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note
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The Motley Fool investment website [4] reported Lehman Brothers research stating that in 2003 GSK face five approvals worth $4 billion in annual sales (13% of 2001 sales), and Eli Lilly have four approvals worth $5.5 billion in annual sales (47% of 2001 sales).
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AOL under the Knife
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1842570389
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note
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Although, as 1 later argue, there is increasing recognition that pharmaceutical-driven innovation is only the highest profile element of the various forms of biotechnology innovation.
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22
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Innovation as an interactive process: From user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation
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1842518038
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note
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An alternative analysis is available in [31].
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33
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1842465857
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note
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Cf. NEDC [29] and Brown [32] for examples of very limited local biotechnology databases available before 2001.
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36
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1842465854
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note
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The three firms, Avecia, Dobfar and Chirex are included in the pharmaceutical sector from the perspective of this paper, and so their employment has been omitted from Table 4 in seeking to gauge the size of the industry in the North East.
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41
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1842622510
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Paper presented, University of Lisbon, Portugal, 20-22 March 1997
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1842570390
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note
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In the period since the fieldwork was undertaken, firms have continued to form at a relatively steady rate (2-3 per year); the most interesting example is a spin-off from one of the pharmaceutical plants in which the entrepreneurs used their credibility in the sector gained at the parent to raise significant sums of venture capital to establish a firm which was involved in molecular chemical engineering (far more an engineering than science innovation).
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The idea of densification is taken from Fontes and Coombs [43].
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