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Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 111-147

The Golden Mirror in the imperial court of the Qianlong Emperor, 1739-1742

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; AWARDS AND PRIZES; BOOK; CHINA; HISTORY; NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE; PUBLIC FIGURE; PUBLISHING;

EID: 1842455965     PISSN: 13837427     EISSN: 15733823     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157338203X00035     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (43)

References (118)
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    • For its significance among Qing imperial publications, see Gugong Museum Library et al. (eds.), Qingdai neifu keshu mulu jieti (Annotated catalogue of the printed books in the Imperial Household of the Qing Dynasty, Peking, 1995), 308-309.
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    • Gao Mingming, "Yizong jinjian de bianxuan ji qi chengjiu" (The editing of the Golden Mirror of the Orthodox Lineage of Medicine and its achievements), Zhonghua yishi zazhi, 22.2 (1992), 81b. The Museum at the Shanghai College of Traditional Chinese Medicine has on display one of the original models.
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    • (1996) Études mongoles et sibériennes , pp. 359-374
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    • Manchu medical manuscripts and texts from the qing dynasty: A bibliographic survey
    • and Marta Hanson, Manchu Medical Manuscripts and Texts from the Qing Dynasty: A Bibliographic Survey," Saksaha: a Reviez of Manchu Studies, forthcoming.
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    • Late ming-mid qing: Themes, 4.2.7 medicine
    • For the transmission of western medicine by the Jesuits, see
    • For the transmission of western medicine by the Jesuits, see "Late Ming-Mid Qing: Themes, 4.2.7 Medicine," in Handbook of Christtanity in China, Vol. 1: 1635-1800, ed. Nicolas Standaert
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    • see British Museum rep., Taipei, 1969
    • For the politics of this publication and an introduction to its contents, see Lionel Giles, Index to the Chinese Encyclopedia (British Museum, 1911; rep., Taipei, 1969).
    • (1911) Index to the Chinese Encyclopedia
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    • Also rev. and enlarged ed. Cambridge, Mass.
    • Also Endymion Wilkinson, Chinese History: A Manual, rev. and enlarged ed. (Cambridge, Mass., 2000), 605-607.
    • (2000) Chinese History: A Manual , pp. 605-607
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    • On these points about the textualist movement, see
    • On these points about the textualist movement, see Guy, The Emperor's Four Treasuriess 38-40.
    • The Emperor's Four Treasuriess , pp. 38-40
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    • For an early overview of evidential scholarship in history, see Scholarship and Epochal Change Taipei
    • For an early overview of evidential scholarship in history, see Tu Wei-yun, Xueshu yu shibian (Scholarship and Epochal Change) (Taipei, 1971).
    • (1971) Xueshu yu shibian
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    • Yizong Jinjian , vol.1 , pp. 3
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    • Research on the Medical Cases of the Imperial Palace Beijing
    • Chen Keji (ed.), Qinggong yian yanjiu (Research on the Medical Cases of the Imperial Palace) (Beijing, 1990), 2203-4.
    • (1990) Qinggong yian yanjiu , pp. 2203-2204
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    • Stanford
    • The Qing followed the Ming system of using nine ranks (#1-9) of two degrees each (a-b) to grade officials and offices into eighteen categories from the highest rank la to the lowest 9b. Charles O. Hucker, A Dictionary of Official Tilles in Imperial China (Stanford, 1985), #1315.
    • (1985) A Dictionary of Official Tilles in Imperial China , pp. 1315
    • Hucker, C.O.1
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    • Concurrently the Chief Minister of the Court of Imperial Entertainments, Qian Doubao was also in charge of all matters related to catering in the Imperial Household Department, for court officials, and during special imperial banquets. Hucker, Official Titles, #3348.
    • Official Titles , pp. 3348
    • Hucker1
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    • (1998) Zhongyi dacidian (Dictionary of Chinese Medicine) , pp. 565
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    • In the first imperial publications of Zhang Ji's writings during the Northern Song dynasty, the earliest extant edition titled Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Disorders (Shanghay zabing lun) was divided into two texts in 1065 and 1066, and reprinted again in 1088: the first on Cold Damage disorders called the Treatise on Cold Damage and the second on miscellaneous disorders titled the Essentials of the Golden Caskett For textual history of Zhang Ji's works, see Ma Jixing, Zhongyi wenxian xue, 110-135.
    • Zhongyi wenxian xue , pp. 110-135
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    • Lineages and schools: Zhang zhongjing and sidajia in ming and qing
    • See paper presented at Shanghai, August 20-24
    • See Chao Yüan-ling, "Lineages and Schools: Zhang Zhongjing and Sidajia in Ming and Qing," paper presented at The Tenth International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia, Shanghai, August 20-24, 2002.
    • (2002) The Tenth International Conference on the History of Science in East Asia
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  • 41
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    • Tamba no Beijing
    • Although citations to the Divine Husbandman's Materia Medica (Shennong bencao) date to the first century CE., the earliest extant edition was not compiled until the sixth century by the scholar Tao Hongjing (456-536), who added "jing" canon to the end of the title. With the Newly Revised Materia Medica (Xinxiu bencao) of the Tang dynasty completed in 659, it became the foundation for imperial materia medica. Tamba no Mototane, Zhongguo yiji kao (Studies of Chinese Medical Books) (Beijing, 1983), 86-110.
    • (1983) Zhongguo yiji kao (Studies of Chinese Medical Books) , pp. 86-110
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    • published in 282 CE., attribution of original authorship remained to the legendary Yellow Emperor
    • Although the third-century physician Huangfu Mi (215-282) was the first to synthesize and standardize acupuncture texts in his 'A-B' Canon of the. Yellow Emperor (Huangdi jia yi jing) published in 282 CE., attribution of original authorship remained to the legendary Yellow Emperor.
    • A-B' Canon of the. Yellow Emperor (Huangdi jia yi jing)
  • 44
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    • Huangdi neijing
    • ed. Michael Loewe Berkeley
    • The Inner Canon was based on writings by several anonymous authors, compiled sometime during the first century R.C.E. when it was attributed to the legendary Yellow Emperor, and thereaftcr became the theoretical foundation of classical Chinese medicine. Nathan Sivin, "Huangdi neijing," in Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide, ed. Michael Loewe (Berkeley, 1993), 196-215.
    • (1993) Early Chinese Texts: A Bibliographical Guide , pp. 196-215
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    • Text and experience in classical Chinese medicine
    • see ed. Don Bates Cambridge
    • On the concept of "sovereigns as technical innovators" appearing with and reinforcing the Han ideology of a bureaucratic political order, see Nathan Sivin, "Text and Experience in Classical Chinese Medicine," in Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions, ed. Don Bates (Cambridge, 1995), 188-190.
    • (1995) Knowledge and the Scholarly Medical Traditions , pp. 188-190
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    • 12-14
    • Chao Yuan-ling, "Lineages and Schools," 4-5, 12-14. Chao discusses both the application of evidential methods and the significance of raising the status of the physician Zhang Ji in medicine to that of a sage comparable to Confucius and Mencius in philosophy.
    • Lineages and Schools , pp. 4-5
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    • Qinggong Huizu yuyi Zhao Shiying he Liu Yuduo
    • Liu Yuduo was one of the two most important Muslims to serve in the Imperial Academy of Medicine during the Qing dynasty. Yang Daye, "Qinggong Huizu yuyi Zhao Shiying he Liu Yuduo" ("The Muslim Physicians Zhao Shiying and Liu Yuduo in the Imperial Palace") Lishi dang'an 4 (1995), 126.
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    • For a list of nine publications Ortai supervised, see Hummel, Eminent Chinese, 602a.
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    • and for the three titles of the 4236
    • and for the three titles of the Sanli yishu, 4233-34, 4236.
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    • Qingsh. gao, vol. 15, 4281.
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    • On laws governing banncrmen, see Elliott, The Manchu Way.
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    • Although Ortai was not directly involved, the Imperial Printing Office also published three books related to calendrical, astronomical, and numerological matters from 1737 to 1741 4350
    • Although Ortai was not directly involved, the Imperial Printing Office also published three books related to calendrical, astronomical, and numerological matters from 1737 to 1741. Qingshi gao, vol. 15, 4341, 4350.
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    • See
    • Prince Hongzhou, for instance, was said to have enjoyed watching rehearsals of his own funeral during banquets. See Kahn, Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes, 113-4.
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    • Book publishing by the princely household during the ming dynasty: A preliminary study
    • trans. by Nancy Norton Tomasko
    • Zhao Qian and Zhang Zhiqing, "Book Publishing by the Princely Household during the Ming Dynasty: A Preliminary Study," trans. by Nancy Norton Tomasko, The. East Asian Library journal 10/1 (2001, 85-128.
    • (2001) The. East Asian Library journal , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 85-128
    • Qian, Z.1    Zhiqing, Z.2
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    • For an English translation of the 1741 proposal, see and for a discussion of the Edict of 1771, 34-37
    • For an English translation of the 1741 proposal, see Guy, The Emperor's Four Treasuriess 28; and for a discussion of the Edict of 1771, 34-37.
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    • Yizong jinjian, vol. 1, 9-10.
    • Yizong jinjian , vol.1 , pp. 9-10
  • 77
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    • Hucker, Official Titles, #8139. Imperial Physician was the most prestigious title for physicians in the Imperial Academy of Medicine. Four to eighteen filled the post in the Ming and ten to fifteen during the Qing. If all of the officials in the Imperial Academy of Medicine participated in editing the Golden Mirror, then from 1739 to 1742 there would have been fifteen Imperial Physicians, including the three top medical officials - Qian Doubao, Wu Qian, and Liu Yuduo.
    • Official Titles , pp. 8139
    • Hucker1
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    • 3719
    • Hucker, Official Titles, #3726, 3719. Tribute Student by Purchase of the First Class was a title given to men who were selected among those already entitled as Stipend Students or Government Students as the best candidates for the provincial examinations.
    • Official Titles , pp. 3726
    • Hucker1
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    • Hucker, Official Titles, #2997. Elite Physicians numbered anywhere from ten to thirty in the Qing Imperial Academy of Medicine and were given rank 9b, a nominal rank without civil-service status.
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    • Hucker1
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    • Hucker, Official Titles, #2993. Student of General Medicine or Medical Student is the designation for Medical Assistants in the Imperial Academy of Medicine. No quota was given during the Ming and Qing.
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    • Hucker1
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    • Hucker, Official Tilles, #856. National University Students is the generic name for students who had been admitted to the National University in the capitol maintained by the Directorate of Education.
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    • Hucker, Official Titles, #5193. Government Student is the generic term for students fully subsidized by the Qing state at prefectural-level academies who were eligible to participate in provincial-level examinations.
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    • Fang pao and the ch'in-Tingssu-shu-wen
    • For an analysis of Fang Bao's editorial projects that focuses on this project, see Benjamin A. Elman and Alexander Woodside (eds.) Berkeley
    • For an analysis of Fang Bao's editorial projects that focuses on this project, see R. Kent Guy, "Fang Pao and the Ch'in-tingSsu-shu-wen," in Benjamin A. Elman and Alexander Woodside (eds.), Education and Societt in Late Imperial China, 1600-1900 (Berkeley, 1994), 150-182.
    • (1994) Education and Societt in Late Imperial China, 1600-1900 , pp. 150-182
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    • See Beijing 4325, 4405
    • The same year he also had commissioned the compilation on rituals (Rijiang liji jieyi), for which Prince Hongzhou was a Supervisor. See Qingshi gao vol. 15 (Beijing, 1986), 4236, 4325, 4405.
    • (1986) Qingshi gao , vol.15 , pp. 4236
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    • Some mid-Ch'ing views of the monarchy
    • Hummel, I, 370. As a source for the emperor's self image, see Harold Kahn "Some Mid-Ch'ing Views of the Monarchy," JAS 24/2 (1965), 230-231.
    • (1965) JAS , vol.24 , Issue.2 , pp. 230-231
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    • For the history and quality of these sources, see
    • For the history and quality of these sources, see Kahn, Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes, 168-172.
    • Monarchy in the Emperor's Eyes , pp. 168-172
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    • Summary of Studies on the History of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai
    • Fan Xingzhun, Zhongyi lishi xue lue (Summary of Studies on the History of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 1986), 436-8.
    • (1986) Zhongyi lishi xue lue , pp. 436-438
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    • See a compilation of mnemonic rhymes for Chinese medicine Best Selection of Songs and Rhymes in Chinese Medicine from Past Dynasties, Beijing
    • See a compilation of mnemonic rhymes for Chinese medicine, Dong Lianrong et al. (eds.), Lidai zhongyi ge fu jingxuan (Best Selection of Songs and Rhymes in Chinese Medicine from Past Dynasties, Beijing, 1991).
    • (1991) Lidai zhongyi ge fu jingxuan
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    • see Aphorisms from Palace Lectures, Yongzheng preface
    • For the Kangxi reference to the use of Mongolian jorhai roots for aching joints, see Tingxun geyan (Aphorisms from Palace Lectures, Yongzheng preface, 1730), 36a.
    • (1730) Tingxun geyan
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    • see Edicts of the Kangxi emperor of the Qing
    • For Kangxi account of the use of the dried fruit of yengge among the Manchus and Mongolians for stomach and bowl problems, see Qing Shengzz yuzhi (Edicts of the Kangxi emperor of the Qing),
    • Qing Shengzz yuzhi
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    • Taipei
    • in Zhanggu congbian (Taipei, 1964), 18b.
    • (1964) Zhanggu Congbian
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    • (Chinese Medicine in Ancient Times) Beijing
    • Zhao Pushan, Zhongguo gudai yixue (Chinese Medicine in Ancient Times) (Beijing, 1997), 179-197.'
    • (1997) Zhongguo gudai yixue , pp. 179-197
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    • The bencao gangmu of li shizhen: An innovation in natural history?
    • The exception is Elisabeth Hsu (ed.) Cambridge
    • The exception is Georges Métailié, "The Bencao gangmu of Li Shizhen: An Innovation in Natural History?" in Elisabeth Hsu (ed.), Innovation in Chinese Medicine (Cambridge, 2001), 221-261. See section on "Kinds (zhong) and the investigation of things," 240-250
    • (2001) Innovation in Chinese Medicine , pp. 221-261
    • Métailié, G.1
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    • Elman argues that these scholars "stressed the genre of critical essays (pien) as the key to a form of scholarship based on detachment and impartiality." Elman, From Philosophy to Philology, 45.
    • From Philosophy to Philology , pp. 45
    • Elman1
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    • For the influence of Lu Fu's reconstruction on later materia medica, see Berkeley
    • For the influence of Lu Fu's reconstruction on later materia medica, see Unschuld, Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics (Berkeley, 1986), 183-202;
    • (1986) Medicine in China: A History of Pharmaceutics , pp. 183-202
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    • Master-disciple charts for in He Shixi
    • Master-disciple charts for "Zhang Zhicong, in He Shixi, Zhongguo lidai yijia zhuan lu, vol. 3, 574.
    • Zhongguo lidai yijia zhuan lu , vol.3 , pp. 574
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    • Disease and its impact on politics, diplomacy, and the military: The case of smallpox and the manchus (1613-1795)
    • DOI 10.1093/jhmas/57.2.177
    • Chang Chia-feng, "Disease and Its Impact on Politics, Diplomacy and the Military: The Case of Smallpox and the Manchus (1613-1795)," Journal of the History of Social Medicine and Allied Sciencee 57 (2002), 177-197. (Pubitemid 41309793)
    • (2002) Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences , vol.57 , Issue.2 , pp. 177-197
    • Chang, C.-F.1
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    • Medical Anecdotes of Gan Zuwang, Beijing
    • One modern scholar notes that although one can find rhymes in medical texts from the Song and Yuan dynasties, the Golden Mirror had the greatest quantity. Gan Zuwang, Gan Zuwang yihua (Medical Anecdotes of Gan Zuwang, Beijing, 1996), 367.
    • (1996) Gan Zuwang yihua , pp. 367
    • Zuwang, G.1
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    • 123-150, 294-322, and 393-405
    • Medical rhymes from the Golden Mirror for cold-damage disorders, gynecology, pediatrics, and ophthalmology are reprinted in Dong Lianrong (ed.), Lidai zhongyi gefu jingxuan, 42-46, 123-150, 294-322, and 393-405.
    • Lidai zhongyi gefu jingxuan , pp. 42-46
    • Lianrong, D.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.