Winter bird use of urban and rural habitats in Ontario

Canadian Field-Naturalist

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 173-183

  Smith, Paul G R ^a  

^a FOOD AND RURAL AFFAIRS   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bird populations; Ontario; Urban ecology; Urban rural ecological gradient; Winter

Indexed keywords

BIRD; HABITAT USE; RURAL-URBAN COMPARISON; WINTER;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; ONTARIO;

AVES;

EID: 1842585826     PISSN: 00083550     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.22621/cfn.v117i2.679     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Adams, L. 1994. Urban wildlife habitats: a landscape perspective. University of Minneapolis Press, Minneapolis.
2. Ambuel, B., and S. Temple. 1983. Area-dependent changes in the bird communities and vegetation of southern Wisconsin forests. Ecology 64: 1057-1068.
3. Anderson, B., R. Ohmart, and J. Rice. 1981. Seasonal changes in avian densities and diversities. Pages 262-264 in Estimating the Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Edited by C. Ralph and J. Scott. Studies in Avian Biology 6.
4. Berner, T., and T. Grubb. 1985. An experimental analysis of mixed-species flocking in birds in deciduous woodland. Ecology 66: 1229-1236.
5. Bignal, E., and D. McCraken. 1996. Low-intensity farming systems in the conservation of the countryside. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 413-424.
6. Blake, J. 1987. Species-area relationships of winter residents in isolated woodlots. Wilson Bulletin 99: 243-250.
7. Bock, C., and L. Lepthien. 1976. Synchronous eruptions of boreal seed-eating birds. American Naturalist 110: 559-571.
8. Bock, C., and T. Root. 1981. The Christmas Bird Count and avian ecology. Pages 17-23 in Estimating the Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Edited by C. Ralph and J. Scott. Studies in Avian Biology 6.
9. Brady, R., T. Tobias, P. Eagles, R. Ohrner, J. Micak, B. Weale, and R. Dorney. 1979. A typology for the urban ecosystem and its relationship to larger biogeographical landscape units. Urban Ecology 4: 11-28.
10. Brewer, A., and M. Williamson. 1994. A new relationship for rarefaction. Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 373-379.
11. Cadman, M., P. Eagles, and F. Helleiner. 1987. Atlas of the breeding birds of Ontario. University of Waterloo Press, Waterloo, Canada.
12. Campbell, C., and A. Dagg. 1976. Bird populations in downtown and suburban Kitchener-Waterloo, Ontario. Ontario Field Biologist 30: 1-22.
13. DeGraaf, R., and J. Wentworth. 1981. Urban bird communities and habitats in New England. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 46: 396-413.
14. DeGraaf, R., and J. Wentworth. 1986. Avian guild structure and habitat associations in suburban bird communities. Urban Ecology 9: 399-412.
15. Degraaf, R., N. Tilghman, and S. Anderson. 1985. Foraging guilds of North American birds. Environmental Management 9: 493-536.
16. Dunning, J. 1993.The CRC handbook of avian body masses. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
17. Engstrom, R., and F. James. 1981. Plot size as a factor in winter-bird population studies. Condor 83: 34-41.
18. Erskine, A. 1992. A ten-year urban winter bird count in Sackville, New Brunswick. Canadian Field-Naturalist 106: 499-506.
19. th International Ornithological Congress. Berlin, Germany.
20. Erskine, A. 1975. Winter birds of urban residential areas in eastern Canada. Pages 18-31 in Nature and Urban Man. Edited by G. McKeating. Canadian Nature Federation, Special Publication Number 4.
21. Freemark, K., and B. Collins. 1992. Landscape ecology of birds breeding in temperate forest fragments. Pages 443-454 in Ecology and management of Neotropical Migrant Landbirds. Edited by J. Hagan and D. Johnson. Smithsonian Press, Washington.
22. Gilbert, O. 1989. The ecology of urban habitats. Chapman and Hall, London.
23. Gotelli, N., and R. Colwell. 2001. Quantifying biodiversity: procedures and pitfalls in the measurement and comparison of species richness. Ecology Letters 4: 379-391.
24. Hand, D. 1982. Kernel discriminant analysis. Research Studies Press, New York.
25. Hill, M. 1973. Diversity and evenness: a unifying notation and its consequences. Ecology 54: 427-432.
26. Hinsley, S., P. Bellamy, I. Newton, and T. Sparks. 1996. Influences of population size and woodland area on bird species distributions in small woods. Oecologia 105: 100-107.
27. Hochachka, W., J. Wells, K. Rosenberg, D. Tessaglia-Hymes, and A. Dhondt. 1999. Irruptive migration of common redpolls. Condor 101: 195-204.
28. Hohtola, E. 1978. Differential changes in bird community structure with urbanization: a study in central Finland. Omis Scandinavica 9: 94-100.
29. Hostletler, M., and C. Holling. 2000. Detecting the scales at which birds respond to structure in urban landscapes. Urban Ecosystems 4: 25-54.
30. Hulburt, S. 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological experiments. Ecological Monographs 54: 187-211.
31. James, F., and S. Rathbun. 1982. Rarefaction, relative abundance, and diversity of avian communities. Auk 98: 785-800.
32. Kolb, H. 1965. The Audubon winter bird population study. Audubon Field Notes 19: 432-434.
33. Lack, P. 1992. Birds on lowland farms. HMSO, London.
34. Lancaster, R., and W. Rees. 1979. Bird communities and the structure of urban habitats. Canadian Journal of Zoology 57: 2358-2368.
35. Magurran, A. 1988. Ecological diversity and its measurement. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
36. Marzluff, J., F. Gehlbach, and D. Manuwal. 1998. Urban environments: influences and challenges for the avian conservationist. Pages 283-299 in Avian Conservation: Research and Management. Edited by J. Marzluff and R. Sallabanks. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
37. Mauer, B. 1985. Avian community dynamics in desert grasslands: observational scale and hierarchical structure. Ecological Monographs 55: 295-312.
38. Mehlman, D. 1997. Change in avian abundance across the geographic range in response to environmental change. Ecological Applications 7: 614-624.
39. Møller, A. 1984. Community structure of birds in agricultural areas in summer and winter in Denmark. Holarctic Ecology 7: 413-418.
40. Morneau, F., M. St-Georges, D. Lambert, et J.-L DesGranges. 1996. Assemblages d'oiseaux en hiver dans des parc urbains de 39 villes des basses-terres du St. Laurent : richesse, habitat et comparaison biogéographique. G.R.E.B.E. inc. pour Environnement Canada. Série de rapports techniques (258). Service canadien de la faune, Région du Québec.
41. Morrison, M., K. With, I. Timossi, and K. Milne. 1987. Composition and temporal variation of flocks in the Sierra Nevada. Condor 89: 739-745.
42. Newton, I. 1998. Bird conservation problems resulting from agricultural intensification in Europe. Pages 307-322 in Avian Conservation: Research and Management. Edited by J. Marzluff and R. Sallabanks. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
43. Nour, N., R. Van Damme, E. Matthysen, and A. Dhondt. 1999. Forest birds in forest fragments: are fragmentation effects independent of season? Bird Study 46: 279-288.
44. O'Connor, R., and M. Shrubb. 1986. Farming and birds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
45. Parrish, T., K. Lakhani, and T. Sparks. 1994. Modelling the relationship between bird population variables and hedgerow and other field margin attributes. I. Species richness of winter, summer and breeding birds. Journal of Applied Ecology 31: 764-775.
46. Pearson, S. 1993. The spatial extent and relative influence of landscape level factors on wintering bird populations. Landscape Ecology 8: 3-18.
47. Polo, V., and L. Carrascal. 1999. Shaping the body size distribution of passeriformes: habitat use and body size are evolutionarily and ecologically related. Journal of Animal Ecology 68: 324-337.
48. Robbis, C. 1972. An appraisal of the winter bird population study technique. American Birds 26: 688-692.
49. Robbins C. 1981. Reappraisal of the Winter Bird Population Study technique. Pages 52-57 in Estimating the Numbers of Terrestrial Birds. Edited by C. J. Ralph and J. M. Scott. Studies in Avian Biology 6.
50. Robbins, C., D. Dawson, and B. Dowell. 1989. Habitat area requirements of breeding forest birds of the middle Atlantic states. Wildlife Monographs (103).
51. Rodenhouse, N., L. Best, J. O'Connor, and E. Bollinger. 1995. Effects of agricultural practices and farmland structures. Pages 269-293 in Ecology and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds, A Synthesis and Review of Critical Issues. Edited by T. Martin and D. Finch. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
52. Root, T. 1988. Atlas of wintering birds of North America: an analysis of Christmas bird count data. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
53. Saunders, D., R. Hobbs, and C. Margules. 1991. Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5: 18-32.
54. Shields, W., and T. Grubb. 1976. Winter bird densities on north and south slopes. Wilson Bulletin 86: 125-130.
55. Smith, P. 1984a. Observer and annual variation in winter bird population studies. Wilson Bulletin 96: 561-574.
56. Smith, P. 1984b. Winter birds of small urban woodlots in Kitchener-Waterloo. American Birds 38: 60-61.
57. Smith, P., G. Fairfield, D. Burton, and D. Knauber. 1982. Winter bird communities of urban southern Ontario. American Birds 36: 46-47.
58. Smith, P., D. Knauber, D. Ulster, D. Banville, J. MacDonald, G. Fairfield, and D. Burton. 1981. Winter bird communities of selected areas in Toronto. American Birds 35: 41-44.
59. Telleria, J., and T. Santos. 1995. Effects of forest fragmentation on a guild of wintering passerines: the role of habitat selection. Biological Conservation 71: 61-67.
60. Tilghman, N. 1987. Characteristics of urban woodlands affecting winter bird diversity and abundance. Forest Ecology and Management 21: 163-175.
61. Tomialojc, L. 1982. Synurbization of birds and the prey-predator relations. Pages 131-140 in Animals in Urban Environment. Edited by M. Luniak and B. Pisarski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw.
62. Whitcomb, R., C. Robbins, J. Lynch, B. Whitcomb, M. Klimkiewicz, and D. Bystrak. 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on avifauna of the eastern deciduous forest. Pages 125-205 in Forest Island dynamics in man-dominated landscapes. Edited by R. Burgess and D. Sharpe. Springer Verlag, New York.
63. Wilson, W. 1994. The distribution of wintering birds in central Maine: the interactive effects of landscape and bird feeders. Journal of Field Ornithology 65: 512-519.