Biased against "them" more than "him": Stereotype use in group-directed and individual-directed judgments

Social Cognition

Volumn 21, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 321-348

  Gill, Michael J ^a  

^a LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1842435153     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.21.5.321.28684     Document Type: Review

References (49)

1. Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper.
2. Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 888-918.
3. Altemeyer, B. (1998). The other "authoritarian personality." In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 30, pp. 47-92). New York: Academic Press.
4. Andersen, S. M., & Cole, S. W. (1990). "Do I know you?": The role of significant others in general social perception. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 59, 384-399.
5. Bargh, J. A. (1999). The cognitive monster: The case against the controllability of automatic stereotype effects. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology. New York: Guilford.
6. Beckett, N. E., & Park, B. (1993). Use of category versus individuating information: Making base rates salient. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 21-31.
7. Brewer, M. B. (1996). When stereotypes lead to stereotyping: The use of stereotypes in person perception. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: The Guilford Press.
8. Brewer, M. B., Dull, V., & Lui, L. (1981). Perceptions of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656-670.
9. Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Science, 3, 14-25.
10. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/ Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11. Cunningham, W. A., Preacher, K. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science, 12, 163-170.
12. Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
13. Devine, P. G., & Baker, S. M. (1991). Measurement of racial stereotype subtyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17, 44-50.
14. Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., Johnson, C., Johnson, B., & Howard, A. (1997). On the nature of prejudice: Automatic and controlled processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 33, 51-540.
15. Eagly, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1988). A note on assessing stereotypes. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 14, 676-680.
16. Fazio, R. H., Jackson, J. R., Dunton, B. C., & Williams, C. J. (1995). Variability in automatic activation as an unobtrusive measure of racial attitudes: A bona fide pipeline? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 1013-1027.
17. Fiske, S. T. & Neuberg, S. L. (1990). A continuum of impression formation, from category based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 1-74). San Diego: Academic Press.
18. Funder, D. C. (1995). On the accuracy of personality judgment: A realistic approach. Psychological Review, 102, 652-671.
19. Gilbert, D. T. (1998). Ordinary personology. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey, (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.
20. Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336-355.
21. Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., & Lickel, B. (1998). Perceiving social groups: The importance of the entitativity continuum. In C. Sedikides & J. Schopler & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Insko, C. A., & Schopler, J. (1998). Differential distrust of groups and individuals. In C. Sedikides & J. Schopler & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
23. Kinder, D. R., & Sears, D. O. (1981). Prejudice and politics: Symbolic racism versus racial threats to the good life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431.
24. Knight, K. (1999). Liberalism and conservatism. In. J. P. Robinson, P. R. Shaver, L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Measures of political attitudes (pp. 59-158). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
25. Kunda, Z., & Thagard, P. (1996). Forming impressions from stereotypes, traits, and behaviors: A parallel constraint satisfaction theory. Psychological Review, 103, 284-308.
26. LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. actions. Social Forces, 23, 230-237.
27. Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: The Free Press.Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 5-18.
28. Lippmann, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: The Free Press.Livingston, R. W., & Brewer, M. B. (2002). What are we really priming? Cue-based versus category-based processing of facial stimuli. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 5-18.
29. Lord, C. G., & Lepper, M. R. (1999). Attitude representation theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 31). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
30. Maddox, K. B., & Gray, S. A. (2002). Cognitive representations of Black Americans: Reexploring the role of skin tone. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 250-259.
31. Maurer, K. L., Park, B., & Judd, C. M. (1996). Stereotypes, prejudice, and judgments of group members: The mediating role of public policy decisions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 411-436.
32. McCauley, C., Stitt, C. L., & Segal, M. (1980). Stereotyping: From prejudice to prediction. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 195-208.
33. McConahay, J. B. (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism. London.: Academic Press.
34. McConnell, A. R., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1997). Target entitativity: Implications for information processing about individual and group targets. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 750-762.
35. Olian, J. D., Schwab, D. P., & Haberfeld, Y. (1988). The impact of applicant gender compared to qualifications on hiring recommendations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 41, 180-195.
36. Ray, J. J. (1982). Authoritarianism/liberalism as the second dimension of social attitudes. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 33-44.
37. Rothbart, M. & John, O. P. (1985). Social categorization and behavioral episodes: A cognitive analysis of the effects of intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41, 81-104.
38. Rothbart, M., Sriram, N., & Davis-Stitt, C. (1996). The retrieval of typical and atypical category members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32, 309-336.
39. Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Sherman, S. J., & Hamilton, D. L. (1987). Illusory correlation in the perception of individuals and groups. Social Cognition, 5, 1-25.
40. Schneider, D. J. (1973). Implicit personality theory: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 79, 294-309.
41. Secord, P. F. (1959). Stereotyping and favorableness in the perception of Negro faces. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 309-321.
42. Sedikides, C. & Anderson, C. A. (1994). Causal perceptions of intertrait relations: The glue that holds person types together. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 294-302.
43. Sherman, S. J., Beike, D. R., & Ryalls, K. R. (1998). Dual-processing accounts of inconsistencies in responses to general and specific cases. In S. Chaiken & Y. Trope (Eds.), Dual process theories in social psychology (pp. 203-227). New York: Guilford.
44. Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression. New York: Cambridge University Press.
45. Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3-21.
46. Stangor, C. & Lange, J. E. (1994). Mental representations of social groups: Advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 357-416). New York: Academic Press.
47. Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and social developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42-61.
48. Swim, J., Borgida, E., Maruyama, G., & Myers, D. G. (1989). Joan McKay versus John McKay: Do gender stereotypes bias evaluations? Psychological Bulletin, 105, 409-429.
49. Terkel, S. (1992). Race: How blacks and whites think and feel about the American obsession. New York: The New Press.