Surveying the Social: Techniques, Practices, Power

Histoire Sociale

Volumn 35, Issue 69, 2002, Pages 83-108

  Curtis, Bruce ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 1842449591     PISSN: 00182257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
2. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
3. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
4. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
5. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
6. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
7. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
8. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
9. Curiously neglected in this recent literature is Hannah Arendt, "The Rise of the Social", The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998 [1958]), pp. 38-49; see also Bruce Curtis, "Mapping the Social: Jacob Keefer's Educational Tour, 1845", Journal of Canadian Studies, vol. 28, no. 2 (1993), pp. 51-68; Gilles Deleuze, "Foreword: The Rise of the Social" in Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families (New York: Pantheon, 1979), pp. ix-xvii; Jacques Donzelot, L'invention du social: essai sur le déclin des passions politiques (Paris: Fayard, 1984) and "The Promotion of the Social", Economy and Society, vol. 17, no. 3 (1988), pp. 395-427; Ann Game, Undoing the Social: Towards a Deconstructive Sociology (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991); Patrick Joyce, Democratic Subjects: The Self and the Social in Nineteenth-Century England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Dorothy Smith, Writing the Social: Critique, Theory, and Investigations (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999); George Steinmetz, Regulating the Social: The Welfare State and Local Politics in Imperial Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993).
10. Denise Riley, Am I That Name? Feminism and the Category of "Women" in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), p. 49.
11. Ibid., p. 49; see also Paul Hirst, "The Genesis of the Social", Politics and Power, vol. 3 (1981).
12. Ibid., p. 49; see also Paul Hirst, "The Genesis of the Social", Politics and Power, vol. 3 (1981).
13. Mitchell Dean, "Sociology After Society" in David Owen, ed., Sociology After Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 205-228; François Ewald, L'État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1986); Pat O'Malley, "Risk and Responsibility"in Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose, eds., Foucault and Political Reason (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 189-207; Nikolas Rose, "The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government", Economy and Society, vol. 25, no. 3 (1996), pp. 327-356, and Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
14. Mitchell Dean, "Sociology After Society" in David Owen, ed., Sociology After Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 205-228; François Ewald, L'État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1986); Pat O'Malley, "Risk and Responsibility"in Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose, eds., Foucault and Political Reason (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 189-207; Nikolas Rose, "The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government", Economy and Society, vol. 25, no. 3 (1996), pp. 327-356, and Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
15. Mitchell Dean, "Sociology After Society" in David Owen, ed., Sociology After Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 205-228; François Ewald, L'État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1986); Pat O'Malley, "Risk and Responsibility"in Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose, eds., Foucault and Political Reason (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 189-207; Nikolas Rose, "The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government", Economy and Society, vol. 25, no. 3 (1996), pp. 327-356, and Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
16. Mitchell Dean, "Sociology After Society" in David Owen, ed., Sociology After Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 205-228; François Ewald, L'État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1986); Pat O'Malley, "Risk and Responsibility"in Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose, eds., Foucault and Political Reason (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 189-207; Nikolas Rose, "The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government", Economy and Society, vol. 25, no. 3 (1996), pp. 327-356, and Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
17. Mitchell Dean, "Sociology After Society" in David Owen, ed., Sociology After Postmodernism (London: Sage, 1997), pp. 205-228; François Ewald, L'État providence (Paris: Grasset, 1986); Pat O'Malley, "Risk and Responsibility"in Andrew Barry, Thomas Osborne and Nikolas Rose, eds., Foucault and Political Reason (London: UCL Press, 1996), pp. 189-207; Nikolas Rose, "The Death of the Social? Re-figuring the Territory of Government", Economy and Society, vol. 25, no. 3 (1996), pp. 327-356, and Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
18. Alain Desrosières, "Discuter l'indiscutable. Raison statistique et espace public" in Alain Cottereau and Paul Ladrière, eds., Pouvoir et légitimité: figures de l'espace public (Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992), pp. 131-154; "How to Make Things Which Hold Together: Social Science, Statistics and the State" in P. Wagner, B. Wittrock, and R. Whitley, eds., Discourses on Society: The Shaping of the Social Science Disciplines (Dordrecht, 1991), pp. 195-218; and "Histoire de formes: statistiques et sciences sociales avant 1940", Revue française de sociologie, vol. 26 (1985), pp. 277-310.
19. Alain Desrosières, "Discuter l'indiscutable. Raison statistique et espace public" in Alain Cottereau and Paul Ladrière, eds., Pouvoir et légitimité: figures de l'espace public (Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992), pp. 131-154; "How to Make Things Which Hold Together: Social Science, Statistics and the State" in P. Wagner, B. Wittrock, and R. Whitley, eds., Discourses on Society: The Shaping of the Social Science Disciplines (Dordrecht, 1991), pp. 195-218; and "Histoire de formes: statistiques et sciences sociales avant 1940", Revue française de sociologie, vol. 26 (1985), pp. 277-310.
20. Alain Desrosières, "Discuter l'indiscutable. Raison statistique et espace public" in Alain Cottereau and Paul Ladrière, eds., Pouvoir et légitimité: figures de l'espace public (Paris: École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, 1992), pp. 131-154; "How to Make Things Which Hold Together: Social Science, Statistics and the State" in P. Wagner, B. Wittrock, and R. Whitley, eds., Discourses on Society: The Shaping of the Social Science Disciplines (Dordrecht, 1991), pp. 195-218; and "Histoire de formes: statistiques et sciences sociales avant 1940", Revue française de sociologie, vol. 26 (1985), pp. 277-310.
21. Mary Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact: Problems of Knowledge in the Sciences of Wealth and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998).
22. Jane Caplan and John Torpey, eds., Documenting Individual Identity: The Development of State Practices in the Modern World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001).
23. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
24. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
25. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
26. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
27. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
28. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
29. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
30. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
31. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
32. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
33. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
34. For some relevant material, see Philip Abrams, "Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State", Journal of Historical Sociology, vol. 1, no. 1 (1988), pp. 58-89; C. A. Bayly, Empire & Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); R. W. Connell, "The State, Gender, and Sexual Politics", Theory and Society, vol. 19 (1990), pp. 507-544; Bruce Curtis, "Taking the State Back Out: Rose and Miller on Political Power", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 46, no. 4 (1995), pp. 575-597; Mitchell Dean, " 'A Social Structure of Many Souls': Moral Regulation, Government, and Self-Formation", Canadian Journal of Sociology, vol. 19, no. 2 (1994), pp. 145-168; Bob Jessop, "Narrating the Future of the National Economy and the National State: Remarks on Remapping Regulation and Reinventing Governance" in George Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture: State Formation After the Cultural Turn (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999), pp. 378-405; Timothy Mitchell, "Society, Economy and the State Effect" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 76-97; Mark Neocleous, Administering Civil Society: Towards a Theory of State Power (London: Macmillan, 1996); Slyvana Patriarca, "Statistical Nation Building and the Consolidation of Regions in Italy", Social Science History, vol. 18 (1994), pp. 359-376; N. Rose and P. Miller, "Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government", British Journal of Sociology, vol. 43, no. 2 (1992), pp. 173-205; James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998). It is also worth noticing Bourdieu's observation that critical analysis of the state faces the challenge of trying to think about the state outside the categories of thought established through state practices. See Pierre Bourdieu, "Rethinking the State: Genesis and Structure of the Bureaucratic Field" in Steinmetz, ed., State/Culture, pp. 53-75.
35. Donzelot, L'invention du social, p. 14. So far, the argument that we should read history as psychoanalysis has escaped translation, although the work is frequently cited by English-language participants in the approach known as "history of the present". Donzelot saw his project as focused on the "historical psychoanalysis of our relation to the political", which follows the dream of just and harmonious order and which dissolves in the procedural logic of the social, and on the "political psychoanalysis of our history", which deals with the attempted solutions to the contradictions revealed upon the birth of the Republic. Since English-language "history of the present" eschews any hermeneutics of depth, it is rather surprising that Donzelot appeals to its partisans.
36. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1968), The Rules of the Sociological Method (Garden City, N.J.: Free Press, 1982), and Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (London: Routledge, 1993). Donzelot relies heavily on The Division of Labor, but Professional Ethics contains the more mature statement of the position. The theoretical problem with this sort of reading is that it tends to under-emphasize the organicist model in Durkheim's work and to ignore his focus on effects of structure.
37. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1968), The Rules of the Sociological Method (Garden City, N.J.: Free Press, 1982), and Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (London: Routledge, 1993). Donzelot relies heavily on The Division of Labor, but Professional Ethics contains the more mature statement of the position. The theoretical problem with this sort of reading is that it tends to under-emphasize the organicist model in Durkheim's work and to ignore his focus on effects of structure.
38. Émile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1968), The Rules of the Sociological Method (Garden City, N.J.: Free Press, 1982), and Professional Ethics and Civic Morals (London: Routledge, 1993). Donzelot relies heavily on The Division of Labor, but Professional Ethics contains the more mature statement of the position. The theoretical problem with this sort of reading is that it tends to under-emphasize the organicist model in Durkheim's work and to ignore his focus on effects of structure.
39. Jacques Donzelot, The Policing of Families, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon Books, 1979).
40. Donzelot, The Policing of Families; Peter Squires, Anti-Social Policy (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester, 1990); Steinmetz, Regulating the Social; John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
41. Donzelot, The Policing of Families; Peter Squires, Anti-Social Policy (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester, 1990); Steinmetz, Regulating the Social; John Torpey, The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
42. For quotation, see John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1979), p. 23; see also Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983).
43. For quotation, see John M. Eyler, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1979), p. 23; see also Barbara Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983).
44. Giovanna Procacci, Gouverner la misère: la question sociale en France, 1789-1848 (Paris: Seuil, 1993), pp. 24-25.
45. Mitchell Dean, The Constitution of Poverty: Toward a Genealogy of Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 1991).
46. William Walters, "The Discovery of 'Unemployment': New Forms for the Government of Poverty", Economy and Society (1994), p. 283, and Unemployment and Government: Genealogies of the Social (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
47. William Walters, "The Discovery of 'Unemployment': New Forms for the Government of Poverty", Economy and Society (1994), p. 283, and Unemployment and Government: Genealogies of the Social (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
48. Kenneth Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), and "The Early History of the Term 'Social Science'," Annals of Science, vol. 20 (1964), pp. 211-226.
49. Kenneth Michael Baker, Inventing the French Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), and "The Early History of the Term 'Social Science'," Annals of Science, vol. 20 (1964), pp. 211-226.
50. Anne Lefebvre-Teillard, Le nom: droit et histoire (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); Desrosières, "Discuter l'indiscutable".
51. Marie-Noëlle Bourguet, Déchiffrer la France. La statistique départementale à l'époque napoléonienne (Paris, 1988), and "Décrire, Compter, Calculer: The Debate over Statistics During the Napoleonic Period" in Lorenz Krüger et al., eds., The Probabilistic Revolution, vol. 1: Ideas in History (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 305-316.
52. Marie-Noëlle Bourguet, Déchiffrer la France. La statistique départementale à l'époque napoléonienne (Paris, 1988), and "Décrire, Compter, Calculer: The Debate over Statistics During the Napoleonic Period" in Lorenz Krüger et al., eds., The Probabilistic Revolution, vol. 1: Ideas in History (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 305-316.
53. Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 49-52. For a discussion of "constitutive abstractions", see Rob Watts, "Government and Modernity: An Essay in Thinking Governmentality", ARENA Journal, vol. 2 (1993-1994), pp. 103-157.
54. Geoffrey Bowker and Susan Leigh Star, Sorting Things Out: Classification and its Consequences (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), pp. 49-52. For a discussion of "constitutive abstractions", see Rob Watts, "Government and Modernity: An Essay in Thinking Governmentality", ARENA Journal, vol. 2 (1993-1994), pp. 103-157.
55. Ewald, L'État providence, pp. 50-51.
56. Bernard-Pierre Lecuyer, "Médecins et observateurs sociaux: Les Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale (1820-1850)" in Pour une histoire de la statistique (Paris: Institut national de la Statistique et des Études économiques, 1977), pp. 445-476.
57. Bernard-Pierre Lecuyer, "Médecins et observateurs sociaux: Les Annales d'hygiène publique et de médecine légale (1820-1850)" in Pour une histoire de la statistique (Paris: Institut national de la Statistique et des Études économiques, 1977), pp. 445-476.
58. Desrosières, "How to Make Things".
59. Corrigan and Sayer point out that the meaning of "society" shifted in the England of the 1820s and 1830s. Initially written as "Society" and referring to the conditions of sociation of the ruling classes (in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, some members of the lesser gentry are seen "but little in Society"), it increasingly came to be written as "society" and to refer to the conditions of sociation in the nation more generally. Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985); David Frisby and Derek Sayer, Society (London: Tavistock, 1986). Peter Wagner makes a similar observation, relating the multiplication of little "Societies" in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the emergence of "society": "The broadening of the meaning of 'society' is then a response to an observable change in the structure of social relations, i.e., in the ways the lives of human beings are connected to one another." Peter Wagner," 'An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought': The Coming into Being and (Almost) Passing Away of 'Society' as a Scientific Object" in Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 132-157.
60. Corrigan and Sayer point out that the meaning of "society" shifted in the England of the 1820s and 1830s. Initially written as "Society" and referring to the conditions of sociation of the ruling classes (in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, some members of the lesser gentry are seen "but little in Society"), it increasingly came to be written as "society" and to refer to the conditions of sociation in the nation more generally. Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985); David Frisby and Derek Sayer, Society (London: Tavistock, 1986). Peter Wagner makes a similar observation, relating the multiplication of little "Societies" in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the emergence of "society": "The broadening of the meaning of 'society' is then a response to an observable change in the structure of social relations, i.e., in the ways the lives of human beings are connected to one another." Peter Wagner," 'An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought': The Coming into Being and (Almost) Passing Away of 'Society' as a Scientific Object" in Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 132-157.
61. Corrigan and Sayer point out that the meaning of "society" shifted in the England of the 1820s and 1830s. Initially written as "Society" and referring to the conditions of sociation of the ruling classes (in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, some members of the lesser gentry are seen "but little in Society"), it increasingly came to be written as "society" and to refer to the conditions of sociation in the nation more generally. Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985); David Frisby and Derek Sayer, Society (London: Tavistock, 1986). Peter Wagner makes a similar observation, relating the multiplication of little "Societies" in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the emergence of "society": "The broadening of the meaning of 'society' is then a response to an observable change in the structure of social relations, i.e., in the ways the lives of human beings are connected to one another." Peter Wagner," 'An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought': The Coming into Being and (Almost) Passing Away of 'Society' as a Scientific Object" in Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 132-157.
62. Corrigan and Sayer point out that the meaning of "society" shifted in the England of the 1820s and 1830s. Initially written as "Society" and referring to the conditions of sociation of the ruling classes (in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, some members of the lesser gentry are seen "but little in Society"), it increasingly came to be written as "society" and to refer to the conditions of sociation in the nation more generally. Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985); David Frisby and Derek Sayer, Society (London: Tavistock, 1986). Peter Wagner makes a similar observation, relating the multiplication of little "Societies" in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries to the emergence of "society": "The broadening of the meaning of 'society' is then a response to an observable change in the structure of social relations, i.e., in the ways the lives of human beings are connected to one another." Peter Wagner," 'An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought': The Coming into Being and (Almost) Passing Away of 'Society' as a Scientific Object" in Lorraine Daston, ed., Biographies of Scientific Objects (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 132-157.
63. Ewald, L'État providence, p. 146.
64. Jean-Pierre Beaud and Jean-Guy Prévost, "Back to Quételet", Recherches sociologiques, vol. 2 (1998), pp. 83-100; Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); J. Lottin, Quételet: statisticien et sociologue (Louvain, 1912).
65. Jean-Pierre Beaud and Jean-Guy Prévost, "Back to Quételet", Recherches sociologiques, vol. 2 (1998), pp. 83-100; Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); J. Lottin, Quételet: statisticien et sociologue (Louvain, 1912).
66. Jean-Pierre Beaud and Jean-Guy Prévost, "Back to Quételet", Recherches sociologiques, vol. 2 (1998), pp. 83-100; Ian Hacking, The Taming of Chance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); J. Lottin, Quételet: statisticien et sociologue (Louvain, 1912).
67. Theodore Porter, in Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), points out that it is Quételet whom Marx invokes in justification of his central concept "average social labour".
68. Ewald, L'invention du social, pp. 151-152; Bruce Curtis, The Politics of Population: Statistics, State Formation, and the Census of Canada, 1840-1875 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001).
69. Ewald, L'invention du social, pp. 151-152; Bruce Curtis, The Politics of Population: Statistics, State Formation, and the Census of Canada, 1840-1875 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001).
70. Dean, "Sociology After Society", p. 213.
71. Robert Castel, Les métamorphoses de la question sociale. Une chronique du salariat, l'espace du politique (Paris: Fayard, 1995). Although he locates himself in the "history of the present", Castel's explicit engagement in social democratic politics distinguishes his work from that of many English-language contributors to this approach. As he puts it in his foreword, "Sans doute sommes-nous placés devant une bifurcation: accepter une société tout entière soumise aux exigences de l'économie, ou construire une figure de l'État social à la mesure des nouveaux défis" (p. 23). His preference is clearly for the latter.
72. For the example of prisons, see Patrick Carroll-Burke, The Making of the Irish Convict System (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000); for education, see Bruce Curtis, "The Buller Education Commission; or, the London Statistical Society Comes to Canada, 1838-42" in J.-P. Beaud and J.-G. Prévost, eds., The Age of Numbers/L'ère du chiffre (Quebec: Presses Universitaires du Québec, 2000), pp. 278-297; "The State of Tutelage in Lower Canada, 1835-51", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997), pp. 25-43; and True Government by Choice Men? Inspection, Education and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
73. For the example of prisons, see Patrick Carroll-Burke, The Making of the Irish Convict System (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000); for education, see Bruce Curtis, "The Buller Education Commission; or, the London Statistical Society Comes to Canada, 1838-42" in J.-P. Beaud and J.-G. Prévost, eds., The Age of Numbers/L'ère du chiffre (Quebec: Presses Universitaires du Québec, 2000), pp. 278-297; "The State of Tutelage in Lower Canada, 1835-51", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997), pp. 25-43; and True Government by Choice Men? Inspection, Education and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
74. For the example of prisons, see Patrick Carroll-Burke, The Making of the Irish Convict System (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000); for education, see Bruce Curtis, "The Buller Education Commission; or, the London Statistical Society Comes to Canada, 1838-42" in J.-P. Beaud and J.-G. Prévost, eds., The Age of Numbers/L'ère du chiffre (Quebec: Presses Universitaires du Québec, 2000), pp. 278-297; "The State of Tutelage in Lower Canada, 1835-51", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997), pp. 25-43; and True Government by Choice Men? Inspection, Education and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
75. For the example of prisons, see Patrick Carroll-Burke, The Making of the Irish Convict System (Dublin: Four Courts Press, 2000); for education, see Bruce Curtis, "The Buller Education Commission; or, the London Statistical Society Comes to Canada, 1838-42" in J.-P. Beaud and J.-G. Prévost, eds., The Age of Numbers/L'ère du chiffre (Quebec: Presses Universitaires du Québec, 2000), pp. 278-297; "The State of Tutelage in Lower Canada, 1835-51", History of Education Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1 (1997), pp. 25-43; and True Government by Choice Men? Inspection, Education and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).
76. Michel Foucault, "La « gouvernementalité »" in Dits et écrits, vol. 3 (Paris: Gallimard, 1994); Barry Hindess, "Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme", and Alan Hunt, "Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance" in Andrew Barry et al., eds., Foucault and Political Reason. Nikolas Rose attempts to refute such charges in Powers of Freedom.
77. Michel Foucault, "La « gouvernementalité »" in Dits et écrits, vol. 3 (Paris: Gallimard, 1994); Barry Hindess, "Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme", and Alan Hunt, "Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance" in Andrew Barry et al., eds., Foucault and Political Reason. Nikolas Rose attempts to refute such charges in Powers of Freedom.
78. Michel Foucault, "La « gouvernementalité »" in Dits et écrits, vol. 3 (Paris: Gallimard, 1994); Barry Hindess, "Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme", and Alan Hunt, "Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance" in Andrew Barry et al., eds., Foucault and Political Reason. Nikolas Rose attempts to refute such charges in Powers of Freedom.
79. Michel Foucault, "La « gouvernementalité »" in Dits et écrits, vol. 3 (Paris: Gallimard, 1994); Barry Hindess, "Liberalism, Socialism and Democracy: Variations on a Governmental Theme", and Alan Hunt, "Governing the City: Liberalism and Early Modern Modes of Governance" in Andrew Barry et al., eds., Foucault and Political Reason. Nikolas Rose attempts to refute such charges in Powers of Freedom.
80. Friedrich Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973). On the connection between state formation and family formation, see Pavla Miller, Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500-1900 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
81. Friedrich Engels, Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1973). On the connection between state formation and family formation, see Pavla Miller, Transformations of Patriarchy in the West, 1500-1900 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998).
82. Carolyn Steedman, "'The Mother Made Conscious'", History Workshop Journal.
83. Riley, Am I That Name?, p. 50; also Alan Hunt, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1880s-1920s (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991).
84. Riley, Am I That Name?, p. 50; also Alan Hunt, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1880s-1920s (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991).
85. Riley, Am I That Name?, p. 50; also Alan Hunt, Governing Morals: A Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Mariana Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1880s-1920s (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991).
86. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
87. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
88. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
89. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
90. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
91. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
92. Patricia Cline Cohen, A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982); Michael J. Cullen, The Statistical Movement in Early Victorian Britain (New York: Harvester, 1975); Jean-Jacques Droesbeke and Phillipe Tassi, Histoire de la statistique (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1990); L. Goldman, "Statistics and the Science of Society in Britain: A Social Context for the G.R.O.", Social History of Medicine, vol. 4, no. 3 (1991), pp. 415-434; Ian Hacking, "Biopower and the Avalanche of Printed Numbers", Humanities in Society, vol. 5 (1982), pp. 279-295; Sylvana Patriarca, Numbers and Nationhood: Writing Statistics in Nineteenth-Century Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Stuart J. Woolf, "Towards the History of the Origins of Statistics: France, 1789-1815" in J.-C. Perron and Stuart J. Woolf, eds., State and Statistics in France 1789-1815 (Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers GmmbH, 1984), pp. 81-194.
93. Porter, Statistical Thinking, p. 11; Bruce Curtis, "Selective Publicity and Informed Public Opinion in the Canadas, 1841-1856", History of Education Review, vol. 27, no. 1 (1998), pp. 1-19.
94. Porter, Statistical Thinking, p. 11; Bruce Curtis, "Selective Publicity and Informed Public Opinion in the Canadas, 1841-1856", History of Education Review, vol. 27, no. 1 (1998), pp. 1-19.
95. Philip Abrams, The Origins of British Sociology: 1834-1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); Mary Poovey, "Curing the 'Social Body' in 1832: James Phillips Kay and the Irish in Manchester", Gender & History, vol. 5, no. 2 (1993), pp. 196-211, and Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
96. Philip Abrams, The Origins of British Sociology: 1834-1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); Mary Poovey, "Curing the 'Social Body' in 1832: James Phillips Kay and the Irish in Manchester", Gender & History, vol. 5, no. 2 (1993), pp. 196-211, and Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
97. Philip Abrams, The Origins of British Sociology: 1834-1914 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968); Mary Poovey, "Curing the 'Social Body' in 1832: James Phillips Kay and the Irish in Manchester", Gender & History, vol. 5, no. 2 (1993), pp. 196-211, and Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
98. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for Mid-Victorian Liberalism", English Historical Review (1986), pp. 95-134, and "The Social Science Association and the Absence of Sociology in Nineteenth Century Britain", Past and Present, vol. 114 (1987), pp. 154-161; V. L. Hilts, "Aliis Exterendum, or, the Origins of the Statistical Society of London", Isis, vol. 69 (1978), pp. 21-43.
99. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for Mid-Victorian Liberalism", English Historical Review (1986), pp. 95-134, and "The Social Science Association and the Absence of Sociology in Nineteenth Century Britain", Past and Present, vol. 114 (1987), pp. 154-161; V. L. Hilts, "Aliis Exterendum, or, the Origins of the Statistical Society of London", Isis, vol. 69 (1978), pp. 21-43.
100. Lawrence Goldman, "The Social Science Association: A Context for Mid-Victorian Liberalism", English Historical Review (1986), pp. 95-134, and "The Social Science Association and the Absence of Sociology in Nineteenth Century Britain", Past and Present, vol. 114 (1987), pp. 154-161; V. L. Hilts, "Aliis Exterendum, or, the Origins of the Statistical Society of London", Isis, vol. 69 (1978), pp. 21-43.
101. Samuel E. Finer, "The Transmission of Benthamite Ideas, 1820-50" in Gillian Sutherland, ed., Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth Century Government (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 11-32. See also Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800-1854 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
102. Samuel E. Finer, "The Transmission of Benthamite Ideas, 1820-50" in Gillian Sutherland, ed., Studies in the Growth of Nineteenth Century Government (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1972), pp. 11-32. See also Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick: Britain, 1800-1854 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
103. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact
104. Charles Dickens, Hard Times (London: Heinemann, 1960 [1854]), pp. 4-6. Poovey claims M'Choakumchild is modelled after McCulloch, but this seems dubious since M'Choakumchild is a trained schoolmaster. Rather it is the "third gentleman" who makes the remarks I have cited that is a more likely model for McCulloch.
105. Richard Johnson, "'Really Useful Knowledge': Radical Working Class Culture" in J. Clarke et al., eds., Working Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory (London: Hutchinson, 1979).
106. This debate and similar ones have been discussed repeatedly in the literature on the history of statistics and medical knowledge. I follow Joshua Cole, The Power of Large Numbers: Population, Politics, and Gender in Nineteenth-Century France (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2000).
107. François Delaporte, Disease and Civilization: The Cholera in Paris, 1832 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1986); Catherine J. Kudlick, Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
108. François Delaporte, Disease and Civilization: The Cholera in Paris, 1832 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1986); Catherine J. Kudlick, Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
109. William Coleman, Death Is a Social Disease: Public Health and Political Economy in Early Industrial France (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982); John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. (London: John Churchill, 1855).
110. William Coleman, Death Is a Social Disease: Public Health and Political Economy in Early Industrial France (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982); John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera, 2nd ed. (London: John Churchill, 1855).
111. Durkheim, The Rules of the Sociological Method, especially the chapter "The Normal and the Pathological". Compare Rose's account of "diagnostics", scattered throughout Powers of Freedom (but see pp. 57-59).
112. Durkheim, The Rules of the Sociological Method, especially the chapter "The Normal and the Pathological". Compare Rose's account of "diagnostics", scattered throughout Powers of Freedom (but see pp. 57-59).
113. Bruno Latour, "On Recalling Ant" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1999), p. 19.
114. Michel Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay" in John Law, ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 197-233; Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands", Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-40; John Law, "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations" in Law, ed., A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 1-23, and "After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Sociological Review Monograph, 1999), pp. 1-14; Pierre Bourdieu, Science de la science et réflexivité. Cours du Collège de France, 2000-2001 (Paris: Éditions Raisons d'Agir, 2001).
115. Michel Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay" in John Law, ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 197-233; Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands", Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-40; John Law, "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations" in Law, ed., A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 1-23, and "After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Sociological Review Monograph, 1999), pp. 1-14; Pierre Bourdieu, Science de la science et réflexivité. Cours du Collège de France, 2000-2001 (Paris: Éditions Raisons d'Agir, 2001).
116. Michel Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay" in John Law, ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 197-233; Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands", Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-40; John Law, "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations" in Law, ed., A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 1-23, and "After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Sociological Review Monograph, 1999), pp. 1-14; Pierre Bourdieu, Science de la science et réflexivité. Cours du Collège de France, 2000-2001 (Paris: Éditions Raisons d'Agir, 2001).
117. Michel Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay" in John Law, ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 197-233; Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands", Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-40; John Law, "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations" in Law, ed., A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 1-23, and "After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Sociological Review Monograph, 1999), pp. 1-14; Pierre Bourdieu, Science de la science et réflexivité. Cours du Collège de France, 2000-2001 (Paris: Éditions Raisons d'Agir, 2001).
118. Michel Callon, "Some Elements of a Sociology of Translation: Domestication of the Scallops and the Fishermen of St. Brieuc Bay" in John Law, ed., Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1988), pp. 197-233; Bruno Latour, "Visualization and Cognition: Thinking with Eyes and Hands", Knowledge and Society: Studies in the Sociology of Culture Past and Present, vol. 6 (1986), pp. 1-40; John Law, "Introduction: Monsters, Machines and Sociotechnical Relations" in Law, ed., A Sociology of Monsters: Essays on Power, Technology and Domination (London: Routledge, 1991), pp. 1-23, and "After Ant: Complexity, Naming and Topology" in John Law and John Hassard, eds., Actor Network Theory and After (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, Sociological Review Monograph, 1999), pp. 1-14; Pierre Bourdieu, Science de la science et réflexivité. Cours du Collège de France, 2000-2001 (Paris: Éditions Raisons d'Agir, 2001).
119. Rose, Powers of Freedom, especially chap. 3. For instance, Rose approvingly quotes Deleuze: "'the social refers to a particular sector, in which quite diverse problems and special cases can be grouped together...'"(p. 101).
120. Michael Lynch, Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies of Science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
121. John Law and John Whittaker, "On the Art of Representation: Notes on the Politics of Visualisation" in Gordon Fyfe and John Law, eds., Picturing Power: Visual Depiction and Social Relations (London: Routledge, Sociological Review Monograph 35, 1988), pp. 160-183.
122. John Law and Michael Lynch, "Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Bird-watching as an Exemplary Observational Activity" in Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar, eds., Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 267-299. There is an excellent exhibition catalogue entitled America and Lewis Hine: Photographs, 1904-1940 (Millerton, N.Y.: Aperture Inc., 1977). Michèle Martin's work in progress on the nineteenth-century illustrated press shows that the displacement of engraving by photography meant, among other things, that readers could no longer see crimes in progress, but had to be content with crime scenes after the fact.
123. John Law and Michael Lynch, "Lists, Field Guides, and the Descriptive Organization of Seeing: Bird-watching as an Exemplary Observational Activity" in Michael Lynch and Steve Woolgar, eds., Representation in Scientific Practice (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 267-299. There is an excellent exhibition catalogue entitled America and Lewis Hine: Photographs, 1904-1940 (Millerton, N.Y.: Aperture Inc., 1977). Michèle Martin's work in progress on the nineteenth-century illustrated press shows that the displacement of engraving by photography meant, among other things, that readers could no longer see crimes in progress, but had to be content with crime scenes after the fact.
124. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact, p. 185; Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
125. Poovey, A History of the Modern Fact, p. 185; Joel Best, Damned Lies and Statistics: Untangling Numbers from the Media, Politicians, and Activists (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
126. Bruno Latour, We Have Never Been Modern, trans. Catherine Porter (Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press, 1993).
127. Game, Undoing the Social, p. 38.
128. Bourdieu, Science de la science; Timothy Stanley, "Why I Killed Canadian History: Conditions for an Anti-Racist History in Canada", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 33, no. 65 (2000), pp. 79-104.
129. Bourdieu, Science de la science; Timothy Stanley, "Why I Killed Canadian History: Conditions for an Anti-Racist History in Canada", Histoire sociale/ Social History, vol. 33, no. 65 (2000), pp. 79-104.
130. Wagner, "'An Entirely New Object of Consciousness, of Volition, of Thought'".