Application of microbial risk assessment to the development of standards for enteric pathogens in water used to irrigate fresh produce

Journal of Food Protection

Volumn 68, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 913-918

  Stine, Scott W ^a,c   Song, Inhong ^b   Choi, Christopher Y ^b   Gerba, Charles P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^b University of Arizona   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CAPSICUM; CUCUMIS MELO; ENTERIC BACTERIA; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HEPATITIS A VIRUS; LACTUCA; SALMONELLA;

EID: 18444400275     PISSN: 0362028X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-68.5.913     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Abbaszadengan, M., M. LeChevallier, and C. Gerba. 2003. Occurrence of viruses in US groundwater. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 95:107-120.
2. Ackers, M. L., B. E. Mahon, E. Eahyl, B. Goodle, T. Damrow, P. S. Hayes, W. F. Bibb, D. H. Rice, T. J. Barrett, L. Hutwagner, P. M. Griffin, and L. Slutsker. 1998. An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infections associated with leaf lettuce consumption. J. Infect. Dis. 177:1588-1593.
3. Alum, A. 2001. Control of viral contamination of reclaimed irrigated vegetables by drip irrigation. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arizona, Tucson.
4. Asano, T., L. Y. C. Leong, M. G. Rigby, and R. H. Sakaji. 1992. Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data. Water Sci. Technol. 26:1513-1524.
5. Behrsing, J., J. Jaeger, F. Horlock, N. Kita, P. Franz, and R. Premier. 2003. Survival of Listeria innocua, Salmonella salford and Escherichia coli on the surface of fruit with inedible skin. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 29:249-256.
6. Bern, C., B. Hernandez, M. B. Lopez, M. J. Arrowood, M. A. de Mejia, A. M. de Merida, A. W. Hightower, L. Venczel, B. L. Herwaldt, and R. E. Klein. 1999. Epidemiologic studies of Cyclospora cayetanensis in Guatemala. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:766-774.
7. Beuchat, L. R. 1995. Pathogenic microorganisms associated with fresh produce. J. Food Prot. 59:204-216.
8. Centers for Disease Control (CDC). 1991. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella poona infections: United States and Canada, 1991. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 40:549-552.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2002. Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella serotype Poona infections associated with eating cantaloupe from Mexico-United States and Canada, 2000-2002. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1044-1047.
10. Croci, L., D. De Medici, C. Scalfaro, A. Fiore, and L. Toti. 2002. The survival of hepatitis A virus in fresh produce. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 73:29-34.
11. Davies, R. H., and C. Wray. 1996. Seasonal variations in the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Bacillus cereus, and Clostridium perfringens from environmental samples. J. Vet. Med. Ser. B 43:119-127.
12. Doller, P. C., K. Dietrich, N. Filipp, S. Brockmann, C. Dreweck, R. Vonthein, C. Wagner-Wiening, and A. Wiedenmann. 2002. Cyclosporiasis outbreak in Germany associated with the consumption of salad. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 8:992-994.
13. Geldreich, E. E., and R. H. Bordner. 1971. Fecal contamination of fruits and vegetables during cultivation and processing for market. A review. J. Milk Food Technol. 34:184-195.
14. Gerba, C. P. 2000. Domestic wastes and waste treatment, p. 557-569. In I. L. Pepper, R. M. Maier, and C. P. Gerba (ed.), Environmental microbiology. Academic Press, San Diego.
15. Governal, R. A., and C. P. Gerba. 1997. Persistence of MS-2 and PRD1 bacteriophages in an ultra-pure water system. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18:297-301.
16. Griffin, M. R., J. J. Surowiec, and D. I. McCloskey. 1982. Foodborne Norwalk virus. Am. J. Epidemiol. 115:178-184.
17. Haas, C. N. 1996. How to average microbial densities to characterize risk. Water Res. 30:1036-1038.
18. Haas, C. N., J. B. Rose, and C. P. Gerba. 1999. Quantitative microbial risk assessment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York.
19. Hedberg, C. W. 2000. Global surveillance needed to prevent foodborne disease. Calif. Agric. 54:54-61.
20. Hedberg, C. W., K. L. MacDonald, and M. T. Osterholm. 1994. Changing epidemiology of food-borne disease: a Minnesota prespective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18:671-682.
21. Hilborn, E. D., J. H. Mermin, P. A. Mshar, J. L. Hadler, A. Voetsch, C. Wojtkunski, M. Swartz, R. Mshar, M. A. Lambert-Fair, J. A. Farrar, M. K. Glynn, and L. Slutsker. 1999. A multistate outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections associated with consumption of mesclun lettuce. Arch. Intern. Med. 159:1758-1764.
22. Lipp, E. K., S. A. Farrah, and J. B. Rose. 2001. Assessment and impact of microbial fecal pollution and human enteric pathogens in a coastal community. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 42:286-293.
23. Mena, K. D., C. P. Gerba, C. N. Haas, and J. B. Rose. 2003. Risk assessment of waterborne coxsackievirus. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 95:122-131.
24. Meng, J., and M. P. Doyle. 2002. Introduction. Microbial food safety. Microbes Infect. 4:395-397.
25. Olsen, S. J., L. C. MacKinon, J. S. Goulding, and L. Slutsker. 2000. Surveillance for foodborne disease outbreaks - United States, 1993-1997. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 49:1-51.
26. Oron, G., Y. Demalach, and Z. Hoffman. 1992. Effect of effluent quality and application method on agricultural productivity and environmental control. Water Sci. Technol. 26:1593-1601.
27. Petterson, S. R., and N. J. Ashbolt. 2001. Viral risks assciated with wastewater reuse: modeling virus persistence on wastewater irrigated salad crops. Water Sci. Technol. 43:23-26.
28. Petterson, S. R., N. J. Ashbolt, and A. Sharma. 2001. Microbial risks from wastewater irrigation of salad crops: a screening-level risk assessment. Water Environ. Res. 72:667-672.
29. Ponka, A., L. Maunula, C. H. Von Bonsdorff, and O. Lyytikainen. 1999. An outbreak of calicivirus associated with consumption of frozen raspberries. Epidemiol. Infect. 123:469-474.
30. Powell, M. R., E. Ebel, W. Schlosser, M. Walderhaug, and J. Kause. 2000. Dose-response envelope for Esherichia coli O157:H7. Quant. Microbiol. 2:141-163.
31. Reid, T. M. S., and H. G. Robinson. 1987. Frozen raspberries and hepatitis A. Epidemiol. Infect. 98:109-112.
32. Rosenblum, L. S., I. R. Mirkin, D. T. Allen, S. Safford, and S. C. Hadler. 1990. A multifocal outbreak of hepatitis A traced to commercially distributed lettuce. Am. J. Public Health 80:1075-1079.
33. Stine, S. W. 2004. Survival of enteric pathogens on the surface of fresh produce and intake of heterotrophic bacteria in the United States. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Arizona, Tucson.
34. Tanaka, H., T. Asano, E. D. Schroeder, and G. Tchobanoglous. 1998. Estimating the safety of wastewater reclamation and reuse using enteric virus monitoring data. Water Environ. Res. 70:39-51.
35. Tauxe, R. V. 1997. Emerging foodborne diseases: an evolving public health challenge. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 3:425-434.
36. Thomason, B. M., D. J. Dodd, and W. B. Cherry. 1977. Increased recovery of salmonellae from environmental samples enriched with buffered peptone water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34:270-273.
37. Ukuku, D. O., and W. Fett. 2002. Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on cantaloupe surfaces and efficiency of washing treatments to reduce transfer from rind to fresh-cut pieces. J. Food Prot. 65:924-930.
38. Ukuku, D. O., V. Pilizota, and G. Sapers. 2004. Effect of hot water and hydrogen peroxide treatments on survival of Salmonella and microbial quality of whole and fresh-cut cantaloupe. J. Food Prot. 67:432-437.
39. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2002. Food consumption (per capita) data. Available at: http://ers.usda.gov/data/foodconsumption/datasystem.asp. Accessed 16 April 2003.
40. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1989. National primary drinking water regulations: filtration, disinfection; turbidity, Giardia Lamblia, viruses, Legionella and heterotrophic bacteria; final rule. Fed. Regist. 54, 124, 27486.
41. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 1998. Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, D.C.