Wavelength modulation spectroscopy: Combined frequency and intensity laser modulation

Applied Optics

Volumn 42, Issue 33, 2003, Pages 6728-6738

  Schilt, Stéphane ^a   Thévenaz, Luc ^a   Robert, Philippe ^a  

^a EPFL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; DISTRIBUTED FEEDBACK LASERS; LASER TUNING; LIGHT ABSORPTION; LIGHT EMISSION; LIGHT MODULATION; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; SEMICONDUCTOR LASERS;

INTENSITY MODULATION; LASER EMISSION; WAVELENGTH MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY;

EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 1842832914     PISSN: 1559128X     EISSN: 21553165     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1364/AO.42.006728     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. D. T. Cassidy and J. Reid, “Atmospheric pressure monitoring of trace gases using tunable diode lasers,” Appl. Opt. 21, 1185-1190 (1982).
2. D. S. Bomse, A. C. Stanton, and J. A. Silver, “Frequency modulation and wavelength modulation spectroscopies: comparison of experimental methods using a lead-salt diode laser,” Appl. Opt. 31, 718-731 (1992).
3. J. Reid, B. K. Garside, J. Shewchun, M. El-Sherbiny, and E. A. Ballik, “High sensitivity point monitoring of atmospheric gases employing tunable diode lasers,” Appl. Opt. 17, 1806-1810 (1978).
4. M. Loewenstein, “Diode laser harmonic spectroscopy applied to in situ measurements of atmospheric trace molecules,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 40, 249-256 (1988).
5. K. Namjou, S. Cai, E. A. Whittaker, J. Faist, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho, “Sensitive absorption spectroscopy with a room-temperature distributed-feedback quantum-cascade laser,” Opt. Lett. 23, 219-221 (1998).
6. R. M. Williams, J. F. Kelly, S. W. Sharpe, J. S. Hartman, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, and A. Y. Cho, “Spectral and modulation performance of quantum cascade lasers with application to remote sensing,” in Application of Tunable Diode and Other Infrared Sources for Atmospheric Studies and Industrial Processing Monitoring II, A. Fried, ed., Proc. SPIE 3758, 11-22 (1999).
7. C. R. Webster, G. J. Flesch, D. C. Scott, J. E. Swanson, R. D. May, W. S. Woodward, C. Gmachl, F. Capasso, D. L. Sivco, J. N. Baillargeon, A. L. Hutchinson, and A. Y. Cho, “Quantum-cascade laser measurements of stratospheric methane and nitrous oxide,” Appl. Opt. 40, 321-326 (2001).
8. D. T. Cassidy and L. J. Bonnell, “Trace gas detection with short-external-cavity InGaAsP diode laser transmitter modules operating at 1.58 p, m,” Appl. Opt. 27, 2688-2693 (1988).
9. F. S. Pavone and M. Inguscio, “Frequency- and wavelength-modulation spectroscopies: comparison of experimental methods using an AlGaAs diode laser,” Appl. Phys. B 56, 118 -122 (1993).
10. 2using a semiconductor diode laser at 1.578 p, m,” Appl. Phys. B 65, 75-79 (1997).
11. A. Lucchesini, I. Longo, C. Gabbanini, S. Gozzini, and L. Moi, “Diode laser spectroscopy of methane overtone transitions,” Appl. Opt. 32, 5211-5216 (1993).
12. X. Zhu and D. T. Cassidy, “Modulation spectroscopy with a semiconductor diode laser by injection-current modulation,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 1945-1950 (1997).
13. A. Lucchesini, M. De Rosa, D. Pellicia, A. Ciucci, C. Gabbanini, and S. Gozzini, “Diode laser spectroscopy of overtone bands of acetylene,” Appl. Phys. B 63, 277-282 (1996).
14. U. Gustafsson, G. Somesfalean, J. Alnis, and S. Svanberg, “Frequency-modulation spectroscopy with blue diode lasers,” Appl. Opt. 39, 3774-3780 (2000).
15. G. Jacobsen, H. Olesen, and F. Birkedahl, “Current/frequency-modulation characteristics for directly optical frequency-modulated injection lasers at 830 nm and 1.3 p, m,” Electron. Lett. 18, 874-876 (1982).
16. W. Lenth, “High frequency heterodyne spectroscopy with current-modulated diode lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 20, 1045-1050 (1984).
17. R. Arndt, “Analytical line shapes for Lorentzian signals broadened by modulation,” J. Appl. Phys. 36, 2522-2524 (1965).
18. J. Reid and D. Labrie, “Second-harmonic detection with tunable diode lasers— comparison of experiment and theory,” Appl. Phys. B 26, 203-210 (1981).
19. J. M. Supplee, E. A. Whittaker, and W. Lenth, “Theoretical description of frequency modulation and wavelength modulation spectroscopy,” Appl. Opt. 33, 6294-6302 (1994).
20. L. C. Philippe and R. K. Hanson, “Laser diode wavelength-modulation spectroscopy for simultaneous measurement of temperature, pressure, and velocity in shock-heated oxygen flows,” Appl. Opt. 32, 6090-6103 (1993).
21. P. Kluczynski and O. Axner, “Theoretical description based on Fourier analysis of wavelength-modulation spectrometry in terms of analytical and background signals,” Appl. Opt. 38, 5803-5815 (1999).
22. P. Kluczynski, J. Gustafsson, A. Lindberg, and O. Axner, “Wavelength modulation absorption spectrometry—an extensive scrutiny of the generation of signals,” Spectrochim. Acta Part B 56, 1277-1354 (2001).
23. P. Kluczynski, A. Lindberg, and O. Axner, “Background signals in wavelength-modulation spectrometry with frequency-doubled diode-laser light. I. Theory,” Appl. Opt. 40, 783-793 (2001).
24. P. Kluczynski, A. Lindberg, and O. Axner, “Background signals in wavelength-modulation spectrometry by use of frequency-doubled diode-laser light. II. Experiment,” Appl. Opt. 40, 794-805 (2001).
25. G. C. Bjorklund, “Frequency-modulation spectroscopy: a new method for measuring weak absorptions and dispersions,” Opt. Lett. 5, 15-17 (1980).
26. W. Lenth, “Optical heterodyne spectroscopy with frequency-and amplitude-modulated semiconductor lasers,” Opt. Lett. 8, 575-577 (1983).
27. M. Gehrtz, W. Lenth, A. T. Young, and H. S. Johnston, “High-frequency-modulation spectroscopy with a lead-salt diode laser,” Opt. Lett. 11, 132-134 (1986).
28. N. -Y. Chou and W. S. Sachse, “Single-tone and two-tone AM-FM spectral calculations for tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,” Appl. Opt. 26, 3584-3587 (1987).
29. S. Schilt, “Mesure de traces de gaz a l’aide de lasers a semi-conducteur,” Ph.D. dissertation, No. 2525 (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2002).
30. L. S. Rothman, C. P. Rinsland, A. Goldman, S. T. Massie, D. P. Edwards, J.-M. Flaud, A. Perrin, C. Camy-Peyret, V. Dana, J. Y. Mandin, J. Schroeder, A. McCann, R. R. Gamache, R. B. Wattson, K. Yoshino, K. V. Chance, K. W. Jucks, L. R. Brown, V. Nemtchinov, and P. Varanasi, “The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database and HAWKS (HITRAN atmospheric workstation): 1996 edition,” J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer 60, 665-710 (1998).