, N., Brush, C., Gatewood, E., Greene, P. and Hart, M. (2001), The Diana Project; Women Business Owners and Equity Capital: The Myths Dispelled, The Kauffman Foundation, available at: www.kauffman.org/pdf/diana_project.pdf (accessed: 12 October 2004).
84. Deakins, D. and Freel, M. (1998), “Entrepreneurial learning and the growth process in SMEs”, The Learning Organization, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 144-55.
85. Johnson, S. and Storey, D. (1993), “Male and female entrepreneurs and their business: a comparative study”, in Allen, S. and Truman, C. (Eds), Women in Business, Routledge, London, pp. 70-85.
86. Mattis, M.C. (2000), “Women entrepreneurs in the United States”, in Davidson, M.J. and Burke, R.J. (Eds), Women in Management: Current Research Issues, Vol. II, Sage, London, pp. 53-68.
87. Weeks, J.R. (2001), “The face of women entrepreneurs: what we know today”, OECD Proceedings, 2nd OECD Conference on Women Entrepreneurs in SMEs: Realising the Benefits of Globalisation and the Knowledge-based Economy, Paris, 29-30 November, pp. 127-44.