Poverty in America: Beyond welfare reform

Population Bulletin

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 3-36

  Lichter, Daniel T ^a   Crowley, Martha L ^a  

^a OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

POVERTY ALLEVIATION; SOCIAL POLICY; WELFARE PROVISION; WELFARE REFORM;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1842786607     PISSN: 0032468X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF): Percent of Total U.S. Population, 1960-1999," accessed online at www.acf.dhhs.gov/news/stats/6097rf.htm, on April 8, 2002;
2. Daniel T. Lichter and Rukmalie Jayakody, "Welfare Reform: How Do We Measure Success?" Annual Review of Sociology 28 (forthcoming 2002).
3. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Temporary Assistance for Needy Families: Total Number of Families and Recipients: July-September 2000," accessed online at www.acf.dhhs.gov/news/stats/ welfare.htm, on April 8, 2002.
4. Sheila Zedlewski et al., Potential Effects of Congressional Welfare Reform Legislation on Family Incomes (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 1996).
5. U.S. Census Bureau, "Poverty of People, by Sex: 1966 to 2000," accessed online at www.census.gov/hhes/ poverty/histpov/hstpov7.html, on April 8, 2002;
6. Suzanne M. Bianchi, "Feminization and Juvenilization of Poverty, Trends, Relative Risks, Causes, and Consequences," Annual Review of Sociology 25 (1999): 307-33.
7. Jason Fields and Lynne Casper, "America's Families and Living Arrangements," Current Population Reports P20-537 (June 2001 );
8. U.S. Census Bureau, "Poverty Status Status of Families, by Type of Family, Presence of Related Children, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 2000," accessed online at www.census.gov/ hhes/poverty/histpov/hstpov4.html, on April 8, 2002.
9. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment Status of the Population by Sex, Marital Status, and Presence and Age of Own Children Under 18, 2000-01 Annual Averages," accessed online at http://stats.bls.gov/news.release/famee.t05.htm, on April 8, 2002.
10. Wendell Primus, testimony before House Budget Committee, March 7, 2001. Accessed online at www.house.gov/budgetmocrats/hearings/yr2001/primusstmnt.pdf, on April 22, 2002.
11. U.S. Census Bureau, "Poverty Status of the Foreign-Born Population, March 2000," accessed online at www.census.gov/population/socdemo/foreign/p20-534/tab0211.pdf, on April 8, 2002.
12. Gary Burtless and Timothy M. Smeeding, "The Level, Trend, and Composition of Poverty," in Understanding Poverty, ed. S.H. Danziger and R.H. Haveman (New York: Harvard University Press, 2002).
13. Richard Freeman, "The Rising Tide Lifts...?" Focus 21, no. 2 (2000): 27-31.
14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, "Change in TANF Caseloads," accessed online at www.acf.dhhs.gov/news/stats/caseload.htm, on April 8, 2002;
15. Mary Corcoran et al., "How Welfare Reform is Affecting Women's Work," Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 241-69;
16. LaDonna Pavetti and Gregory Acs, "Moving Up, Moving Out, or Going Nowhere? A Study of the Employment Patterns of Young Women and the Implications for Welfare Mothers," Journal of Policy and Management 20 (2001): 721-36.
17. David T. Ellwood, "The Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit and Social Policy Reforms on Work, Marriage, and Living Arrangements," National Tax Journal 53, no. 2, part 2 (1999): 1063-105.
18. U.S. Department of Labor, "Value of the Federal Minimum Wage, 1938-2000," accessed online at www.dol.gov/dol/esa/public/minwage/chart2.htm, on April 8, 2002.
19. Stephanie J. Ventura et al., "Births: Final Data for 1999," National Vital Statistics Reports 49, no. 1 (2001);
20. Matthew D. Bramlett and William D. Mosher, "First Marriage Dissolution, Divorce, and Remarriage: United States," Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, no. 323 (2001).
21. Maria Cancian and Deborah Reed, "Changes in Family Structure: Implications for Poverty and Related Policy," in Understanding Poverty, ed. S.H. Danziger and R.H. Haveman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002).
22. David J. Eggebeen and Daniel T. Lichter, "Race, Family Structure, and Changing Poverty Among American Children," American Sociological Review 56, no. 6 (1991): 801-17.
23. Gregory Acs and Sandi Nelson, "'Honey, I'm Home': Changes in Living Arrangements in the Late 1990s" (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2001).
24. Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl, "The Occurrence of Poverty Across the Life Cycle: Evidence From the PSID," Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 20, no. 4 (2001): 737-55.
25. Ann Huff Stevens, "Climbing Out of Poverty, Falling Back In: Measuring the Persistence of Poverty Over Multiple Spells," Journal of Human Resources 34, no. 3 (1999): 557-88.
26. Mark R. Rank and Thomas A. Hirschl, "The Economic Risk of Childhood in America: Estimating the Probability of Poverty Across the Formative Years," Journal of Marriage and the Family 61, no. 4 (1999): 1058-67.
27. Mary Corcoran, "Mobility, Persistence, and the Intergenerational Determinant of Children's Success," Focus 21, no. 2 (2000): 16-20.
28. Leif Jensen and Diane K. McLaughlin, "The Escape From Poverty Among Rural and Urban Dwellers," Gerontologist 37, no. 4 (1997): 462-68.
29. Donna R. Morrison and Amy Ritualo, "Routes to Children's Economic Recovery After Divorce: Are Cohabitation and Remarriage Equivalent?" American Sociological Review 65, no. 4 (2000): 560-80;
30. Suzanne M. Bianchi et al., "The Gender Gap in the Economic Well-Being of Nonresident Fathers and Custodial Mothers," Demography 36, no. 2 (1999): 195-203.
31. Peter Gottschalk and Sheldon Danziger, "Income Mobility and Exits From Poverty of American Children, 1970-1992," in The Dynamics of Child Poverty in Industrialised Countries, ed. B. Badbury et al. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
32. Daniel R. Meyer and Maria Cancian, "Economic Well-Being Following an Exit From Aid to Families With Dependent Children," Journal of Marriage and the Family 60, no. 3 (May 1998): 479-92.
33. Luxembourg Income Study, "Relative Poverty Rates for the Total Population, Children, and the Elderly," accessed online at http://lisweb.ceps.lu/keyfigures/povertytable.htm, on April 10, 2002;
34. Robert D. Plotnick et al., "Inequality, Poverty, and the FISC in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 21, no. 1 (1998): 51-75.
35. Martina Morris and Bruce Western, "Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century," Annual Review of Sociology 25 (1999): 623-57.
36. Kurt J. Bauman, "Extended Measures of Well-Being: Meeting Basic Needs" (U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Household Economic Studies, June 1999).
37. William L. Hamilton et al., Household Food Security in the United States in 1995: Summary Report of the Food Security Measurement Project (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, September 1997).
38. Marion Nestle, "Hunger in America: A Matter of Policy," Social Research 66, no. 1 (1999): 257-82.
39. Ronald Paul Hill and Debra Lynn Stephens, "Impoverished Consumers and Consumer Behavior: The Case of AFDC Mothers," Journal of Macromarketing 17, no. 2 (1997): 32-48.
40. Kathleen Short and Martina Shea, "Beyond Poverty, Extended Measures of Well-Being: 1992" (U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Household Economic Studies, November 1995).
41. Sylvia Guendelman et al., "Children of Working Low-Income Families in California: Does Parental Work Benefit Children's Insurance Status, Access, and Utilization of Primary Health Care?" Health Services Research 35, no. 2 (2000): 417-41.
42. Deanna L. Sharpe and Mohamed Abdel-Ghany, "Identifying the Poor and Their Consumption Patterns," Family Economics and Nutrition Review 12, no. 2 (1999): 5-25;
43. Heather Boushey and Bethney Gundersen, "When Work Just Isn't Enough: Measuring Hardships Faced by Families After Moving From Welfare to Work," Briefing Paper (Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute, 2001).
44. Lucilla Tan, "Spending Patterns of Public-Assisted Families," Monthly Labor Review 123, no. 5 (2000): 29-35.
45. Eric C. Newburger, "Home Computers and Internet Use in the United States: August 2000," Current Population Reports P23-207 (September 2001).
46. Tan, "Spending Patterns of Public-Assisted Families."
47. Linda F. Allwitt and Thomas D. Donley, The Low-Income Consumer: Adjusting the Balance of Exchange (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996).
48. Chanjin Chung and Samuel L. Myers, Jr., "Do the Poor Pay More for Food? An Analysis of Grocery Store Availability and Food Price Disparities," Journal of Consumer Affairs 33, no. 2 (1999): 276-91;
49. Phil R. Kaufman, "Rural Poor Have Less Access to Supermarkets, Large Grocery Stores," Rural Development 13, no. 3 (1999): 19-25;
50. Linda F. Allwitt and Thomas D. Donley. "Retail Stores in Poor Urban Neighborhoods," Journal of Consumer Affairs 31, no. 1 (1997): 139-64;
51. Alan R. Andreason, "Revisiting the Disadvantaged: Old Lessons and New Problems," Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 12 (Fall 1993): 270-75.
52. Anne Kim, "Taking the Poor Into Account: What Banks Can Do to Better Serve Low-Income Markets," Policy Report (Washington, DC: Progressive Policy Institute, Aug. 2, 2001).
53. U.S. Census Bureau, "Asset Ownership of Households, 1995," accessed online at www.census.gov/hhes/ www/wealth/1995/highlights.html, on April 12, 2002.
54. Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth (New York: Routledge Press, 1997).
55. Robert Haveman and Edward N. Wolff, "Who Are the Asset Poor? Levels, Trends, and Composition, 1983-1998," Working Paper 1227-01 (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for Research on Poverty, 2000).
56. National Public Radio, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Harvard University Kennedy School, "Poverty in America," accessed online at http://npr.org/programs/specials/poll/poverty/, on April 8, 2002.
57. Bonnie Thornton Dill, "A Better Life for Me and My Children: Low-Income Single Mothers' Struggle for Self-Sufficiency in the Rural South," Journal of Comparative Family Studies 29, no. 2 (1998): 419-28;
58. Roberta Rehner Iversen and Naomi B. Farber, "Transmission of Family Values, Work, and Welfare Among Poor Urban Black Women," Work and Occupations 23, no. 4 (1996): 437-60.
59. Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein, Making Ends Meet: How Single Mothers Survive Welfare and Low-Wage Work (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997).
60. Robin L. Jarrett, "Welfare Stigma Among Low-Income African American Single Mothers," Family Relations 45 (1996): 368-74.
61. Kathryn Edin, "The Myths of Dependence and Self-Sufficiency: Women, Welfare, and Low-Wage Work," Focus 17, no. 2 (1995): 1-9;
62. Jarrett, "Welfare Stigma Among Low-Income African American Single Mothers."
63. Charles Murray, "Family Formation," in The New World of Welfare, ed. R. Blank and R. Haskins (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001): 137-68;
64. Patrick Fagin, "Encouraging Marriage and Discouraging Divorce" (Washington, DC: Heritage Foundation, March 26, 2001).
65. Kathryn Edin, "What Do Low-Income Single Mothers Say about Marriage?" Social Problems 47, no. 1 (2000): 112-33.
66. Ellen K. Scott et al., "My Children Come First: Welfare-Reliant Women's Post-TANF Views of Work-Family Trade-Offs and Marriage," in For Better and For Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children and Families, ed. G.J. Duncan and P.L. Chase-Lansdale (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002): 132-53.
67. Janet E. Kodras, "The Changing Map of American Poverty in an Era of Economic Restructuring and Political Realignment," Economic Geography 73 (January 1997): 67-93.
68. Kyle Crowder, "The Racial Context of White Mobility: An Individual-Level Assessment of the White Flight Hypothesis," Social Science Research 29, no. 2 (2000): 223-57.
69. Paul A. Jargowsky, Poverty and Place: Ghettos, Barrios, and the American City (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997);
70. Mario Luis Small and Katherine Newman, "Urban Poverty After The Truly Disadvantaged: The Rediscovery of the Family, the Neighborhood, and Culture," Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 23-45
71. Katherine Allen and Maria Kirby, "Unfinished Business: Why Cities Matter to Welfare Reform" (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2000).
72. Jeanne Brooks-Gunn et al., eds., Neighborhood Poverty: Context and Consequences for Children (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997).
73. Scott J. South et al., "Children's Residential Mobility and Neighborhood Environment Following Parental Divorce and Remarriage," Social Forces 77, no. 2 (1998): 667-93.
74. Robert Gibbs, "Nonmetro Labor Markets in the Era of Welfare Reform," Rural America 16, no. 3 (2001): 11-21;
75. Daniel T. Lichter and Leif Jensen, "Poverty and Welfare Among Rural Female-Headed Families: Before and After PRWORA," Rural America 16, no. 3 (2001): 28-35.
76. Daniel T. Lichter et al., "Rural Children and Youth at Risk," in Challenges for Rural America in the Twenty-First Century, ed. D.L. Brown and L.E. Swanson (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002).
77. Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, eds., Consequences of Growing Up Poor (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997);
78. Jennifer Ehrle and Kristin Moore, "Children's Environment and Behavior: Behavior and Emotional Problems in Children," Snapshots of America's Families: 1997 Results, accessed online at http://newfederalism.urban.org/nsaf/children.html, on April 10, 2002.
79. Alex Marsh et al., "Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis," Housing Studies 15, no. 3 (2000): 411-28;
80. Richard A. Miech et al., "Low Socioeconomic Status and Mental Disorders: A Longitudinal Study of Selection and Causation During Young Adulthood," American Journal of Sociology 104, no. 4 (1999): 1096-131;
81. Guang Guo, "The Timing of the Influences of Cumulative Poverty on Children's Cognitive Ability and Achievement," Social Forces 77 (1998): 257-87.
82. Pamela Klebanov et al., "Does Neighborhood and Family Affect Mothers' Parenting, Mental Health, and Social Support?" Journal of Marriage and the Family 56, no. 2 (1994): 441-55;
83. Sanders Korenman et al., "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results From the NLSY," Children and Youth Services Review 17, no. 1-2 (1995): 127-55.
84. Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, "Income Effects Across the Life Span: Integration and Interpretation," in Consequences of Growing Up Poor, ed. G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1977): 596-610;
85. Guang Guo and Kathleen Mullan Harris, "The Mechanisms Mediating the Effects of Poverty on Children's Intellectual Development," Demography 37, no. 4 (2000): 431-47.
86. Samuel H. Preston and Paul Taubman, "Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Mortality and Health Status," in Demography of Aging, ed. L. Martin and S. Preston (Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1994): 279-318;
87. James S. House, "Relating Social Inequalities in Health and Income," Journal of Heath Politics, Policy, and Law 26, no. 3 (2001 : 523-32;
88. Diane K. McLaughlin and C. Shannon Stokes, "Income Inequality and Mortality in U.S. Counties: Does Minority Racial Concentration Matter?" American Journal of Public Health 92, no. 1 (2002): 99-104.
89. Jason D. Boardman et al., "Low Birth Weight, Social Factors, and Developmental Outcomes Among Children in the United States," Demography 39, no. 2 (2002);
90. Sanders Koreman and Jane E. Miller, "Long-Term Poverty and Child Development in the United States: Results From the NLSY," in Consequences of Growing Up Poor for Young Children, ed. G.J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn (New York: Russell Sage Publications, 1997): 70-99.
91. National Center for Health Statistics, Health, United States, 1998 With Socioeconomic Status and Health Chartbook (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1998): 46-84.
92. Stephen Zuckerman and Stephen Norton, "Health: Health Status of Nonelderly Adults and Children," Snapshots of America's Families: 1997 Results, accessed online at http://newfederalism.urban.org/nsaf/ snapshotsdex.html, on April 9, 2002.
93. Karen Seccombe, "Families in Poverty in the 1990s: Trends, Causes, Consequences, and Lessons Learned," Journal of Marriage and Family 62, no. 6 (2000): 1094-113.
94. Paula M. Lantz et al., "Socioeconomic Factors, Health Behaviors, and Mortality: Results from a National Representative Prospective Study of U.S. Adults," Journal of the American Medical Association 279, no. 21 (1998): 1703-08.
95. Catharine E. Ross and Marieke Van Willigen, "Education and the Subjective Quality of Life," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 38, no. 3 (1997): 275-97;
96. John Mirowsky and Catherine E. Ross, "Age and the Effect of Economic Hardship on Depression," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42, no. 2 (2001): 132-50.
97. Jenifer Ehrle et al., "Adults' Environment and Behavior," Snapshots of America's Families: 1997 Results, accessed online at http://newfederalism.urban.org/nsaf/snapshotsdex.html, on April 9, 2002.
98. Catherine E. Ross, "Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adult Depression," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 41, no. 2 (2000): 177-87;
99. Catharine E. Ross and John Mirowsky, "Neighborhood Disadvantage, Disorder, and Health," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 42, no. 3 (2001): 258-76.
100. Jeffrey Reiman, The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class, and Criminal Justice (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997);
101. C. Hsieh and M.D. Pugh, "Poverty, Income Inequality, and Violent Crime: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Aggregate Data Studies," Criminal Justice Review 18 (1993): 182-202.
102. Saul D. Levitt, "The Changing Relationship Between Income and Crime Victimization," Economic Policy Review 5, no. 3 (1999): 87-98.
103. A. Tesser, ed., Advanced Social Psychology (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1995).
104. Before and After Reform: How Have Families on Welfare Changed?" Assessing the New Federalism Policy Brief B-32 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2001).
105. Eleanor Lyon, "Poverty, Welfare and Battered Women: What Does the Research Tell Us?" accessed online at www.vaw.umn.edu/Vawnet/welfare.htm, on April 9, 2002;
106. Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes, Extent, Nature, and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence: Findings From the National Violence Against Women Survey (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2000).
107. Rukmalie Jayakody et al., "Welfare Reform, Substance Use, and Mental Health," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 25, no. 4 (2000); 623-51;
108. Rukmalie Jayakody and Dawn Stauffer, "Mental Health Problems Among Single Mothers: Implications for Work and Welfare Reform," Journal of Social Issues 56, no. 4 (2000): 617-34.
109. Harold A. Pollack et al., "Drug Testing Welfare Recipients: False Positives, False Negatives, Unanticipated Opportunities," Poverty Research and Training Center Working Paper (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2001);
110. Sandra K. Danziger, "Why Some Women Fail to Achieve Economic Security: Low Job Skills and Mental Health Problems Are Key Barriers," The Forum 4, no. 2 (2001): 1-3.
111. Martha J. Zaslow et al., "Experimental Studies of Welfare Reform and Children," Future of Children 12 (2002): 79-95.
112. Greg J. Duncan and Lindsay Chase-Landale, "Welfare Reform and Child Well-Being," in The New World of Welfare, ed. R. Blank and R. Haskins (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001): 391-417.
113. Rashmita S. Mistry et al., "Lessons from New Hope: The Impact on Children's Well-Being of a Work-Based Anti-Poverty Program for Parents," in For Better and For Worse: Welfare Reform and the Well-Being of Children and Families, ed. G.J. Duncan and L. Chase-Landale (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001): 179-200.
114. David J. Fein and Wang S. Lee, The ABC Evaluation: Impacts of Welfare Reform on Child Maltreatment (Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates, 2000);
115. Greg J. Duncan and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, "Family Poverty, Welfare Reform, and Child Development," Child Development 71, no. 1 (2000): 188-96.
116. Rob Geen et al., "Welfare Reform's Effect on Child Welfare Caseloads," Assessing the New Federalism Discussion Paper 01-04 (Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 2001);
117. Christina Paxson and Jane Waldfogel, "Welfare Reform, Family Resources, and Child Maltreatment," in The Incentives of Government Programs and the Well-Being of Families, ed. B. Meyer and G.J. Duncan (Evanston, IL: Joint Center for Research on Poverty, 2001).
118. Robert A. Moffitt, "From Welfare to Work: What the Evidence Shows," Welfare and Beyond Policy Brief 13 (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2002).
119. Future of Children, Public Views on Welfare Reform and Children in the Current Economy (Los Altos, CA: Future of Children, 2002).
120. Center for Law and Social Policy, "Comments on Reauthorization of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) Block Grant," submitted to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Nov. 31, 2001.
121. Will Marshall and Anne Kim, Finishing the Welfare Revolution: A Blueprint for TANF Renewal (Washington, DC: Progressive Policy Institute, 2002).