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For recent chiral sulfur reagents promoting bis-arylepoxides synthesis, see: (a) Minière, S.; Reboul, V.; Metzner, P.; Fochi, M.; Bonini, B. F. Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2004, 15, 3275-3280.
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(d) Aggarwal, V. K.; Angelaud, R.; Bihan, D.; Blackburn, P.; Fieldhouse, R.; Fonquerna, S. J.; Ford, G. D.; Hynd, G.; Jones, E.; Jones, R. V. H.; Jubault, P.; Palmer, M. J.; Ratcliffe, P. D. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 2001, 2604-2622. This last reference describes an impressive piece of work toward the elaboration of chiral sulfur derivatives.
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For efficient stoichiometric approaches as alternatives, see: (a) Aggarwal, V. K.; Bae, I.; Lee, H.-Y.; Richardson, J.; Williams, D. T. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2003, 43, 3274-3278.
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A lack of reactivity of the sulfur derivatives, due to the presence electron-withdrawing groups nearby, can also be detrimental to the reaction rate; see: Durst, T. Phosphorus, Sulfur Silicon Relat. Elem. 1993, 74, 215-232.
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Durst, T.1
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0036322618
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2,5-Dialkylthiolanes are synthesized in two steps from the commercially available chiral 1,4-diols, which are available in bulk from JFC-Juelich Fine Chemicals GmbH Co.: Haberland, J.; Hummel, W.; Daussmann, T.; Liese, A. Org. Proc. Res. Dev. 2002, 6, 458-462.
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1842681975
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For computer-assisted modelisation of chiral sulfur reagents, see: (a) Aggarwal, V. K.; Charmant, J. P. H.; Dudin, L.; Porcelloni, M.; Richardson, J. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101, 5467-5471.
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0343338078
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(b) Myllymäki, V. T.; Lindvall, M. K.; Koskinen, A. M. P. Tetrahedron 2001, 57, 4629-4635. The described chiral sulfide, in this latter paper, allowed the synthesis of trans-stilbene oxide with 95:5 er, but in poor yield.
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Myllymäki, V.T.1
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0030024622
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Dai already described that 20% of a camphor-derived sulfide allowed stilbene oxide synthesis within a day without the need of any transition metal but a maximum of 80:20 er was obtained; see: Li, A.-H.; Dai, L.-X.; Hou, X.-L.; Huang, Y.-Z.; Li, F.-W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 489-493.
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18744398536
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note
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It was found that a complete and reproducible conversion occurred in 24 h when distilled benzaldehyde was stabilized with a small amount of catechol. Although catechol is a well-known antioxidant of aldehydes, such behavior in our process is not completely understood. Moreover, this effect was aldehyde dependent. For instance, no difference was observed with 2-naphthaldehyde whatever catechol was used or not.
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Julienne, K.; Metzner, P.; Henryon, V. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1999, 731-735.
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Julienne, K.1
Metzner, P.2
Henryon, V.3
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31
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0036224975
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4 has been used as PTC for sulfur ylide epoxidation in a racemic approach, see: Solladié-Cavallo, A.; Lupattelli, P.; Marsol, C.; Isarno, T.; Bonini, C.; Caruso, L.; Maiorella, A. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 1439-1444.
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Solladié-Cavallo, A.1
Lupattelli, P.2
Marsol, C.3
Isarno, T.4
Bonini, C.5
Caruso, L.6
Maiorella, A.7
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32
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18744375568
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note
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2-, in basic conditions, to perform a counterion exchange with the sulfonium bromide cannot be ruled out, as has been also suggested by a reviewer. This exchange would promote the nonreversible formation of the sulfonium salt due to the non-nucleophilic caracter of the sulfate anions. The ammonium ion would facilitate the sulfate anion extraction from the aqueous phase.
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18744380786
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note
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1H NMR even after 24 h; see the Supporting Information.
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34
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18744399410
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note
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For computational convenience, we replaced the gem-dimethyl group present on the acetal bridge of the sulfonium ylides 8 and 9 by a methylene group, given the lack of influence expected on the conformations.
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35
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0033603506
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For discussion of such a computational method for sulfonium ylides, see: Lindvall, M. K.; Koskinen, A. M. P. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 64, 4596-4606.
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Lindvall, M.K.1
Koskinen, A.M.P.2
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note
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Under our conditions no epoxide was obtained from 3-pyridyl carboxaldehyde. 2-Thienyl carboxaldehyde underwent epoxidation in 20% yield after 3 days of reaction.
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