Controversies around gestational diabetes. Practical information for family doctors

Canadian Family Physician

Volumn 51, Issue MAY, 2005, Pages 688-695

  Kelly, Len ^a,b,d   Evans, Laura ^d   Messenger, David ^c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b NORTHERN ONTARIO SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Canada)

^c QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^d NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLIBENCLAMIDE; INSULIN; INSULIN LISPRO; METFORMIN; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT;

ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; CESAREAN SECTION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DIET THERAPY; DRUG PENETRATION; DRUG SAFETY; DYSTOCIA; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; NEWBORN MORTALITY; OBSTETRIC CARE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY DIABETES MELLITUS; PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE; SCREENING TEST; THIRD TRIMESTER PREGNANCY;

ABNORMALITIES; DIABETES, GESTATIONAL; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FETAL MACROSOMIA; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; INFANT MORTALITY; INFANT, NEWBORN; MASS SCREENING; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS; PREGNANCY OUTCOME;

EID: 18844426304     PISSN: 0008350X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Kelly L, Roedde S, Harris S, Kapasi H, Bozek N, Baechler M, et al. Evidence-based practical management of type 2 diabetes. Can J Rural Med 2001;8(Suppl 1):1-16. Available at: http://www.srpc.ca/librarydocs/Diabetesmanagementfinrev.pdf. Accessed 2005 March 23.
2. Hanley AJ, Harris SB, Gittlesohn J, Wolever TM, Saksvig B, Zinman B. Overweight among children and adolescents in a Native Canadian community: prevalence and associated factors. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71(3):693-700.
3. Dagogo-Jack S. Ethnic disparities in type 2 diabetes: pathophysiology and implications for prevention and management. J Natl Med Assoc 2003;95(9):774-89.
4. Shaw JE, Chisholm DJ. Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome [published erratum appears in Med J Aust 2003;179(10):526]. Med J Aust 2003;179(7):379-83.
5. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guidelines Expert Committee. Canadian Diabetes Association 2003 Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes in Canada. Can J Diabetes 2003;27(Suppl 2):s1-140.
6. Reece EA, Homko CJ. Diabetes mellitus in pregnancy. What are the best treatment options? Drug Saf 1998;18(3):209-20.
7. Farrell T, Neale L, Cundy T. Congenital anomalies in the offspring of women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes. Diabet Med 2002;19(4):322-6.
8. Dyck R, Klomp H, Tan LK, Turnell RW, Boctor MA. A comparison of rates, risk factors, and outcomes of gestational diabetes between aboriginal and non-aboriginal women in the Saskatoon health district. Diabetes Care 2002;25:487-93.
9. Janzen C, Greenspoon JS, Palmer SM. Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy. In: DeCherney AH, Nathan L, editors. Current obstetrics and gynecologic diagnosis and treatment. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2003. p. 326-37.
10. American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26(Suppl 1):S103-5.
11. Berger H, Crane J, Farine D, Armson A, De La Ronde S, Keenan-Lindsay L, et al. Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002;24:894-912.
12. Slocum J, Sosa ME. Use of antidiabetes agents in pregnancy: current practice and controversy. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2002;16(2):40-53.
13. Ryan EA. Pregnancy in diabetes. Med Clin North Am 1998;82(4):823-45.
14. Albareda M, Caballero A, Badell G, Piquer S, Ortiz A, de Leiva A, et al. Diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in women with previous gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:1199-205.
15. Kim C, Newton KM, Knopp RH. Gestational diabetes and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1862-8.
16. Preece R, Jovanovic L. New and future diabetes therapies: are they safe during pregnancy? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12(6):365-75.
17. Brody SC, Harris R, Lohr K. Screening for gestational diabetes: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:380-92.
18. Langer O, Conway DL. Level of glycemia and perinatal outcome in pregestational diabetes. J Matern Fetal Med 2000;9(1):35-41.
19. Tuffnell DJ, West J, Walkinshaw SA. Treatments for gestational diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;3:CD003395.
20. Enkin M, Keirse M, Neilson J, Crowther C, Duley L, Hodnet E, et al. A guide to effective care in pregnancy and childbirth. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2000.
21. Wen SW, Liu S, Kramer MS, Joseph KS, Levitt C, Marcoux S, et al. Impact of prenatal glucose screening on the diagnosis of gestational diabetes and on pregnancy outcomes. Am J Epidemiol 2000;152(11):1009-14.
22. Gabbe SG, Gregory RP, Power ML, Williams SB, Schulkin J. Management of diabetes mellitus by obstetrician-gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:1229-34.
23. Mires GJ, Williams FL, Harper V. Screening practices for gestational diabetes mellitus in UK obstetric units. Diabet Med 1999;16(2):138-41.
24. Gabbe SG, Graves CR. Management of diabetes mellitus complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:857-68.
25. Sacks DA, Chen W, Wolde-Tsadik G, Buchanan TA. Fasting plasma glucose test at the first prenatal visit as a screen for gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:1197-203.
26. Hod M, Shafrir E. Oral hypoglycemic agents as an alternative therapy for gestational diabetes. Isr J Med Sci 1995;31(10):640-3.
27. Towner D, Kjos SL, Leung B, Montoro MM, Xiang A, Mestman JH, et al. Congenital malformations in pregnancies complicated by NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1995;18(11):1446-51.
28. Cundy T, Gamble G, Townend K, Henley PG, MacPherson P, Roberts AB. Perinatal mortality in Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 2000;17(1):33-9.
29. Kitzmiller JL, Buchanan TA, Kjos S, Combs CA, Ratner RE. Pre-conception care of diabetes, congenital malformations, and spontaneous abortions. Diabetes Care 1996;19:514-41.
30. Sempowski IP, Houlden RL. Managing diabetes during pregnancy. Guide for family physicians. Can Fam Physician 2003;49:760-7.
31. Langer O, Rodriguez DA, Xenakis EM, McFarland MB, Berkus MD, Arrendondo F. Intensified versus conventional management of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;170(4):1036-47.
32. Cunningham FG, Gant NF, Leveno KJ, Gilstrap LC, Hauth JC, Wenstrom KD, editors. Williams obstetrics. 21st ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
33. HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group. The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome (HAPO) study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;78(1):69-77.
34. Jovanovic L. Point: yes, it is necessary to rely entirely on glycemic values for the insulin treatment of all gestational diabetic women. Diabetes Care 2003;26:946-7.
35. Giampietro O, Bay P, Orlandi MC, Ferdeghini M, Boldrini E, Forotti G, et al. Relation of fetal growth to maternal responses to oral glucose tolerance test throughout gestation. Acta Diabetol 1999;36(3):127-32.
36. Hod M, Bar J, Peled Y, Fried S, Katz I, Itzhak M, et al. Antepartum management protocol. Timing and mode of delivery in gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 2):B113-7.
37. Rosenberg TJ, Garbers S, Chavkin W, Chiasson MA. Prepregnancy weight and adverse perinatal outcomes in an ethnically diverse population. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(5 Pt 1):1022-7.
38. Jolly MC, Sebire NJ, Harris JP, Regan L, Robinson S. Risk factors for macrosomia and its clinincal consequences: a study of 350,311 pregnancies. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2003;111(1):9-14.
39. Bansal RK, Ecker JL, Laros RK Jr. Blood glucose monitoring in gestational diabetes [letter]. N Engl J Med 1996;334(9):598, author reply 599.
40. Naylor CD, Sermer M, Chen E, Farine D. Selective screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. Toronto Trihospital Gestational Diabetes Project Investigators. N Engl J Med 1997;337(22):1591-6.
41. Jovanovic-Peterson L, Bevier W, Peterson CM. The Santa Barbara County Health Care Services program: birth weight change concomitant with screening for and treatment of glucose-intolerance of pregnancy: a potential cost-effective intervention?. Am J Perinatol 1997;14(4):221-8.
42. Sermer M, Naylor CD, Farine D, Kenshole AB, Ritchie JM, Gare DJ, et al. The Toronto Tri-Hopsital Gestational Diabetes Project: a preliminary review. Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 2):B33-42.
43. Langer O. Oral hypoglycemic agents in pregnancy: their time has come. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002;12(6)376-83.
44. Davies GA, Maternal-Fetal Medicine Committee, Medico-Legal Committee. Antenatal fetal assessment. SOGC Clinical Practice Guideline. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2000;22(6):456-62.
45. Metzger BE, Coustan DR. Summary and recommendations of the Fourth International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998;21(Suppl 2):B161-7.
46. O'Sullivan JB, Charles D, Mahan CM, Dandrow RV. Gestational diabetes and perinatal mortality rate. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973;116(7):901-4.
47. Major CA, Henry MJ, De Veciana M, Morgan MA. The effects of carbohydrate restriction in patients with diet-controlled gestational diabetes. Obstet Gynecol 1998;91.600-4.
48. Dornhorst A, Frost G. The principles of dietary management of gestational diabetes: reflection on current evidence. J Hum Nutr Diet 2002;15(2):145-59.
49. McFarland MB, Langer O, Conway DL, Berkus MD. Dietary therapy for gestational diabetes: how long is long enough? Obstet Gynecol 1999;93:978-82.
50. Balsells M, Corcoy R, Mauricio D, Morales J, Garcia-Patterson A, Carreras G, et al. Insulin antibody response to a short course of human insulin therapy in women with gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997;20:1172-5.
51. Jovanovic L, Ilic S, Pettitt DJ, Hugo K, Gutierrez M, Bowsher RR, et al. Metabolic and immunologic effects of insulin lispro in gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:1422-7.
52. Nachum Z, Ben-Shlomo I, Weiner E, Shalev E. Twice daily versus four times daily insulin dose regimes for diabetes in pregnancy: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 1999;319(7219):1223-7.
53. Langer O. Oral hypoglycemic agents and the pregnant diabetic "from bench to bedside." Semin Perinatol 2002; 26(3):215-24.
54. Garcia-Bournissen F, Feig DS, Koren G. Maternal-fetal transport of hypoglycemic drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(4):303-13.
55. Koren G. Glyburide and fetal safety; transplacental pharmacokinetic considerations. Reprod Toxicol 2001;15(3):227-9.
56. Koren G. The use of glyburide in gestational diabetes - an ideal example of "bench to bedside." Pediatr Res 2001; 49(6):734.
57. Langer O, Conway D, Berkus M, Xenakis EM, Gonzales O. Glyburide versus insulin in women with gestational diabetes. N Engl J Med 2000;243:1134-8.
58. Conway DL, Gonzales O, Skiver D. Use of glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes: the San Antonio experience. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2004;15(1):51-5.
59. Kremer CJ, Duff P. Glyburide for the treatment of gestational diabetes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190(5):1438-9.
60. Cohen Y, Costerousse O. Étude experimentale du metabolisme du dimethylbiguanide marque au carbon 14. Med Hyg 1961;4:145-8.
61. Glueck CJ, Wang P, Goldenberg N, Sieve-Smith L. Pregnancy outcomes among women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with metformin. Hum Reprod 2002;17(11):2858-64.
62. Barbieri RL. Metformin for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 2003;101:785-93.
63. Glueck CJ, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P. Continuing metformin throughout pregnancy in women with polycystic ovary syndrome appears to safely reduce first-trimester spontaneous abortion: a pilot study. Fertil Steril 2001;75(1):46-52.
64. Glueck CJ, Wang P, Kobayashi S, Phillips H, Sieve-Smith L. Metformin therapy throughout pregnancy reduces the development of gestational diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002;77(3):520-5.
65. Glueck CJ, Streicher P, Wang P. Treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome with insulin-lowering agents. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2002;3(8):1177-89.
66. Coetzee EJ, Jackson WP. Oral hypoglycaemics in the first trimester and fetal outcome. S Afr Med J 1984;65(16):635-7.
67. Simmons D, Walters BN, Rowan JA, McIntyre HD. Metformin therapy and diabetes in pregnancy. Med J Aust 2004;180(9):462-4.
68. Hague WM, Davoren PM, Oliver J, Rowan J. Contraindications to use of metformin. Metformin may be useful in gestational diabetes [letter]. BMJ 2003;326(7392):762, author reply 762.