Safety and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in patients with bipolar disorder: Prevalence, monitoring and management

Bipolar Disorders, Supplement

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 62-79

  Chue, Pierre ^a,c   Kovacs, Christopher S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^b MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^c NONE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Atypical antipsychotics; Bipolar disorder; Diabetes; Extrapyramidal syndrome; Metabolic effects

Indexed keywords

AMISULPRIDE; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ARIPIPRAZOLE; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CLOZAPINE; ESTROGEN; GLUCOSE; HALOPERIDOL; LIPID; LITHIUM DERIVATIVE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; PROLACTIN; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SIBUTRAMINE; TOPIRAMATE; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROATE SEMISODIUM; VALPROIC ACID; ZIPRASIDONE;

AKATHISIA; ANORGASMIA; ANTHROPOMETRY; ANXIETY DISORDER; APPETITE DISORDER; BIPOLAR DISORDER; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; BODY WEIGHT DISORDER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONSTIPATION; DEPRESSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; DIET THERAPY; DIZZINESS; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; DYSPEPSIA; DYSTONIA; EDEMA; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FEMALE INFERTILITY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HORMONE DETERMINATION; HUMAN; HYPERANDROGENISM; HYPERKINESIA; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPEROSMOLAR COMA; HYPERPROLACTINEMIA; INSOMNIA; KINESIOTHERAPY; LIBIDO DISORDER; MENSTRUATION DISORDER; METABOLIC DISORDER; MONITORING; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PATIENT SELECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RHINITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SEDATION; SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; SOMNOLENCE; SPEECH DISORDER; TARDIVE DYSKINESIA; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREMOR; WEIGHT GAIN; XEROSTOMIA;

EID: 1842556479     PISSN: 13992406     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-2406.2003.00063.x     Document Type: Review

References (142)

1. Wirshing W. Movement disorders associated with neuroleptic treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (Suppl. 21): 15-18.
2. Lemmens P, Brecher M, Van Baelen B. A combined analysis of double-blind studies with risperidone vs. placebo and other antipsychotic agents: Factors associated with extrapyramidal symptoms. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999; 99: 160-170.
3. Tollefson G, Beasley C, Tamura R, Tran P, Potvin J. Blind, controlled, long-term study of the comparative incidence of treatment-emergent tardive dyskinesia with olanzapine or haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1248-1254.
4. Keck P, McElroy S, Strakowski S, Soutullo C. Antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders and risk of tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Suppl. 4): 33-38.
5. Meltzer H. Putting metabolic side effects into perspective: risks versus benefits of atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (Suppl. 27): 35-39; discussion 40-1.
6. Casey D. Barriers to progress - the impact of tolerability problems. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 16 (Suppl. 1): S15-S19.
7. Naber D, Karow A. Good tolerability equals good results: The patient's perspective. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2001; 11 (Suppl. 4): S391-S396.
8. Glick I, Berg P. Time to study discontinuation, relapse, and compliance with atypical or conventional antipsychotics in schizophrenia and related disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 65-68.
9. Wahlbeck K, Tuunainen A, Ahokas A, Leucht S. Drop-out rates in randomised antipsychotic drug trials. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2001; 155: 230-233.
10. Murray R, Van Os J. Predictors of outcome in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1998; 18: 2S-4S.
11. Oehl M, Hummer M, Fleischhacker W. Compliance with antipsychotic treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2000; 102: 83-86.
12. Allison D, Casey D. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (Suppl. 7): 22-31.
13. Allison D, Mentore J, Heo M et al. Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A comprehensive research synthesis. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1686-1696.
14. Mukherjee S, Rosen A, Caracci G, Shukla S. Persistent tardive dyskinesia in bipolar patients. Arch General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 342-346.
15. Yassa R, Nair V, Schwartz G. Tardive dyskinesia and the primary psychiatric diagnosis. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 135-138.
16. Nasrallah H, Churchill C, Hamdan-Allan G. Higher frequency of neuroleptic-induced dystonia in mania than in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1455-1456.
17. Kane J, Smith J. Tardive dyskinesia: Prevalence and risk factors, 1959 to 1979. Arch General Psychiatry 1982; 39: 473-481.
18. Data on file. Global Drug Safety and Surveillance, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development L.L.C., 2002.
19. Miller D, Yatham L, Lam R. Comparative efficacy of typical and atypical antipsychotics as add-on therapy to mood stabilizers in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 975-980.
20. Hirschfeld R, Keck P, Karcher K, Kramer M, Grossman F. Rapid antimanic effect of risperidone monotherapy: A 3-week multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial [Abstract 71]. Presented at 41st Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 8-12 December 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
21. Sachs G, Grossman F, Ghaemi S, Okamoto A, Bowden C. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania. a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1146-1154.
22. Vieta E, Khanna B, Grossman F, van Kammen D, Kramer M. Risperidone in the treatment of manic or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder [Abstract 53]. Presented at ACNP, Puerto Rico, 2002.
23. Yatham L, Grossman F, Augustyns I, Vieta E, Ravindran A. Mood stabilisers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania: International, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2003; 182: 141-147.
24. Tohen M, Sanger T, McElroy S et al. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. The Olanzapine HGEH Study Group. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 702-709.
25. Tohen M, Jacobs T, Grundy S et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzapine HGGW Study Group. Arch General Psychiatry 2000; 57: 841-849.
26. Tohen M, Baker R, Altshuler L et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1011-1017.
27. Delbello M, Schwiers M, Rosenberg H, Strakowski S. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine as adjunctive treatment for adolescent mania. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 1216-1223.
28. Keck P, Versiani M, Potkin S, West S, Giller E, Ice K. Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: A three-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 741-748.
29. Bourin M, Auby P, Marcus R et al. Aripiprazole versus haloperidol for maintained treatment effect in acute mania [Abstract NR467]. Presented at 156th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 17-22, 2003.
30. Sanger T, Grundy S, Gibson P, Namjoshi M, Greaney M, Tohen M. Long-term olanzapine therapy in the treatment of bipolar I disorder: An open-label continuation phase study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 273-281.
31. Vieta E, Goikolea J, Corbella B et al. Risperidone safety and efficacy in the treatment of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: results from a 6-month, multicenter, open study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 818-825.
32. Zajecka J, Weisler R, Sachs G, Swann A, Wozniak P, Sommerville K. A comparison of the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of divalproex sodium and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 1148-1155.
33. Tohen M, Chengappa K, Suppes T et al. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 62-69.
34. Mullen J, Devine N, Sweitzer D. Quetiapine adjunctive therapy for acute mania associated with bipolar disorder (SIAM) [Abstract NR482]. Presented at 156th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 17-22, 2003.
35. Sachs G, Mullen J, Devine N, Sweitzer D. Quetiapine versus placebo as adjunct to mood stabilizer for the treatment of acute mania [Abstract 61]. Bipolar Dis 2002; 4 (Suppl. 1): 133.
36. Caroff S, Mann S. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Med Clin North Am 1993; 77: 185-202.
37. Caroff S, Mann S, Campbell E, Sullivan K. Movement disorders associated with atypical antipsychotic drugs. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (Suppl. 4): 12-19.
38. Fagiolini A, Kupfer D, Houck P, Novick D, Frank E. Obesity as a correlate of outcome in patients with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2003; 160: 112-117.
39. Fagiolini A, Frank E, Houck P et al. Prevalence of obesity and weight change during treatment in patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 528-533.
40. Elmslie J, Silverstone J, Mann J, Williams S, Romans S. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 179-184.
41. Beasley C. Safety of olanzapine. J Clin Psychiatry Monograph 1997; 15: 19-21.
42. Kinon B, Basson B, Gilmore J, Tollefson G. Long-term olanzapine treatment: Weight change and weight-related health factors in schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 92-100.
43. Ghaemi S. New treatments for bipolar disorder: The role of atypical neuroleptic agents. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Suppl. 14): 33-42.
44. Guille C, Sachs G, Ghaemi S. A naturalistic comparison of clozapine, risperidone, and olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61: 638-642.
45. Segal J, Berk M, Brook S. Risperidone compared with both lithium and haloperidol in mania: A double-blind randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 1998; 21: 176-180.
46. Jones M, Huizar K. Quetiapine monotherapy for acute mania associated with bipolar disorder (STAMP 1 and STAMP 2) [Abstract NR432]. Presented at 156th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 17-22, 2003.
47. Basile V, Masellis M, McIntyre R, Meltzer H, Lieberman J, Kennedy J. Genetic dissection of atypical antipsychotic-induced weight gain: Novel preliminary data on the pharmacogenetic puzzle. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 45-66.
48. Virkkunen M, Wahlbeck K, Rissanen A, Naukkarinen H, Franssila-Kallunki A. Decrease of energy expenditure causes weight increase in olanzapine treatment - a case study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002; 35: 124-126.
49. Wetterling T. Bodyweight gain with atypical antipsychotics. A comparative review. Drug Saf 2001; 24: 59-73.
50. Kannel W, Cupples L, Ramaswami R, Stokes J, Kreger B, Higgins M. Regional obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease; the Framingham Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 183-190.
51. Kenchaiah S, Evans J, Levy D et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 305-313.
52. Calle E, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun M. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625-1638.
53. Adami H, Trichopoulos D. Obesity and mortality from cancer. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1623-1624.
54. Lissner L, Odell P, D'Agostino R et al. Variability of body weight and health outcomes in the Framingham population. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1839-1844.
55. Flegal K, Carroll M, Kuczmarski R, Johnson C. Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960-94. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 39-47.
56. Mukherjee S, Decina P, Bocola V, Saraceni F, Scapicchio P. Diabetes mellitus in schizophrenic patients. Compr Psychiatry 1996; 37: 68-73.
57. Dixon L, Weiden P, Delahanty J et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes in national schizophrenia samples. Schizophr Bull 2000; 26: 903-912.
58. Regenold W, Thapar R, Marano C, Gavirneni S, Kondapavuluru P. Increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among psychiatric inpatients with bipolar I affective and schizoaffective disorders independent of psychotropic drug use. J Affect Disord 2002; 70: 19-26.
59. Brown S, Birtwistle J, Roe L, Thompson C. The unhealthy lifestyle of people with schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1999; 29: 697-701.
60. Williams S, Kasl S, Heiat A, Abramson J, Krumholz H, Vaccarino V. Depression and risk of heart failure among the elderly: A prospective community-based study. Psychosom Med 2002; 64: 6-12.
61. Anderson R, Freedland K, Clouse R, Lustman P. The prevalence of comorbid depression in adults with diabetes: A meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1069-1078.
62. Chue P, Welch R. Investigation of the metabolic effects of antipsychotics in patients with schizophrenia. Presented at 51st Annual Meeting of the Canadian Psychiatric Association. Montreal, Canada, November 15-19, 2001.
63. Gianfrancesco F, Grogg A, Mahmoud R, Wang R, Nasrallah H. Differential effects of risperidone, olanzapine, clozapine, and conventional antipsychotics on type 2 diabetes: Findings from a large health plan database. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 920-930.
64. Koro C, Fedder D, L'Italien G et al. Assessment of independent effect of olanzapine and risperidone on risk of diabetes among patients with schizophrenia: Population based nested case-control study. BMJ 2002; 325: 243.
65. Sernyak M, Leslie D, Alarcon R, Losonczy M, Rosenheck R. Association of diabetes mellitus with use of atypical neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 561-566.
66. Cavazzoni P, Hornbuckle K, Hutchins D, Jovanovic L, Breier A, Buse J. A pharmacoepidemiological study of diabetes mellitus and antipsychotic treatment in the United States [abstract P.2.013]. J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12 (Suppl. 3): S260.
67. Caro J, Ward A, Levinton C, Robinson K. The risk of diabetes during olanzapine use compared with risperidone use: A retrospective database analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 1135-1139.
68. Lambert B, Chou C-h, Chang K-Y, Iwamoto T, Tafesse E. Assessing the risk of antipsychotic-induced Type II diabetes among schizophrenics: A matched case-control study [Abstract P.2.126]. J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12 (Suppl. 3): S307.
69. Gianfrancesco F, Grogg A, Mahmoud R, Wang RH, Meletiche D. Differential effects of antipsychotic agents on the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with mood disorders. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1150-71.
70. Koller E, Schneider B, Bennett K, Dubitsky G. Clozapine-associated diabetes. Am J Med 2001; 111: 716-723.
71. Koller E, Doraiswamy P. Olanzapine-associated diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22: 841-852.
72. Product Monograph Zyprexa (olanzapine). Toronto, Canada: Eli Lilly Canada Inc, revised March 17, 2003.
73. Newcomer J, Haupt D, Fucetola R et al. Abnormalities in glucose regulation during antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia. Arch General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 337-345.
74. Meyer J. A retrospective comparison of weight, lipid, and glucose changes between risperidone- and olanzapine-treated inpatients: metabolic outcomes after 1 year. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 425-433.
75. Berry S, Mahmoud R. Improvement of insulin indices after switch from olanzapine to risperidone [Abstract P.2.148]. J Eur Coll Neuropsychopharmacol 2002; 12 (Suppl. 3): S316.
76. Henderson D. Clinical experience with insulin resistance, diabetic ketoacidosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients treated with atypical antipsychotic agents. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62 (Suppl. 27): 10-14; discussion 40-1.
77. Jin H, Meyer J, Jeste D. Phenomenology of and risk factors for new-onset diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis associated with atypical antipsychotics. an analysis of 45 published cases. Ann Clin Psychiatry 2002; 14: 59-64.
78. Koller E, Cross J, Doraiswamy P, Schneider B. Risperidone-associated diabetes mellitus: A pharmacovigilance study. Pharmacotherapy 2003; 23: 735-744.
79. IMS Health Canada. http://www.imshealthcanada.com/ htmen/10.htm.
80. Koller E, Doraiswamy P, Cross J, Schneider B. Queitiapine-associated diabetes mellitus [Abstract NR741]. Presented at 156th American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, San Francisco, CA, May 17-22, 2003.
81. Buse J, Polonsky K, Burrant C. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Larsen P, Kronenberg H, Melmed S, Polonsky K, eds. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 10th edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2003: 1427-1483.
82. Moro E, Gallina P, Pais M, Cazzolato G, Alessandrini P, Bittolo-Bon G. Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased insulin resistance in subjects with normal glucose tolerance. Evaluation in a large cohort of subjects assessed with the 1999 World Health Organization criteria for the classification of diabetes. Metabolism 2003; 52: 616-619.
83. Foster D, McGarry J. Acute complications of diabetes mellitus: Ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, and lactic acidosis. In: DeGroot L, Jameson L, eds. Endocrinology. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co, 2001: 908-920.
84. Haffner S, Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Pyorala K, Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 229-234.
85. Alexander C, Landsman P, Teutsch S, Haffner S. NCEP-defined metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and prevalence of coronary heart disease among NHANES III participants age 50 years and older. Diabetes 2003; 52: 1210-1214.
86. Hanley A, Williams K, Stern M, Haffner S. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: The San Antonio Heart Study. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1177-1184.
87. The DECODE Study Group. European Diabetes Epidemiology Group. Glucose tolerance and mortality: Comparison of WHO and American Diabetes Association diagnostic criteria. Diabetes Epidemiology: Collaborative analysis of Diagnostic criteria in Europe. Lancet 1999; 354: 617-621.
88. UKPDS 38 UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.
89. Stratton I, Kohner E, Aldington S et al. UKPDS 50: Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001; 44: 156-163.
90. Kohner E, Aldington S, Stratton I et al. UKPDS 30 Diabetic retinopathy at diagnosis of type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 297-303.
91. Nesto R. CHD: A major burden in type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2001; 38 (Suppl. 1): S3-S8.
92. Schmidt M, Duncan B, Sharrett A et al. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): A cohort study. Lancet 1999; 353: 1649-1652.
93. Freeman D, Norrie J, Sattar N et al. Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: Evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation 2001; 103: 357-362.
94. Koro C, Fedder D, L'Italien G et al. An assessment of the independent effects of olanzapine and risperidone exposure on the risk of hyperlipidemia in schizophrenic patients. Arch General Psychiatry 2002; 59: 1021-1026.
95. Sheitman B, Bird P, Binz W, Akinli L, Sanchez C. Olanzapine-induced elevation of plasma triglyceride levels. Am J Psychiatry 1999; 156: 1471-1472.
96. Osser D, Najarian D, Dufresne R. Olanzapine increases weight and serum triglyceride levels. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60: 767-770.
97. Conley R, Mahmoud R. A randomized double-blind study of risperidone and olanzapine in the treatment of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 765-774.
98. Product Monograph Seroquel (quetiapine tablets). Mississauga, Canada: AstraZeneca Canada Inc, revised January 16, 2002.
99. Maguire G. Prolactin elevation with antipsychotic medications: Mechanisms of action and clinical consequences. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63 (Suppl. 4): 56-62.
100. Arana G. An overview of side effects caused by typical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Suppl. 8): 5-11; discussion 2-3.
101. Petty R. Prolactin and antipsychotic medications: Mechanism of action. Schizophr Res 1999; 35 (Suppl. ): S67-S73.
102. Dickson R, Seeman M, Corenblum B. Hormonal side effects in women: Typical versus atypical antipsychotic treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61 (Suppl. 3): 10-15.
103. Mastrogiacomo I, Fava M, Fava G, Kellner R, Grismondi G, Cetera C. Postpartum hostility and prolactin. Int J Psychiatry Med 1982; 12: 289-294.
104. Merritt D. Hyperprolactinemia and depression. JAMA 1991; 266: 2004.
105. Reavley A, Fisher A, Owen D, Creed F, Davis J. Psychological distress in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997; 47: 343-348.
106. Nicholas L, Dawkins K, Golden R. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Prolactin Psychiatr Clin North Am 1998; 21: 341-358.
107. Clevenger C, Furth P, Hankinson S, Schuler L. The role of prolactin in mammary carcinoma. Endocrine Rev 2003; 24: 1-27.
108. Mandala M, Lissoni P, Ferretti G et al. Postoperative hyperprolactinemia could predict longer disease-free and overall survival in node-negative breast cancer patients. Oncology 2002; 63: 370-377.
109. Helewa M, Levesque P, Provencher D, Lea R, Rosolowich V, Shapiro H. Breast cancer, pregnancy, and breastfeeding. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2002; 24: 164-180.
110. Canuso C, Goldstein J, Wojcik J et al. Antipsychotic medication, prolactin elevation, and ovarian function in women with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatry Res 2002; 111: 11-20.
111. Kleinberg D, Davis J, de Coster R, Van Baelen B, Brecher M. Prolactin levels and adverse events in patients treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1999; 19: 57-61.
112. Kim K, Pae C, Chae J et al. Effects of olanzapine on prolactin levels of female patients with schizophrenia treated with risperidone. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 408-413.
113. Halbreich U, Kinon B, Gilmore J, Kahn L. Elevated prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia: Mechanisms and related adverse effects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2003; 28 (Suppl. 1): 53-67.
114. Rossouw J, Anderson G, Prentice R et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002; 288: 321-333.
115. Grady D, Herrington D, Bittner V et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II). JAMA 2002; 288: 49-57.
116. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T et al. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. JAMA 1998; 280: 605-613.
117. Clayton A, Pradko J, Croft H et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 357-366.
118. Gregorian R, Golden K, Bahce A, Goodman C, Kwong W, Khan Z. Antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction. Ann Pharmacother 2002; 36: 1577-1589.
119. Aizenberg D, Modai I, Landa A, Gil-Ad I, Weizman A. Comparison of sexual dysfunction in male schizophrenic patients maintained on treatment with classical antipsychotics versus clozapine. J Clin Psychiatry 2001; 62: 541-544.
120. Smith S, O'Keane V, Murray R. Sexual dysfunction in patients taking conventional antipsychotic medication. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 181: 49-55.
121. American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder (revision). Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 1-50.
122. Piver A, Yatham L, Lam R. Bipolar spectrum disorders. New perspectives. Can Fam Physician 2002; 48: 896-904.
123. McIntyre R, Mancini D, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Kennedy S. Valproate, bipolar disorder and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Bipolar Disord 2003; 5: 28-35.
124. Meltzer S, Leiter L, Daneman D et al. 1998 clinical practice guidelines for the management of diabetes in Canada. Canadian Diabetes Association. CMAJ 1998; 159 (Suppl. 8): S1-S29.
125. Fodor J, Frolich J, Genest J, McPherson R, for the Working Group on Hypercholesteremia and other Dyslipidemias. Recommendations for the management and treatment of dyslipidemia. CMAJ 2000; 162: 1441-1447.
126. Werneke U, Taylor D, Saunders T. Options for the pharmacological management of obesity in patients treated with atypical antipsychotics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 17: 145-160.
127. Aquila R. Management of weight gain in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2002; 63: 3336.
128. Wing R, Marcus M, Epstein L, Salata R. Type II diabetic subjects lose less weight than their overweight nondiabetic spouses. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 563-566.
129. Chue P. The assessment and management of antipsychotic-associated metabolic disturbances from a psychiatric perspective. Can J Psychiatry 2003; (In press).
130. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson J et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
131. Knowler W, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler S et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.
132. Haller C, Schwartz J. Pharmacologic agents for weight reduction. J Gender Specif Med 2002; 5: 16-21.
133. McIntyre R, Mancini D, McCann S, Srinivasan J, Sagman D, Kennedy S. Topiramate versus bupropion SR when added to mood stabilizer therapy for the depressive phase of bipolar disorder: A preliminary single-blind study. Bipolar Disord 2002; 4: 207-213.
134. Hussain M, Chaudhry Z, Hussain S. Topiramate in the treatment of refractory bipolar depression [Abstract 41]. In: American Psychiatric Association. Syllabus and Scientific Proceedings in Summary Form, Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Washington DC: The Association, 2002. Available at http:// www.psych.org/libr_publ/abstracts.htm.
135. Heymsfield S, Segal K, Hauptman J et al. Effects of weight loss with orlistat on glucose tolerance and progression to type 2 diabetes in obese adults. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 1321-1326.
136. Anghelescu I, Klawe C, Benkert O. Orlistat in the treatment of psychopharmacologically induced weight gain. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 20: 716-717.
137. Chiasson J, Josse R, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Karasik A, Laakso M. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: The STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002; 359: 2072-2077.
138. Buchanan T, Xiang A, Peters R et al. Preservation of pancreatic beta-cell function and prevention of type 2 diabetes by pharmacological treatment of insulin resistance in high-risk hispanic women. Diabetes 2002; 51: 2796-2803.
139. Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: Preliminary results. Int J Clin Pract 2002; 56: 53-56.
140. Tollin S. Use of the dopamine agonists bromocriptine and cabergoline in the management of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia in patients with psychotic disorders. J Endocrinol Invest 2000; 23: 765-770.
141. Chiasson J, Gomis R, Hanefeld M, Josse R, Karasik A, Laakso M. The STOP-NIDDM Trial: An international study on the efficacy of an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor to prevent type 2 diabetes in a population with impaired glucose tolerance: Rationale, design, and preliminary screening data. Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1720-1725.
142. Azen S, Peters R, Berkowitz K, Kjos S, Xiang A, Buchanan T. TRIPOD (TRoglitazone In the Prevention of Diabetes): A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of troglitazone in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus. Control Clin Trials 1998; 19: 217-231.