The potential role of life cycle assessment in regulation of chemicals in the European union

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Volumn 9, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 327-332

  Christensen, Frans M ^a   Olsen, Stig I ^b  

^a JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE   (Italy)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

Author keywords

EU chemicals regulation; OMNIITOX; REACH; Risk assessment; Socio economic analysis (SEA)

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ECOTOXICITY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; EUROPE; FEASIBILITY STUDY; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT; MANAGEMENT; OMNIITOX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SOCIOECONOMICS;

EID: 1842574952     PISSN: 09483349     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1065/lca2004.08.166     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. 10-13, Chloro-. CAS-No.: 85535-84-8. Risk Assessment. Final report, October 1999. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer protection, European Chemicals Bureau (ECB). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg
2. CEC (Commission of the European Community) (2001a): White paper: Strategy for a Future Chemicals Policy. COM(2001) 88 final (Brussels, Belgium)
3. CEC (Commission of the European Community) (2001b): Green paper on integrated product policy. COM(2001) 68 final (Brussels, Belgium)
4. Commission of the European Communities (CEC) (2003a): Technical Guidance Document in support of Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New and Notified Substances, Commission Directive (EC) No. 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances and Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council Concerning the Placing of Biocidal Products on the Market. Part I-IV, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra 〈http://ecb.irc.it/〉
5. CEC (Commission of the European Communities) (2003b): Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the Registration, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), establishing a European Chemicals Agency and amending Directive 1999/ 45/EC and Regulation (EC) {on Persistent Organic Pollutants}. COM (2003) 644, Brussels, 29 October 2003
6. CEC (Commission of the European Community) (2003c): Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Integrated Product Policy - Building on Environmental Life-Cycle Thinking. COM(2003) final (Brussels, Belgium)
7. Christensen F, de Bruijn J, Hansen B, Munn S, Sokull-Klüttgen B, Pedersen F (2003): Assessment tools under the new European Union chemicals policy. Greener Management International 41, 5-19
8. Council Directive 76/769/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations. Official journal L 262, 27/09/1976
9. Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks related to chemical agents at work. Official Journal L 131, 05/05/1998
10. Council Directive 92/59/EEC of 29 June 1992 on general product safety. Official Journal L 228, 11/08/1992
11. Council Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control. Official Journal L 257, 10/10/1996
12. Council Regulation (EEC) 793/93 of 23 March 1993 on the evaluation and control of the risk of existing substances. Official Journal L 84, 5.4.1993
13. 10s and DALYs, Part 1: Cancer effects. Risk Analysis 22 (5) 929-944
14. Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles. Official Journal L 269, 21/10/2000
15. Directive 2002/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 June 2002 amending for the twentieth time Council Directive 76/769/EEC relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (short-chain chlorinated paraffins). Official Journal L 177, 6.7. 2002
16. EA (Environmental Agency/United Kingdom) (2002): Risk assessment of Alkanes, C14-17, Chloro. CAS Number 85535-85-9. Environment Draft of August 2002. Environment Agency, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
17. Guinée J, Heijungs R, van Oers L, van de Ment D, Vermeire T, Rikken M (1996): LCA Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases; Generic modelling of fate, exposure and effect for ecosystems and human beings with data for about 100 chemicals. Dutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and Environment, The Netherlands
18. Guinée JB, de Koning A, Pennington DW, Rosenbaum R, Hauschild M, Olsen SI, Molander S, Bachmann T, Pant R (2004): Bringing Science and Pragmatism together in a Tiered Approach for Modelling Toxicological Impacts in LCA. Int J LCA 9 (5) 320-326
19. Hauschild M, Wenzel H, Damborg A, Tørsløv J (1998a): Ecotoxicity as a criterion in the environmental assessment of products. Chapter 6 in Hauschild M and Wenzel H (Eds.): Environmental assessment of products. Vol 2. Scientific background. Chapman & Hall, United Kingdom
20. Hauschild M, Olsen S, Wenzel H (1998b): Human toxicity as a criterion in the environmental assessment of products. Chapter 7 in Hauschild M and Wenzel H (Eds.): Environmental assessment of products. Vol 2. Scientific background. Chapman & Hall, United Kingdom
21. Hellweg S, Hofstetter T, Hungerbühler K (2003): Discounting and the Environment. Should Current Impacts be Weighted Differently than Impacts Harming Future Generations? Int J LCA 8 (1) 8-18
22. HSE (Health & Safety Executive) (2002): Risk assessment of Alkanes, C14-17, Chloro. CAS No. 85535-85-9. Human Health Draft of February 2002. Health & Safety Executive, Merseyside, United Kingdom
23. Huijbregts M (2001): Uncertainty and variability in Life Cycle Assessment. Ph.D.-thesis University of Amsterdam. ISBN 90-76894-05-1
24. Lohse J, Wirts M, Ahrens A, Heitmann K, Lundie S, Lissner L, Wagner A (2003): Substitution of hazardous chemicals in products and processes. Final report, February 2003. Report compiled for the Directorate General Environment, Nuclear Safety and Civil Protection of the Commission for the European Communities. Contract No B3-4305/2000/293861/ MAR/E1. Ökopol GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
25. Molander S, Lidholm P, Schowanek D, Recasens M, Fullana P, Christensen FM, Guinée JB, Hauschild M, Jolliet O, Carlson R, Pennington DW, Bachmann T (2004): OMNIITOX - Operational life-cycle impact assessment models and information tools for practitioners. Int J LCA 9 (5) 282-288
26. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2001): OECD Environmental outlook for the chemicals industry. OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
27. OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2002): Outcome of the Tokyo workshop to establish a programme of work on chemical product policy (CPP) - Draft workplan. ENV/JM(2002)26. OECD Environment Directorate, Paris, France
28. Olsen S, Christensen F, Hauschild M, Pedersen F, Larsen H, Tørsløv J (2001): Life cycle impact assessment and risk assessment of chemicals - a methodological comparison. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 21, 385-404
29. Owens J (1997): Life-cycle assessment in relation to risk assessment: An evolving perspective. Risk Analysis 17 (3) 359-365
30. Pennington D (1999): Comment: Uncertainty in LCIA of Toxic Releases. Letter to the editor. Int J LCA 4 (2) 62-64
31. 10s and DALYs, Part 2: Non-cancer effects. Risk Analysis 22 (5) 945-961
32. Pennington D, Potting J, Finnveden G, Lindeijer E, Jolliet O, Rydberg T, Rebitzer G (2004): Life Cycle Assessment Part 2: Current Impact Assessment Practice. Environment International 30, 721-739
33. Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 July 2000 on a revised Community Eco-label Award Scheme. Official Journal L 237, 21.9.2000
34. Teknologirådet (2003): Pris på miljøet? Slutdokument og ekspertindlæg fra konsensuskoference den 9. til den 12. maj 2003. Teknologirådets rapporter 2003/2, Copenhagen, Denmark (only available in Danish)
35. Tukker A (1998): Uncertainty in Life Cycle Impact Assessment of Toxic Releases. Practical experiences - Argument for a reductionalistic approach. Impact assessment of toxic releases in a substance flow analysis for PVC in Sweden. Int J LCA 3 (5) 246-258
36. Tukker A (1999): Reply: Uncertainty in LCIA of Toxic Releases. Letter to the editor. Int J LCA 4 (2) 62-64
37. Udo de Haes H, Jolliet O, Finnveden G, Goedkoop M, Hauschild M, Hertwich E, Hofstetter P, Klöpffer W, Krewitt W, Lindeijer E, Mueller-Wenk R, Olson S, Pennington D, Potting J, Steen B (eds) (2002): Life-cycle impact assessment: Striving towards best practice. SETAC Press, Pensacola, Florida, USA. ISBN: 1-880611-54-6