Body size of insular carnivores: Little support for the island rule

American Naturalist

Volumn 163, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 469-479

  Meiri, Shai ^a   Dayan, Tamar ^a   Simberloff, Daniel ^b  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body size; Carnivora; Geographic variation; Island rule; Optimal body size

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; CARNIVORE; EVOLUTION; ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY;

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BODY SIZE; CARNIVORA; EVOLUTION; GEOGRAPHY; HISTOLOGY; POPULATION DYNAMICS;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION; BODY SIZE; CARNIVORA; EVOLUTION; GEOGRAPHY; POPULATION DYNAMICS;

CARNIVORA; MAMMALIA; VERTEBRATA;

EID: 1842762273     PISSN: 00030147     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/382229     Document Type: Article

References (102)

1. Alcover, J. A., and M. McMinn. 1994. Predators of vertebrates on islands. BioScience 44:12-18.
2. Alroy, J. 1998. Cope's rule and the dynamics of body mass evolution in North American fossil mammals. Science 280:731-734.
3. Angerbjörn, A. 1985. The evolution of body size in mammals on islands: some comments. American Naturalist 125:304-309.
4. _. 1986. Gigantism in island populations of wood mice (Apodemus) in Europe. Oikos 47:47-56.
5. Arjo, W. M., D. H. Pletscher, and R. R. Ream. 2002. Dietary overlap between wolves and coyotes in northwestern Montana. Journal of Mammalogy 83:754-766.
6. Benton, M. J., E. Cook, D. Grigorescu, E. Popa, and E. Tallodi. 1997. Dinosaurs and other tetrapods in an early Cretaceous bauxite-rilled fissure, Northwestern Romania. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 130:275-292.
7. Berry, R. J. 1970. Covert and overt variation, as exemplified by British mouse populations. Pages 3-26 in R. J. Berry and H. N. Southern, eds. Mammal populations. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 26. Academic Press, London.
8. _. 1996. Small mammal differentiation on islands. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 351:753-764.
9. Biknevicius, A. R., and B. Van Valkenburgh. 2001. Design for killing: craniodental adaptations of predators. Pages 393-428 in J. L. Gittleman, ed. Carnivore behavior, ecology, and evolution. Vol. 2. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., and London.
10. Brown, J. H., and M. V. Lomolino. 1998. Biogeography. 2d ed. Sinauer, Sunderland, Mass.
11. Brown, J. H., P. A. Marquet, and M. L. Taper. 1993. Evolution of body size: consequences of an energetic definition of fitness. American Naturalist 142:573-584.
12. Burney, D. A., H. F. James, F. V. Grady, J.-G. Rafamantanantosa, H. T. Wright, and J. B. Cowart. 1997. Environmental change, extinction and human activity: evidence from caves in NW Madagascar. Journal of Biogeography 24:755-767.
13. Cabin, R. J., and R. J. Mitchell. 2000. To Bonferroni or not to Bonferroni: when and how are the questions. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 81:246-248.
14. Calder, W A., III. 1984. Size, function and life history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.
15. Case, T. J. 1978. A general explanation for insular body size trends in terrestrial vertebrates. Ecology 59:1-18.
16. Cavallini, P. 1995. Variation in the body size of the red fox. Annales Zoologici Fennici 32:421-427.
17. Clegg, S. M., and I. P. F. Owens. 2002. The "island rule" in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 269:1359-1365.
18. Clevenger, A. P. 1993. Pine marten (Martes martes Linne, 1758) comparative feeding ecology in an island and mainland population of Spain. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde 58:212-224.
19. Damuth, J. 1990. Problems in estimating body masses of archaic ungulates using dental measurements. Pages 229-254 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
20. _. 1993. Cope's rule, the island rule, and the scaling of mammalian population density. Nature 365:748-750.
21. Darwin, C. 1845. The voyage of the beagle. J. Murray, London.
22. Darwin, C., and A. R. Wallace. 1858. On the tendency of species to form varieties; and on the perpetuation of varieties and species by natural means of selection. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society Zoology 3:45-62.
23. Davis, S. J. M. 1983. Morphometric variation of populations of house mice Mus domesticus in Britain and Faroe. Journal of Zoology (London) 199:521-534.
24. Dayan, T., and D. Simberloff. 1994. Character displacement, sexual size dimorphism and morphological variation among British and Irish mustelids. Ecology 75: 1063-1073.
25. _. 1998. Size patterns among competitors: ecological character displacement and character release in mammals, with special reference to island populations. Mammal Review 28:99-124.
26. Dayan, T., D. Simberloff, E. Tchernov, and Y. Yom-Tov. 1989. Inter-and intraspecific character displacement in mustelids. Ecology 70:1526-1539.
27. _. 1990. Feline canines: community-wide character displacement in the small cats of Israel. American Naturalist 136:39-60.
28. _. 1992. Canine carnassials: character displacement in the wolves, jackals and foxes of Israel. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 45:315-331.
29. Dayan, T., D. Wool, and D. Simberloff. 2002. Variation and covariation of skulls and teeth: modern carnivores and the interpretation of fossil mammals. Paleobiology 28:508-526.
30. Demetrius, L. 2000. Directionality theory and the evolution of body size. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 267:2385-2391.
31. Diamond, J. M. 1987. Did Komodo dragons evolve to eat pygmy elephants? Nature 326:832.
32. Dunning, J. B., Jr. 1993. CRC handbook of avian body masses. CRC, London.
33. Ellison, G. T. H., P. J. Taylor, H. A. Nix, G. N. Bronner, and J. P. Mcmahon. 1993. Climatic adaptation of body-size among pouched mice (Saccostomus campestris, Cricetidae) in the southern African subregion. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 3:41-47.
34. Foster, B. J. 1964. Evolution of mammals on islands. Nature 202:234-235.
35. Gardezi, T., and J. da Silva. 1999. Diversity in relation to body size in mammals: a comparative study. American Naturalist 153:110-123.
36. Giannico, G. R., and D. W. Nagorsen. 1989. Geographic and sexual variation in the skull of Pacific coast marten (Martes americana). Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 1386-1393.
37. Gingerich, P. D. 1974. Size variability of the teeth in living mammals and the diagnosis of closely related sympatric fossil species. Journal of Paleontology 48:895-903.
38. Gingerich, P. D., and M. J. Schoeninger. 1979. Patterns of tooth variability in the dentition of primates. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 51:457-466.
39. Gingerich, P. D., and D. A. Winkler. 1979. Patterns of variation and correlation in the dentition of the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Journal of Mammalogy 60:691-704.
40. Gingerich, P. D., H. B. Smith, and K. Rosenberg. 1982. Allometric scaling in the dentition of primates and prediction of body weight from tooth size in fossils. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 58:81-100.
41. Gittleman, J. L. 1985. Carnivore body size: ecological and taxonomic correlates. Oecologia (Berlin) 67:540-554.
42. Gittleman, J. L., and B. Van Valkenburgh. 1997. Sexual dimorphism in the canines and skulls of carnivores: effects of size, phylogeny and behavioral ecology. Journal of Zoology (London) 242:97-117.
43. Gordon, K. R. 1986. Insular evolutionary body size trends in Ursus. Journal of Mammalogy 67:395-399.
44. Haila, Y. 1990. Toward an ecological definition of an island: a northwest European perspective. Journal of Biogeography 17:561-568.
45. Heaney, L. R. 1978. Island area and body size of insular mammals: evidence from the tri-colored squirrel (Callosciurus prevosti) of Southeast Asia. Evolution 32:29-44.
46. Hilderbrand, G. V., C. C. Schwartz, C. T. Robbins, M. E. Jacoby, T. A. Hanley, S. M. Arthur, and C. Servheen. 1999. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:132-138.
47. Iriarte, J. A., W. L. Franklin, W. E. Johnson, and K. H. Redford. 1990. Biogeographic variation of food habits and body size of the American puma. Oecologia (Berlin) 85:185-190.
48. Janis, C. M. 1990. Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodids. Pages 255-300 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
49. Jianu, C. M., and D. B. Weishampel. 1999. The smallest of the largest: a new look at possible dwarfing in sauropod dinosaurs. Geologie en Mijnbouw 78:335-343.
50. Jimenez, J. E., J. L. Yanez, E. L. Tabilo, and F. M. Jaksic. 1995. Body size of Chilean foxes: a new pattern in light of new data. Acta Theriologica 40:321-326.
51. Jones, M. 1997. Character displacement in Australian dasyurid carnivores: size relationships and prey size patterns. Ecology 78:2569-2587.
52. Kiltie, R. A. 1988. Interspecific size regularities in tropical felid assemblages. Oecologia (Berlin) 76:97-105.
53. Klein, R. G. 1986. Carnivore size and Quaternary climatic change in southern Africa. Quaternary Research 26:153-170.
54. Koch, P. L. 1986. Clinal geographic variation in mammals: implications for the study of chronoclines. Paleobiology 12:269-281.
55. Lawlor, T. E. 1982. The evolution of body size in mammals: evidence from insular populations in Mexico. American Naturalist 119:54-72.
56. Lawton, J. H. 1996. Patterns in ecology. Oikos 75:145-147.
57. Lister, A. M. 1996. Dwarfing in island elephants and deer: processes in relation to time and isolation. Symposium of the Zoological Society London 69:277-292.
58. Lomolino, M. V. 1983. Island biogeography, immigrant selection and body size of mammals on islands. Ph.D. diss. State University of New York, Syracuse.
59. _. 1985. Body size of mammals on islands: the island rule reexamined. American Naturalist 125:310-316.
60. Lovegrove, B. G. 2000. The zoogeography of mammalian basal metabolic rate. American Naturalist 56:201-219.
61. MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J.
62. MacFadden, B. J., and R. C. Hulbert, Jr. 1990. Body size estimates and size distribution of ungulate mammals from the late Miocene Love Bone bed of Florida. Pages 337-364 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
63. Mahoney, S. P., J. A. Virgl, and K. Mawhinney. 2001. Potential mechanisms of phenotypic divergence in body size between Newfoundland and mainland black bear populations. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1650-1660.
64. Marquet, P. A., and M. L. Taper. 1998. On size and area: patterns of mammalian body size extremes across land-masses. Evolutionary Ecology 12:127-139.
65. Matthews, H. L. 1952. British mammals. Collins, London.
66. Maurer, B. A., J. H. Brown, and R. D. Rusler. 1992. The micro and the macro in body size evolution. Evolution 46:939-953.
67. Mayr, E. 1963. Animal species and evolution. Belknap, Cambridge, Mass.
68. McDonald, R. A. 2002. Resource partitioning among British and Irish mustelids. Journal of Animal Ecology 71: 185-200.
69. McNab, B. K. 1994. Resource use and the survival of land and freshwater vertebrates on oceanic islands. American Naturalist 144:643-660.
70. Meiri, S. 2002. Patterns of variance in carnivore body size: a comparison of islands to mainlands. Proceedings of the Israel Society for Ecology and Environmental Quality Sciences 32:6.
71. Meiri, S., T. Dayan, and D. Simberloff. 2004. Carnivores, biases and Bergmann's rule. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society (in press).
72. Melton, R. H. 1982. Body size and island Peromyscus: a pattern and a hypothesis. Evolutionary Theory 6:113-126.
73. Michaux, J. R., J. G. De Belloco, M. Sarà, and S. Morand. 2002. Body size in insular rodent populations: a role for predators? Global Ecology and Biogeography 11:427-436.
74. Nagorsen, D. W. 1994. Body weight variation among insular and mainland American martens. Pages 85-97 in S. W. Buskirk, A. S. Harestad, M. G. Raphael, and R. A. Powell, eds. Martens, sables, and fishers biology and conservation. Comstock, Ithaca, N.Y.
75. Palomares, F., and T. M. Caro. 1999. Interspecific killing among mammalian carnivores. American Naturalist 153:492-508.
76. Pengilly, D. 1984. Developmental versus functional explanation for patterns of variability and correlation in the dentition of foxes. Journal of Mammalogy 63:34-43.
77. Peters, H. R. 1983. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge University Press, New York.
78. Pregill, G. 1986. Body size of insular lizards: a pattern of Holocene dwarfism. Evolution 40:997-1008.
79. Quin, D. G., A. P. Smith, and T. W. Norton. 1996. Ecogeographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism in sugar gliders and squirrel gliders (Marsupialia: Petauridae). Australian Journal of Zoology 44:19-45.
80. Rails, K., and P. H. Harvey. 1985. Geographic variation in size and sexual dimorphism of North American weasels. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 25:119-167.
81. Rausch, R. L. 1963. Geographic variation in size in North American brown bears, Ursus arctos L., as indicated by condylobasal length. Canadian Journal of Zoology 41: 33-45.
82. Rosenzweig, M. L. 1968. The strategy of body size in mammalian carnivores. American Midland Naturalist 80: 299-315.
83. Roth, V. L. 1990. Insular dwarf elephants, a case study in body mass estimation and ecological inference. Pages 151-179 in J. Damuth and B. J. MacFadden, eds. Body size in mammalian paleobiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
84. Schmidt-Nielsen, K. 1984. Scaling: why is animal size so important? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
85. Shackleton, D. 1999. Hoofed mammals of British Columbia. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver.
86. Silva, M. 1998. Allometric scaling of body length: elastic or geometric similarity in mammalian design. Journal of Mammalogy 79:20-32.
87. Silva, M., and J. A. Downing. 1995. CRC handbook of mammalian body masses. CRC, New York.
88. Simberloff, D., T. Dayan, C. Jones, and G. Ogura. 2000. Character displacement and release in the small Indian mongoose, Herpestes javanicus. Ecology 81:2086-2099.
89. Simmons, A. H. 1988. Extinct pygmy hippopotamus and early man in Cyprus. Nature 333:554-557.
90. Sondaar, P. Y. 1977. Insularity and its effects on mammal evolution. Pages 671-707 in M. K. Hecht, P. C. Goody, and B. M. Hecht, eds. Major patterns of vertebrate evolution. Plenum, New York.
91. _. 1991. Island mammals of the past. Science Progress 75:249-264.
92. Szuma, E. 2000. Variation and correlation patterns in the dentition of the red fox from Poland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 37:113-127.
93. Thurber, J. M., R. O. Peterson, J. D. Woolington, and J. A. Vucetich. 1992. Coyote coexistence with wolves on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Canadian Journal of Zoology 70:2494-2498.
94. Van Valen, L. M. 1965. Morphological variation and width of ecological niche. American Naturalist 99:377-390.
95. _. 1973. Pattern and the balance of nature. Evolutionary Theory 1:31-49.
96. Vartanyan, S. L., V. E. Garutt, and A. V. Sher. 1993. Holocene dwarf mammoths from Wrangel-Island in the Siberian arctic. Nature 362:337-340.
97. Von den Driesch, A. 1976. A guide to the measurement of animal bones from archaeological sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1, Cambridge, Mass.
98. Wallace, A. R. 1868. The Malay archipelago. Macmillan, London.
99. _. 1880. Island life. Macmillan, London.
100. Wilson, D. E., and Ruff, S. 1999. The Smithsonian book of North American mammals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
101. Yom-Tov, Y., W. O. Green, and J. D. Coleman. 1986. Morphological trends in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula in New Zealand. Journal of Zoology (London) 208:583-593.
102. Yom-Tov, Y., S. Yom-Tov, and H. Moller. 1999. Competition, coexistence and adaptation amongst rodent invaders to Pacific and New Zealand islands. Journal of Biogeography 26:947-958.