Referendum Voting as Political Choice: The Case of Quebec

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 345-355

  Clarke, Harold D ^a   Kornberg, Allan ^b   Stewart, Marianne C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842632549     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123404000092     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
2. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
3. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
4. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
5. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
6. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
7. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
8. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
9. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
10. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
11. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
12. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
13. See, inter alia, Shaun Bowler and Todd Donovan, Demanding Choices: Opinion, Voting and Direct Democracy (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998); David Butler and Austin Ranney, Referendums Around the World: The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1994); Mark Franklin, Cees van der Eijk and Michael Marsh, 'Referendum Outcomes and Trust in Government: Public Support for Europe in the Wake of Maastricht', West European Politics 18 (1995), 102-17; Simon Hug and Pascal Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration: Do Institutions Matter in the Voter's Decision?' Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 3-36; Lawrence LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of Direct Democracy', in Lawrence LeDuc et al., eds, Comparing Democracies 2 (London: Sage, 2002); Arthur Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections', American Political Science Review, 88 (1994), 63-76; Arthur Lupia and Matthew McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). On referendums and referendum voting in Canada, see. e.g., Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice: Voting in Canada's 1992 National Referendum', Journal of Politics, 56 (1994), 940-62; Harold D. Clarke and Allan Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada? The 1995 Quebec Sovereignty Referendum', PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (1996), 676-82; Richard Johnston, André Blais, Elisabeth Gidengil and Neil Nevitte, The Challenge of Direct Democracy: The 1992 Canadian Referendum (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996); Lawrence LeDuc and Jon H. Pammett, 'Referendum Voting: Attitudes and Behaviour in the 1992 Constitutional Referendum', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 28 (1995), 3-34; Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking and Individual Choice in the Quebec Referendum on Sovereignty', British Journal of Political Science, 29 (1999), 523-39; Robert A. Young, The Secession of Quebec and the Future of Canada, revised and expanded edition (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998).
14. The Quebec referendum was highly significant because it had the potential to initiate the disintegration of one of the world's oldest continually functioning democracies. The result was an extremely close call, with the sovereignty proposal receiving a 49.4 per cent support share.
15. Nadeau, Martin and Blais, 'Attitudes Towards Risk-Taking'.
16. Random probability samples of the Quebec electorate were interviewed in the two weeks before and immediately after the 30 October 1995 referendum. The post-referendum survey includes a panel of respondents (weighted N = 834) who participated in the pre-referendum survey. Fieldwork was performed by Canadian Facts under the direction of senior project director, Peter Wearing, using a CATI system. Funding for the surveys was provided by NSF grant (SBR-9514385). Copies of the survey instruments may be downloaded from Clarke's web site: www.utdallas.edu/~hclarke
17. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, 'Choices, Values and Frames', American Psychologist, 39 (1984), 341-50; Richard Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993); Richard Thaler, Quasi-Rational Economics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
18. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, 'Choices, Values and Frames', American Psychologist, 39 (1984), 341-50; Richard Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993); Richard Thaler, Quasi-Rational Economics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
19. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, 'Choices, Values and Frames', American Psychologist, 39 (1984), 341-50; Richard Thaler, ed., Advances in Behavioral Finance (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1993); Richard Thaler, Quasi-Rational Economics (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1994).
20. LeDuc and Pammett, 'Referendum Voting' ; Pierre Martin, 'Générations, politiques, rationalité économique et appui á la souveraineté au Québec', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 27 (1994), 345-60.
21. LeDuc and Pammett, 'Referendum Voting' ; Pierre Martin, 'Générations, politiques, rationalité économique et appui á la souveraineté au Québec', Canadian Journal of Political Science, 27 (1994), 345-60.
22. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
23. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
24. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
25. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
26. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
27. See, e.g., Bowler and Donovan, Demanding Choices; Clarke and Kornberg, 'The Politics and Economics of Constitutional Choice'; Hug and Sciarini, 'Referendums on European Integration'; Johnston et al., The Challenge of Direct Democracy; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma.
28. See, e.g., LeDuc, 'Referendums and Initiatives', pp. 84-5.
29. We wish to thank Richard Nadeau, Pierre Martin and André Blais for kindly sharing their data and SPSS code with us. They bear no responsibility for the analyses and interpretations of these data presented here.
30. 2 is calculated using the model log-likelihood, N is the sample size, and 1.72 is an adjustment proposed by Hagle and Mitchell. See Timothy Hagle and Glenn E. Mitchell II, 'Goodness of Fit Measures for Probit and Logit', American Journal of Political Science, 36 (1992), 762-84. Nadeau et al. estimate the parameters in their model using the SPSS logistic regression procedure. We replicate their analysis using SPSS 6.14.
31. Young, The Secession of Quebec.
32. 2 is close to unity, this indicates a serious multicollinearity problem, (ii) Calculate the determinant of the correlation matrix for the independent variables. This determinant is bounded between 0 and 1, and values close to 0 indicate multicollinearity difficulties. See Jan Kementa, Elements of Econometrics (New York: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 438-9.
33. The main effects model correctly classifies 87.2 per cent of the 756 cases, only three cases (of 756) less than Nadeau et al.'s model. Moreover, the main effects model achieves its comparable explanatory power with a more parsimonious specification, estimating thirteen rather than seventeen parameters. The Schwarz model selection statistic reflects this parsimony, being smaller (better) for the main effects model (534.21) than for Nadeau et al. model (545.37). See G. Schwarz, 'Estimating the Dimension of a Model', Annals of Statistics, 6 (1978), 461-4.
34. Clarke and Kornberg, 'Choosing Canada?'
35. See Appendices A and B on the website version of this article for these details.
36. Details concerning the factor analysis are available from the authors upon request.
37. A sizeable literature is accumulating concerning how voters use heuristic devices to simplify decision making. See, e.g., Larry Bartels, 'Uninformed Voters: Information Effects in Presidential Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 50 (1996), 194-230; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma; Diana Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman and Richard A. Brody, eds, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
38. A sizeable literature is accumulating concerning how voters use heuristic devices to simplify decision making. See, e.g., Larry Bartels, 'Uninformed Voters: Information Effects in Presidential Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 50 (1996), 194-230; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma; Diana Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman and Richard A. Brody, eds, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
39. A sizeable literature is accumulating concerning how voters use heuristic devices to simplify decision making. See, e.g., Larry Bartels, 'Uninformed Voters: Information Effects in Presidential Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 50 (1996), 194-230; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma; Diana Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman and Richard A. Brody, eds, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
40. A sizeable literature is accumulating concerning how voters use heuristic devices to simplify decision making. See, e.g., Larry Bartels, 'Uninformed Voters: Information Effects in Presidential Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 50 (1996), 194-230; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma; Diana Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman and Richard A. Brody, eds, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
41. A sizeable literature is accumulating concerning how voters use heuristic devices to simplify decision making. See, e.g., Larry Bartels, 'Uninformed Voters: Information Effects in Presidential Elections', American Journal of Political Science, 50 (1996), 194-230; Lupia, 'Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias'; Lupia and McCubbins, The Democratic Dilemma; Diana Mutz, Paul M. Sniderman and Richard A. Brody, eds, Political Persuasion and Attitude Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996); Paul M. Sniderman, Richard A. Brody and Philip E. Tetlock, Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
42. Party leader affect is measured using 100-point thermometer scales. Respondents are asked to think of a thermometer scale ranging from 1 to 100 with 50 explicitly designated as a neutral point. Scores higher than 50 indicate increasing 'warmth' and scores less than 50 indicate increasing 'coolness'. To avoid collinearity difficulties, we average the scores for the two sovereignty leaders, Lucien Bouchard (Bloc Québécois) and Jacques Parizeau (Parti Québécois). We also average the scores for the two pro-Canada leaders, Jean Chrétien (federal Liberal Party) and Daniel Johnson (provincial Liberal Party). Missing data are recoded to mean values.
43. Federal party identifications are scored: Bloc Québécois = + 1, nonidentifiers and 'don't knows' = 0, other federal party identifications = -1. Provincial party identifications are scored: Parti Québécois = +1, nonidentifiers and 'don't knows' = 0, other provincial party identifiers = -1.
44. Respondents were asked to evaluate 'how well the federal government is doing' in each of ten policy areas. Responses were scored: 'very well' = 2, 'fairly well' = 1, 'not very well' = 0, and summed to produce a federal government performance index ranging from 0 to 20.
45. The socio-demographic variables are: (i) age cohort: six age cohorts corresponding to important periods in Quebec political history since the Second World War are constructed. For purposes of the probit analysis, the oldest group (persons over 65) are treated as the reference category; (ii) education: a five-category variable ranging from elementary school or less (scored 1) to completed college or university (B.A., B.Sc. or more) (scored 5); (iii) gender: men are scored 1 and women are scored 2; (iv) language community: this variable is based on responses to a question about language usually spoken at home. French is scored 1, and English and other languages are scored 0; (v) income: an eleven-category variables ranging from annual family income less than $10,000 per year (scored 1) to over $100,000 per year (scored 11). 'Don't knows' and 'refusals' for the income variable are recoded to the median category (5).
46. Respondents were asked if they generally thought of themselves as a Canadian, a Quebecker or what. (The terms 'Canadian' and 'Quebecker' were rotated randomly across the surveys.) Respondents then were asked how strongly 'Canadian' or 'Quebecker' they felt. Responses to these two questions are used to construct a variable ranging from very strong Canadian (+ 3)to very strong Quebecker (-3). Persons who did not think of themselves as Canadians or Quebeckers or said they 'didn't know' were scored 0.
47. Support for the national political community and regime were measured using 100-point thermometer scores, with 50 explicitly designated as the neutral point. National community support is measured using feelings 'in general about Canada". National regime support is the mean thermometer score for feelings about the parliament in Ottawa, the civil service in Ottawa, and the courts and the judicial system. Missing data are receded to mean values.
48. Kmenta, Elements of Econometrics, pp. 492-3.
49. 2,s of 0.919 and 0.887, respectively. Although the pure political choice model requires five more parameters to be estimated, the Schwarz model selection criterion favours it over the cost-benefit alternative, the SC values being 295.019 and 336.387, respectively.
50. Scott J. Long, Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1997), chap. 3.
51. For example, if the voter has average federal government evaluation scores, her probability of voting Yes is 0.54. That figure drops to 0.41 if her evaluations are one standard deviation above average, and rises to 0.68 if her evaluations are one standard deviation below average. As for party identification, with all other variables set at their mean values, the voter has a 0.55 probability of voting yes if she does not identify with a federal party. If she identifies with the pro-sovereignty Bloc Québécois that probability climbs to 0.68. But, if she identifies with one of the pro-Canada parties, it falls to only 0.03.