The composition of cosmic rays at the knee

Astroparticle Physics

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 129-150

  Swordy, S P ^a   Fortson, L F ^a,b   Hinton, J ^a   Horandel J ^a,c   Knapp, J ^d   Pryke, C L ^a   Shibata, T ^e   Wakely, S P ^a   Cao, Z ^f   Cherry, M L ^g   Coutu, S ^h   Cronin, J ^a   Engel, R ⁱ   Fowler, J W ^a,j   Kampert, K H ^c   Kettler, J ^k   Kieda, D B ^f   Matthews, J ^g   Minnick, S A ^h   Moiseev, A ^l   Muller, D ^a   Roth, M ^c   Sill, A ^m   Spiczak, G ⁱ   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b ADLER PLANETARIUM   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF KARLSRUHE   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^e AOYAMA GAKUIN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^f UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

^g LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE   (United States)

^j PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^k MAX PLANCK INSTITUT FÜR KERNPHYSIK   (Germany)

^l NASA HEADQUARTERS   (United States)

^m TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Cherenkov; Composition; Cosmic rays; Energy spectrum; Knee

Indexed keywords

EID: 18644376581     PISSN: 09276505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0927-6505(02)00108-1     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. P.O. Lagage, C.J. Cesarsky, Astron. Astrophys. 118 (1983) 223, 125 (1983) 249.
2. A.D. Erlykin, A.W. Wolfendale, J. Phys. G 23 (1997) 979.
3. E. Juliusson, P. Meyer, D. Müller, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29 (1972) 447.
4. F. Arqueros et al., Astron. Astrophys. 359 (2000) 682.
5. M. Aglietta et al., Astrop. Phys. 10 (1999) 1.
6. P. Sommers rapporteur report, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Hamburg, 2001.
7. R.J. Wilkes et al., in: Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, vol. 2, 1995, p. 697.
8. T.H. Burnett et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (1986) 1010.
9. T.H. Burnett et al., Ap.J. 349 (1990) 25.
10. K. Asakamori et al., in: Proceedings of the 22nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Dublin, vol. 2, 1991, p. 97.
11. K. Asakamori et al., in: Proceedings of the 23rd International Cosmic Ray Conference, Calgary, vol. 2, 1993, p. 21, 25.
12. E.D. Olsen, Ph.D. Thesis, 1995, University of Washington.
13. K. Asakamori et al., Ap.J. 502 (1998) 278.
14. M.L. Cherry et al., in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 3, 1999, p. 187.
15. A.V. Apanasenko et al., in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 3, 1999, p. 163.
16. A.V. Apanasenko et al., Astrop. Phys. 16 (2001) 13.
17. N. Hotta et al., Phys. Rev. D 22 (1980) 1.
18. M. Okamoto, T. Shibata, Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 257 (1987) 155.
19. T. Fujinaga et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 276 (1989) 317.
20. A.V. Apanasenko et al., in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 3, 1999, p. 231.
21. M. Ichimura et al., Phys. Rev. D 48 (1993) 1949.
22. H.O. Klages et al., Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl. 52B (1997) 92.
23. J. Engler et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 427 (1999) 528.
24. KASCADE collaboration, T. Antoni et al., in: Proceedings of the 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, 15 contributions.
25. K.-H. Kampert, FZKA report 6345, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe 1999.
26. T. Antoni et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 25 (1999) 2161.
27. T. Antoni et al., accepted by J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys., 2001.
28. J.H. Weber et al., in: Proceedings of the 26th Cosmic Ray Conference, vol. 1, 1999, p. 341.
29. T. Antoni et al., accepted by Astrop. Phys, 2001.
30. A. Borione et al., Nucl. Instr. Meth. A 346 (1994) 329.
31. M.A.K. Glasmacher, Ph.D. Thesis, 1998, University of Michigan.
32. M.A.K. Glasmacher et al., Astrop. Phys. 12 (1999) 1.
33. M.A.K. Glasmacher et al., Astrop. Phys. 10 (1999) 291.
34. K. Boothby et al., in: Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, vol. 2, 1995, p. 697.
35. K. Boothby, et al., Nucl. Phys. B (Proc. Suppl.) 60 (1998) 124.
36. K. Boothby et al., Ap.J. Lett. 491 (1997) L35-L38.
37. S.P. Swordy, D.B. Kieda, Astrop. Phys. 13 (2000) 137.
38. D. Heck et al., CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo program to simulate extensive air showers, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe Report FZKA 6019, 1998.
39. J.W. Fowler et al., Astrop. Phys. 15 (2001) 49.
40. R.S. Fletcher, T.K. Gaisser, P. Lipari, T. Stanev, Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994) 5710;
41. J. Engel, T.K. Gaisser, P. Lipari, T. Stanev, Phys. Rev. D 46 (1992) 5013.
42. C. Pryke, Astrop. Phys. 14 (2001) 319.
43. W.T. Welford, R. Winston, High Collection Non-imaging Optics, Academic Press, San Diego, 1989.
44. J.W. Fowler, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, 2000.
45. L.F. Fortson et al., in: Proceedings 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 5, 1999, p. 336.
46. L.F. Fortson et al., in: Proceedings 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 5, 1999, p. 332.
47. J.E. Dickinson et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 440 (2000) 114.
48. J.E. Dickinson et al., Nucl. Inst. Meth. A 440 (2000) 95.
49. E. Andres et al., Astrop. Phys. 13 (2000) 1.
50. A. Karle et al., Astrop. Phys. 3 (1995) 321.
51. J.R. Patterson, A.M. Hillas, J. Phys. G 9 (1983) 1433.
52. A.M. Hillas, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, vol. 1, 1995, p. 270.
53. J.E. Dickinson et al., in: Proceedings 26th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Salt Lake City, vol. 3, 1999, p. 136.
54. J.A. Hinton, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998.
55. J. Knapp, D. Heck, G. Schatz, Comparison of hadronic interaction models used in air shower simulations, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZKA 5828, 1996.
56. D. Heck et al., CORSIKA: A Monte Carlo Code to Simulate Extensive Air Showers, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZKA 6019 (1998).
57. J. Knapp, D. Heck, Extensive air shower simulation with CORSIKA: A User's Manual, Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe KfK 5196 B, 1993; for an up to date version see http://www-ik3.fzk.de/~heck/corsika/.
58. J.N. Capdevielle, J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 15 (1989) 909.
59. K. Werner, Phys. Rep. 232 (1993) 87.
60. N.N. Kalmykov, S.S. Ostapchenko, Yad. Fiz. 56 (1993) 105;
61. N.N. Kalmykov, S.S. Ostapchenko, Phys. At. Nucl. 56 (3) (1993) 346;
62. N.N. Kalmykov, S.S. Ostapchenko, A.I. Pavlov, Bull. Russ. Acad. Sci. (Phys.) 58 (1994) 1966.
63. J. Ranft, Phys. Rev. D 51 (1995) 64.
64. H. Fesefeldt, The Simulation of Hadronic Showers - Physics and Application, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule, Aachen PITHA 85/02, 1985.
65. V.N. Gribov, Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 53 (1967) 654, translated in V.N. Gribov, Sov. Phys. JETP 26 (1968) 414.
66. R.J. Glauber, G. Matthiae, Nucl. Phys. B 21 (1970) 135.
67. J. Knapp, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZKA 5970, 1997.
68. KASCADE Collaboration, T. Antoni et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 25 (1999) 2161.
69. CDF Collaboration, F. Abe et al., Phys. Rev. D 50 (1994) 5550.
70. E710 Collaboration, N.A. Amos et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 68 (1992) 2433.
71. E811 Collaboration, C. Avila et al., Phys. Lett. B 445 (1999) 419.
72. M. Risse, Ph.D. Thesis University Karlsruhe, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe FZKA 6493, 2000.
73. R. Engel, T.K. Gaisser, T. Stanev, Phys. Lett. B 472 (2000) 113.
74. H.J. Drescher, M. Hladik, S. Ostapchenko, K. Werner, hep-ph/9903296.
75. M. Bleicher et al., J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 25 (1999) 1859.
76. G.M. Frichter et al., Phys. Rev. D 50 (1997) 3135.
77. M.M. Block, F. Halzen, T. Stanev, hep-ph/9908222.
78. D. Heck, 2000, private communication.
79. UA5 Collaboration, G.J. Alner et al., Z. Phys. C 33 (1986) 1.
80. R. Harr et al., Phys. Lett. B 401 (1997) 176.
81. S. Roesler, R. Engel, J. Ranft, in: Proceedings of International Conference on Advanced Monte Carlo for Radiation Physics, Particle Transport Simulation and Applications (MC 2000), Lisbon, 2000, hep-ph/0012252.
82. K.-H. Kampert et al., in: 30th International Symposium on Multiparticle Dynamics, Lake Balaton, Hungary, 2000.
83. S. Swordy, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Cosmic Ray Conference, Rome, vol. 2, 1995, p. 697.
84. D.B. Kieda, S.P. Swordy, S.P. Wakely, Astrop. Phys. 15 (2001) 287.