Systemic vasculitides: Immunogenetics and familial clustering

Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 238-251

  Fietta, Pieranna ^a  

^a Parma Hospital   (Italy)

Author keywords

Familial clustering; Immunogenetics; Systemic vasculitides

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANAPHYLACTOID PURPURA; AORTA ARCH SYNDROME; BIOSIS; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; DATA ANALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ETHNOLOGY; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENDER; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GIANT CELL ARTERITIS; HEREDITY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMMUNOGENETICS; INFLAMMATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDLINE; MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC VASCULITIS; WEGENER GRANULOMATOSIS;

FAMILY HEALTH; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HAPLOTYPES; HUMANS; SPACE-TIME CLUSTERING; VASCULITIS;

EID: 1842421842     PISSN: 0392856X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (237)

1. GROSS WL: Immunopathogenesis of vasculitis. In KLIPPEL JH and DIEPPE PA (Eds.): Rheumatology, 2nd ed., London, Mosby, 1998: 7.19.1-19.8.
2. WEYAND CM, GORONZY JJ: Multisystem interactions in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9: 3-11.
3. HUANG D,IZHOU Y, HOFFMAN GS: Pathogenesis: immunogenetic factors. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2001; 15: 239-58.
4. LHOTTA K, KRONENBERG F, JOANNIDIS M, FEICHTINGER H, KONIG P: Wegener's granulomatosis and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a family with hereditary C4 deficiency. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 336: 415-8.
5. ROTTEM M, COTCH MF, FAUCI AS, HOFFMAN GS: Familial vasculitis: Report of 2 families. J Rheumatol 1994; 21: 561-3.
6. MANGANELLI P, GIACOSA R, FIETTA P, ZANETTI A, NERI TM: Familial vasculitides: Churg-Strauss syndrome and Wegener's granulomatosis in 2 first degree relatives. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 618-21.
7. SCHNAAR DA, BELL DM: Kawasaki syndrome in two cousins with parainfluenza virus infection. Am J Dis Child 1982; 136: 554-5.
8. NOWACK R, LEHMANN H, FLORES-SUÁREZ LF, NANHOU A, van der WOUDE FJ: Familial occurrence of systemic vasculitis and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34: 364-73.
9. JENNETTE JC, FALK RJ, ANDRASSY K, et al.: Nomenclature of systemic vasculitides. Proposal of an International Consensus Conference. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 187-92.
10. SALVARANI C, CANTINI F, BOIARDI L, HUNDER GG: Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 261-71.
11. BLOCKMANS D, MAES A, STROOBANTS S, et al.: New arguments for a vasculitic nature of polymyalgia rheumatica using positron emission tomography. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999; 38: 444-7.
12. MARZO-ORTEGA H, McGONAGLE D, O'CONNOR P, PEASE C, EMERY P: Subclinical vasculitis in polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 2001; 60: 1058-9.
13. WEYAND CM, HICOK KC, HUNDER GG, GORONZY JJ: Tissue cytokine patterns in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121: 484-91.
14. WEYAND CM, GORONZY JJ: Giant cell arteritis as an antigen-driven disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995; 21: 1027-39.
15. BARBER HS: Myalgic syndrome with constitutional effects: polymyalgia rheumatica. Ann Rheum Dis 1957; 16: 230-7.
16. HAMRIN B: Polymyalgia arteritica. Acta Med Scand 1972; 533 (Suppl.): 62-5.
17. WADMAN B, WERNER I: Observation on temporal arteritis. Acta Med Scand 1972; 192: 377-83.
18. LIANG GC, SIMKIN PA, HUNDER GG, WILSKE KR, HEALEY LA: Familial aggregation of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1974; 17: 19-24.
19. KEMP A: Monozygotic twins with temporal arteritis and ophthalmic arteritis. Acta Ophthalmologica 1977; 55: 183-9.
20. KVERNEBO K, BRATH HK: Polymyalgia arteritica. A report on five cases within a family. Scand J Rheumatol 1980; 9: 187-9.
21. GRANATO JE, ABBEN RP, MAY WS: Familial association of giant cell arteritis: A case and a brief review. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 115-7.
22. NINET J, GEBUHRER L, BUTUEL H, JAMBON-GENET A, PASQUIER J: Maladie de Horton familiale, relation éventuelle avec l'haplotype HLA A28, CW3, B15, DR4. Presse Méd 1983; 12: 2697-8 (in French).
23. TANENBAUM M, TENZEL J: Familial temporal arteritis. J Clin Neuro Ophtalmol 1985; 5: 244-8.
24. MATHEWSON JA, HUNDER GG: Giant cell arteritis in two brothers. J Rheumatol 1986; 13: 190-2.
25. WERNICK R, DAVEY M, BONAFEDE P: Familial giant cell arteritis: Report of an HLA-typed sibling pair and a review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12: 63-6.
26. SCHWIZER B, PIROAINO M: Giant cell arteritis: a genetically determined disease? Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1994; 124: 1959-61 (in German).
27. ZAUBER P, ZHANG L, BERMAN E: Familial occurrence of temporal arteritis. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 611-2.
28. GROS F, MAILLEFERT JF, BEHIN A et al.: Giant cell arteritis with ocular complications discovered simultaneously in two sisters. Clin Rheumatol 1998; 17: 58-61.
29. BARTOLOME MJ, MARTÍNEZ-TABODA VM, LOPEZ-HOYOS M, BLANCO R, RODRIGUEZ-VALVERDE V: Familial aggregation of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis: Genetic and T cell repertoire analysis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 259-64.
30. FIETTA P, MANGANELLI P, ZANETTI A, NERI TM: Familial giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: Aggregation in 2 families. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1551-5.
31. MEYERHOFF J, HOCHBERG MC: Monozygotic twins discordant for polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 1982; 9: 477-8.
32. GOUET D, ALCALAY D, AZAIS I et al.: HLA-DR antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 1985; 12: 627-8.
33. SALVARANI C, MACCHIONI P, ZIZZI F et al.: Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in Northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 351-6.
34. FLIPO RM, DANZE PM, LABBE P et al.: HLA-DRB1 antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994; 12: 462-4.
35. BARRIER J, BIGNON JD, SOUILLOU JP, GROLLEAU J: Increased prevalence of HLA-DR4 in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 104-5.
36. CALAMIA KT, MOORE SB, ELVEBACK LR, HUNDER GG: HLA-DR locus antigens in polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 1981; 8: 993-6.
37. LOWENSTEIN MB, BRIDGEFORD PH, VASEY FB, GERMAIN BF, ESPINOZA LR: Increased frequency of HLA-DR3 and DR4 in polymyalgia rheumatica-giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 925-7.
38. RICHARDSON JE, GLADMAN DD, FAM A, KEYSTONE EC: HLA-DR4 in giant cell arteritis: Association with polymyalgia rheumatica syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1987; 30: 1293-7.
39. CID MC, ERCILLA G, VILASECA J et al.: Polymyalgia rheumatica: a syndrome associated with HLA-DR4 antigen. Arthritis Rheum 1988; 31: 678-82.
40. al-JARALLAH KF, BUCHANAN WW, SASTRY A, SINGAL DP: Immunogenetics of polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993; 11: 529-31.
41. WEYAND CM, HICOK KC, HUNDER GG, GORONZY JJ: The HLA-DRB1 locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. Mapping of a disease-linked sequence motif to the antigen-binding site of the HLA-DR molecule. J Clin Invest 1992; 90: 2355-61.
42. WEYAND CM, HUNDER NN, HICOK KC, HUNDER GG, GORONZY JJ: HLA-DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 514-20.
43. COMBE B, SANY J, LE QUELLEC A, CLOT J, ELIAOU IF: Distribution of HLA-DRB1 alleles of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in a Mediterranean population. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 94-8.
44. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, GARCÍA-PORRUA C, LLORCA J et al.: Visual manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Trends and clinical spectrum in 161 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2000; 79: 283-92.
45. RAUZY O, FORT M, NOURHASHEMI F et al.: Relation between HLA-DRB1 alleles and corticosteroid resistance in giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1998; 57: 380-2.
46. HAWORTH S, RIDGEWAY J, STEWART I, DYER PA, PEPPER L, OLLIER W: Polymyalgia rheumatica is associated with both HLA-DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0404. Br J Rheumatol 1996; 35: 632-5.
47. GUERNE PA, SALVI M, SEITZ M et al.: Molecular analysis of HLA-DR polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica. Swiss Group for research on HLA in polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 671-6.
48. DABABNEH A, GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, GARCÍA-PORRUA C, HAJEER A, THOMSON W, OLLIER W: Giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica can be differentiated by distinct patterns of HLA class II association. J Rheumatol 1998; 25: 2140-5.
49. REVIRON D, FOUTRIER C, GUIS S, MERCIER P, ROUDIER J: DRB1 alleles in polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis in Southern France. Eur J Immunogenet 2001; 28: 83-7.
50. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, GARCÍA-PORRUA C, VAZQUEZ-CARUNCHO M, DABABNEH A, HAJEER A, OLLIER WER: The spectrum of polymyalgia rheumatica in Northwestern Spain: Incidence and analysis of variables associated with relapse in a 10-year study. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 1326-32.
51. SALVARANI C, BOIARDI L, MANTOVANI V et al.: HLA-DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 alleles associated with giant cell arteritis in Northern Italy. J Rheumatol 1999; 26: 2395-9.
52. SALVARANI C, BOIARDI L, MANTOVANI V et al.: HLA-DRB1 alleles associated with polymyalgia rheumatica in Northern Italy: Correlation with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58: 303-8.
53. MATTEY DL, HAJEER AH, DABABNEH A et al.: Association of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica with different tumor necrosis factor microsatellite polymorphisms. Arthritis Rheum 2000; 43: 1749-55.
54. BOIARDI L, SALVARANI C, TIMMS JM, SILVESTRI T, MACCHIONI PL, di GIOVINE FS: Interleukin-1 cluster and tumor necrosis factor-α gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18: 675-81.
55. SALVARANI C, CASALI B, BOIARDI L et al.: Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica/giant cell arteritis: Association with disease risk and severity. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 1215-21.
56. AMOLI MM, SHELLEY E, MATTEY DL et al.: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene polymorphisms in isolated polymyalgia rheumatica. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 502-4.
57. MAKKI RF, al SHARIF F, GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, GARCÍA-PORRUA C, OLLIER WER, HAJEER AH: RANTES gene polymorphism in polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2000; 18: 391-3.
58. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, di GIOVINE FS, SILVESTRI T et al.: Lack of association between IL-1 cluster and TNF-alpha gene polymorphisms and giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: 431.
59. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, HAJEER AH, DABABNEH A et al.: IL-6 promoter polymorphism at position -174 modulates the phenotypic expression of polymyalgia rheumatica in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: 179-84.
60. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, HAJEER AH, DABABNEH A et al.: Corticotropin releasing hormone promoter polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: 133-8.
61. JACOBSEN S, BASLUND B, MADSEN HO, TVEDE N, SVEJGAARD A, GARRED P: Mannose-binding lectin variant alleles and HLA-DR4 alleles are associated with giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 2148-53.
62. SALVARANI C, CASALI B, NICOLI D et al.: Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48: 3219-23.
63. BOIARDI L, CASALI B, NICOLI D et al.: Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in giant cell arteritis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 2160-4.
64. AMOLI MM, ALANSARI A, El-MAGADMI M et al.: Lack of association between A561C E-selectin polymorphism and large and small-sized blood vessel vasculitides. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2002; 20: 575-6.
65. GONZÁLEZ-GAY MA, GARCÍA-PORRÚA CG: Epidemiology of the vasculitides. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 27: 729-49.
66. NUMANO F: Differences in clinical presentation and outcome in different countries for Takayasu's arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1997; 9: 12-5.
67. YAJIMA M, NUMANO F, PARK YB, SAGAR S: Comparative studies of patients with Takayasu arteritis in Japan, Korea and India - comparison of clinical manifestations, angiography and HLA-B antigen. Jpn Circ J 1994; 58: 9-14.
68. KIMURA A, KITAMURA H, DATE Y, NUMANO F: Comprehensive analysis of HLA genes in Takayasu arteritis in Japan. Int J Cardiol 1996; 54 (Suppl.): S61-9.
69. MEHRA NK, JAINI R, BALAMURUGAN A et al.: Immunogenetic analysis of Takayasu arteritis in Indian patients. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66 (Suppl. 1): S127-32.
70. CHAROENWONGSE P, KANGWANSHIRATADA O, BOONNAM R, HOOMSINDHU U: The association between HLA antigens and Takayasu's arteritis in Thai patients. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66 (Suppl. 1): S117-20.
71. VARGAS-ALARCÓN G, FLORES-DOMINGUEZ C, HERNÁNDEZ-PACHECO G et al.: Immunogenetics and clinical aspects of Takayasu's arteritis patients in a Mexican Mestizo population. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2001; 19: 439-43.
72. SATTAR MA, WHITE AG, EKLOF B, FENECH FF: Takayasu's disease in Arabs. Postgrad Med J 1985; 61: 387-90.
73. VOLKMAN DJ, MANN DL, FAUCI AS: Association between Takayasu's arteritis and a B-cell alloantigen in North Americans. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 464-5.
74. KHRAISHI MM, GLADMAN DD, DAGENAIS P, FAM AG, KEYSTONE EC: HLA antigens in North American patients with Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheum 1992; 35: 573-5.
75. KITAMURA H, KOBAYASHI Y, KIMURA A, NUMANO F: Association of clinical manifestations with HLA-B alleles in Takayasu arteritis. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66 (Suppl. 1): S121-6.
76. KASUYA K, HASHIMOTO Y, NUMANO F: Left ventricular dysfunction and HLA Bw52 antigen in Takayasu arteritis. Heart Vessels 1992; 7 (Suppl.): S116-9.
77. VARGAS-ALARCÓN G, ZUÑIGA J, GAMBOA R et al.: DNA sequencing of HLA-B alleles in Mexican patients with Takayasu arteritis. Int J Cardiol 2000; 75 (Suppl. 1): S117-22.
78. NUMANO F, NAMBA K, SUZUKI K, MATSUMOTO H: Hereditary factors in Takayasu disease. III. Polymorphism of human complements. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1989; 6: 236-44.
79. KIMURA A, KOBAYASHI Y, TAKAHASHI M et al.: MICA gene polymorphism in Takayasu's arteritis and Buerger's disease. Int J Cardiol 1998; 66 (Suppl. 1): S107-13.
80. KIMURA A, OTA M, KATSUYAMA Y et al.: Mapping of the HLA-linked genes controlling the susceptibility to Takayasu's arteritis. Int J Cardiol 2000; 75 (Suppl. 1): S105-10.
81. MAKINO N, SENDA Y, YAMAGUCHI Y: Takayasu's disease in two brothers: Analysis of HLA types. Br Heart J 1981; 46: 446-8.
82. KODAMA K, KIDA O, MOROTOMI Y, TANAKA K: Male siblings with Takayasu's arteritis suggest genetic etiology. Heart Vessels 1986; 2: 51-4.
83. NAIK N, KOTHARI SS, SHARMA S: Familial Takayasu's aortoarteritis in two sisters. Indian Heart J 1999; 51: 75-6.
84. NUMANO F, ISOHISA I, KISHI U, ARITA M, MAEZAWA H: Takayasu's disease in twin sisters. Possible genetic factors. Circulation 1978; 58: 173-7.
85. ENOMOTO S, IWASAKI Y, BANNAI S et al.: Takayasu's disease in twin sisters. Jpn Heart J 1984; 25: 147-52.
86. VALENTINI F, Di FOLCA A: Takayasu's disease. A review of the literature. A study of a familial case of Takayasu's arteritis and the possible association with type-1 diabetes mellitus. Minerva Med 1989; 80: 1351-8.
87. WATTS RA, JOLLIFFE VA, CARRUTHERS DM, LOCKWOOD M, SCOTT DGI: Effect of classification on the incidence of polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis. Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: 1208-12.
88. LHOTE F, COHEN P, GUILLEVIN L: Polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis and Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lupus 1998; 7: 238-58.
89. GUILLEVIN L, LHOTE F, COHEN P et al.: Polyarteritis nodosa related to hepatitis B virus. A prospective study with long-term observation of 41 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995; 74: 238-53.
90. TILL SH, AMOS RS: Long-term follow-up of juvenile-onset cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa associated with streptococcal infection. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 909-11.
91. BOKI KA, DAFNI U, KARPOUZAS GA, PAPASTERIADES C, DROSOS AA, MOUTSOPOULOS HM: NecrotizingCvasculitis in Greece: clinical, immunological and immunogenetic aspects. A study of 66 patients. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36: 1059-66.
92. SCHNEIDER MS, GOLDMAN PS: On familial polyarteritis nodosa. Sov Med 1962; 25: 141-3.
93. HARRIS R, JONES HP: Polyarteritis nodosa in identical twins. Ann Phys Med 1970; 10: 241-2.
94. LEFF R, HARRER WV, BAYLIS JC, JACKSON L, FABER K: Polyarteritis nodosa in two siblings. Am J Dis Child 1971; 121: 67-70.
95. REVEILLE JD, GOODMAN RE, BARGER BO, ACTON RT: Familial polyarteritis nodosa: A serologic and immunogenetic analysis. J Rheumatol 1989; 16: 181-5.
96. MASON JC, COWIE MR, DAVIES KA et al.: Familial polyarteritis nodosa. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1249-53.
97. KAWASAKI T, KOSAKO F, OKAWA S, SHIGEMATSU I, YANAGAWA H: A new infantile acute febrile mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome (MLNS) prevailing in Japan. Pediatrics 1974; 54: 271-6.
98. KAWASAKI T: Kawasaki disease. In KLIPPEL JH and DIEPPE PA (Eds.): Rheumatology, 2nd ed., London, Mosby 1998: 7.27.1-27.4.
99. WATTS RA, SCOTT DG: Epidemiology of the vasculitides. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2003; 15: 11-6.
100. FUJIITA Y, NAKAMURA Y, SAKATA K et al.: Kawasaki disease in families. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 666-9.
101. HEWITT M, SMITH LJ, JOFFE HS, CHAMBERS TL: Kawasaki disease in siblings. Arch Dis Child 1989; 64: 398-9.
102. MATSUBARA T, FURUKAWA S, INO T, TSUJI A, PARK I, YABUTA K: A sibship with recurrent Kawasaki disease and coronary artery lesion. Acta Paediatr 1994; 83: 1002-4.
103. KANEKO K, UNNO A, TAKAGI M, MARUYAMA T, OBINATA K: Kawasaki disease in dizygotic twins. Eur J Pediatr 1995; 154: 868.
104. FINK HW: Simultaneous Kawasaki disease in identical twins: case report. Va Med 1985; 112: 248-51.
105. SEGAWA M, SAJI T, OZAWA Y, AOKI Y, MATSUO N: Familial Kawasaki disease in mother and son - occurrence in two generations. In KARO H (Ed.): Kawasaki Disease, Amsterdam, Elsevier Science 1995: 101-2.
106. BRUCKHEIMER E, BULBUL Z, MCCARTHY P, MADRI JA, FRIEDMAN AH, HELLEN-BRAND WE: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Kawasaki disease: coronary aneurysms in mother and son. Circulation 1998; 97: 410-1.
107. MORI M, MIYAMAE T, KUROSAWA R, YOKOTA S, ONOKI H: Two-generation Kawasaki disease: Mother and daughter. J Pediatr 2001; 139: 754-6.
108. IWATA F, HANAWA Y, TAKASHIMA H, SHIMOURA K, NISHIBAYASHI Y: Kawasaki disease in a father and son. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1992; 34: 84-6.
109. KANEKO K, OBINATA K, KATSUMATA K, TAWA T, HOSAKA A, YAMASHIRO Y: Kawasaki disease in a father and daughter. Acta Paediatr 1999; 88: 791-2.
110. KATO S, KIMURA M, TSUJI K et al.: HLA antigens in Kawasaki disease. Pediatrics 1978; 61: 252-5.
111. MATSUDA I, HATTORI S, NAGATA N, FRUSE A, NAMBU H: HLA antigens in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Am J Dis Child 1977; 131: 1417-8.
112. KEREN G, DANON YL, ORGARD S, KALT R, GAZIT E: HLA Bw51 is increased in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in Israeli patients. Tissue Antigens 1982; 20: 144-6.
113. KRENSKY AM, BERENBERG W, SHANLEY K, YUNIS EJ: HLA antigens in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome in New England. Pediatrics 1981; 67: 741-3.
114. KRENSKY AM, GRADY S, SHANLEY KM, BERENBERG W, YUNIS EJ: Epidemic and endemic HLA-B and DR associations in mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. Hum Immunol 1983; 6: 75-7.
115. BARRON KS, SILVERMAN ED, GONZALES JC, ST CLAIR M, ANDERSON K, REVEILLE JD: Major histocompatibility complex class II alleles in Kawasaki syndrome - lack of consistent correlation with disease or cardiac involvement. J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 1790-3.
116. SHULMAN ST, MELISH M, INOUE O, KATO H, TOMITA S: Immunoglobulin allotypic markers in Kawasaki disease. J Pediatr 1993; 122: 84-6.
117. JIBIKI T, TERAI M, SHIMA M et al.: Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 gene regulatory region polymorphism and serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in Japanese patients with Kawasaki disease. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 2211-2.
118. ASANO T, OGAWA S: Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in Kawasaki disease: The anti-inflammatory effect of gamma globulin therapy. Scand J Immunol 2000; 51: 98-103.
119. OUCHI K, SUZUKI Y, SHIRAKAWA T, KISHI F: Polymorphism of SLC11A1 (formerly NRAMP1) gene confers susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 326-9.
120. TAREUCHI K, YAMAMOTO K, KATAOKA S et al.: High incidence of angiotensin I converting enzyme genotype II in Kawasaki disease patients with coronary aneurysm. Eur J Pediatr 1997; 156: 266-8.
121. QUASNEY MW, BRONSTEIN DE, CANTOR RM et al.: Increased frequency of alleles associated with elevated tumor necrosis factor-α levels in children with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Res 2001; 49: 686-90.
122. HUANG Y, LEE YJ, CHEN MR et al.: Polymorphism of transmembrane region of MICA gene and Kawasaki disease. Exp Clin Immunogenet 2000; 17: 130-7.
123. TSUKAHARA H, HIRAOKA M, SAITO M et al.: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism in Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int 2000; 42: 236-40.
124. BIEZEVELD MH, KUIPERS IM, GEISSLER J et al.: Association of mannose-binding lectin genotype with cardiovascular abnormalities in Kawasaki disease. Lancet 2003; 361: 1268-70.
125. HOFFMAN GS, SPECKS U: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 1998; 41: 1521-37.
126. D'AGATI V: Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody and vasculitis: Much more than a disease marker. J Clin Invest 2002; 110: 919-21.
127. DAY CJ, HEWINS P, SAVAGE COS: New developments in the pathogenesis of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21 (Suppl. 32): S35-48.
128. RUTGERS A, HEERINGA P, COHEN TERVAERT JW: The role of myeloperoxidase in the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21 (Suppl. 32): S55-63.
129. van ROSSUM AP, LIMBURG PC, KALLENBERG CGM: Membrane proteinase 3 expression on resting neutrophils as a pathogenic factor in PR3-ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003; 21 (Suppl. 32): S64-68.
130. BRONS RH, BAKKER HI, Van WIJK RT et al.: Staphylococcal acid phosphatase binds to endothelial cells via charge interactions: A pathogenic role in Wegener's granulomatosis? Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119: 566-73.
131. GRANEL B,ASERRATRICE J, DISDIER P et al.: Dust exposure: a missed environmental factor of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002; 61: 1113.
132. HOGAN SL, SATTERLY KK, DOOLEY MA, NACHMAN PH, JENNETTE JC, FALK RJ for the Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network: Silica exposure in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and lupus nephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001; 12: 134-42.
133. SAVAGE CO, HARPER L, HOLLAND M: New findings in pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasm antibody-associated vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002; 14: 15-22.
134. ESNAULT VL, TESTA A, AUDRAIN M et al.: Alpha 1-antitrypsin genetic polymorphism in ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis. Kidney Int 1993; 43: 1329-32.
135. CALLEA F, GREGORINI G, SINICO, A et al.: Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency and ANCA-positive systemic vasculitis: Genetic and clinical implications. Eur J Clin Invest 1997; 27: 696-702.
136. AUDRAIN MAP, SESBOÜÉ R, BARANGER TAR et al.: Analysis of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA): Frequency and specificity in a sample of 191 homozygous (PiZZ) alpha1-antitrypsin-deficient subjects. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 39-44.
137. GRIFFITH ME, LOVEGROVE JU, GASKIN G, WHITEHOUSE DB, PUSEY CD: C-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity in vasculitis patients is associated with the Z allele of alpha-1-antitrypsin, and P-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody positivity with the S allele. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996; 11: 438-43.
138. GENCIK M, BORGMANN S, ZAHN R et al.: Immunogenetic risk factors for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 117: 412-7.
139. TSE WY, ABADEH S, JEFFERIS R, SAVAGE CO, ADU D: Neutrophil FcgammaRIIIb allelic polymorphism in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-positive systemic vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 119: 574-7.
140. PERSSON U, TRUEDSSON L, WESTMAN KW, SEGELMARK M: C3 and C4 allotypes in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-positive vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1999; 116: 379-82.
141. GENCIK M, MELLER S, BORGMANN S et al.: The association of CD18 alleles with anti-myeloperoxidase subtypes of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitides. Clin Immunol 2000; 94: 9-12.
142. MELLER S, JAGIELLO P, BORGMANN S, FRICKE H, EPPLEN JT, GENCIK M: Novel SNPs in the CD18 gene validate the association with MPO-ANCA+ vasculitis. Genes Immun 2001; 2: 269-72.
143. REYNOLDS WF, STEGEMAN CA, COHEN TERVAERT JW: -463 G/A myeloperoxidase promoter polymorphism is associated with clinical manifestations and the course of disease in MPO-ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Immunol 2002; 103: 154-60.
144. BORGMANN S, ENDISCH G, HACKER UT, SONG BS, FRICKE H: Pro-inflammatory genotype of interleukin-1 and interleukin receptor antagonist is associated with ESRD in proteinase 3-ANCA vasculitis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2003; 41: 933-42.
145. SPENCER SJW, BURNS A, GASKIN G, PUSEY CD, REES AJ: HLA class II specificities in vasculitis with antibodies ta neutrophil cytoplasmic antigens. Kidney Int 1992; 41: 1059-63.
146. ZHANG L, JAYNE DR, ZHAO MH, LOCKWOOD CM, OLIVEIRA DB: Distribution of MHC class II alleles in primary systemic vasculitis. Kidney Int 1995; 47: 294-8.
147. GRIFFITH ME, PUSEY CD: HLA genes in ANCA-associated vasculitides. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1997; 14: 196-205.
148. COULTHART A, FISHER M, GASKIN G, PUSEY CD: HLA class II genes in ANCA-associated vasculitis. Clin Exp Immunol 1998; 112: S53A.
149. HOFFMAN GS: Wegener's granulomatosis. In KLIPPEL JH and DIEPPE PA (Eds.): Rheumatology, 2nd ed., London, Mosby 1998: 7.22.1-22.10.
150. BRENER Z, COHEN L, GOLDBERG SJ, KAUFMAN AM: ANCA-associated vasculitis in Greek siblings with chronic exposure to silica. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38: E28.
151. NUYTS GD, Van VLEM E, De VOS A et al.: Wegener granulomatosis is associated to exposure to silicon compounds: A case-control study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995; 10: 1162-5.
152. NAGIBOV VM, CHERANOV EA: A case of Wegener's granulomatosis in married couples. Vestn Otorinolaringol 1987; 2: 72-3 (in Russian).
153. NIKKARI S, MERTSOLA J, KORVENRANTA H, VAINIONPÄÄ R, TOIVANEN P: Wegener's granulomatosis and parvovirus B19 infection. Arthritis Rheum 1994; 37: 1707-8.
154. GEORGE J, LEVY Y, KALLENBERG CGM, SHOENFELD Y: Infections and Wegener's granulomatosis-a cause and effect relationship? QJM 1997; 90: 367-73.
155. STEGEMAN CA, TERVAERT JW, SLUITER WJ, MANSON WL, DE JONG PE, KALLENBERG CGM: Association of chronic nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and higher relapse rates in Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 12-7.
156. SCHREIBER A, BUSJAHN A, LUFT FC, KETTRITZ R: Membrane expression of proteinase 3 is genetically determined. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003; 14: 68-75.
157. GENCIK M, MELLER S, BORGMANN S, FRICKE H: Proteinase 3 gene polymorphisms and Wegener's granulomatosis. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2473-7.
158. ELZOUKI AN, SEGELMARK M, WIESLANDER J, ERIKSSON S: Strong link between the alpha 1-antitrypsin PiZ allele and Wegener's granulomatosis. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 543-8.
159. 1-antitrypsin PiZ allele carriers and non-carriers with Wegener's granulomatosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1996; 26: 786-92.
160. SEGELMARK M, ELZOUKI AN, WIESLANDER J, ERIKSSON S: The PiZ gene of alpha 1-antitrypsin as a determinant of outcome in PR3-ANCA-positive vasculitis. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 844-50.
161. BORGMANN S, ENDISCH G, URBAN S, SITTER T, FRICKE H: A linkage disequilibrium between genes at the serine protease inhibitor gene cluster on chromosome 14q32.1 is associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. Clin Immunol 2001; 98: 244-8.
162. HUANG D, GISCOMBE R, ZHOU Y, LEFVERT AK: Polymorphisms in CTLA-4 but not tumor necrosis factor-α or interleukin-1β genes are associated with Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 397-401.
163. GISCOMBE R, WANG X, HUANG D, LEFVERT AK: Coding sequence 1 and promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CTLA-4 gene in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 950-3.
164. MASCHER B, SCHMITT W, CSERNOK E et al.: Polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor genes in Wegener's granulomatosis. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1997; 14: 226-33.
165. ZHOU Y, GISCOMBE R, HUANG D, LEFVERT AK: Novel genetic association of Wegener's granulomatosis with the interleukin 10 gene. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 317-20.
166. BÁRTFAI Z, GAEDE KI, RUSSEL KA, MURAKÖZY G, MÜLLER-QUERNHEIM J, SPECKS U: Different gender-associated genotype risks of Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis. Clin Immunol 2003; 109: 330-7.
167. MURAKÖZY G, GAEDE KI, RUPRECHT B et al.: Gene polymorphisms of immunoregolatory cytokines and angiotensin-converting enzyme in Wegener's granulomatosis. J Mol Med 2001; 79: 665-70.
168. EDBERG JC, WAINSTEIN E, WU J et al.: Analysis of FcgammaRII gene polymorphisms in Wegener's granulomatosis. Exp Clin Immunogenet 1997; 14: 183-95.
169. WAINSTEIN E, EDBERG J, CSERNOK E et al.: FcγRIIIb alleles predict renal dysfunction in Wegener's granulomatosis (WG). Arthritis Rheum 1996; 39: S210.
170. DIJSTELBLOEM HM, SCHEEPERS RHM, OOST WW et al.: Fcγ receptor polymorphisms in Wegener's granulomatosis: Risk factors for disease relapse. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 1823-7.
171. NEWMAN B, RUBIN LA, SIMINOVITCH KA: NOD2/CARD15 gene mutation is not associated with susceptibility to Wegener's granulomatosis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 305-7.
172. BEIGEL A, LEHMANN H, WESTPHAL E: The spectrum of histocompatibility antigens (HLA) in Wegener's granulomatosis. Arch Otorhinolaryngol 1981; 233: 157-60.
173. KATZ P, ALLING DW, HAYNES BE, FAUCI AS: Association of Wegener's granulomatosis with HLA-B8. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1979; 14: 268-70.
174. ELKON KB, SUTHERLAND DC, REES AJ, HUGHES GRV, BATCHELOR JR: HLA antigen frequencies in systemic vasculitis: Increase in HLA-DR2 in Wegener's granulomatosis. Arthritis Rheum 1983; 26: 102-5.
175. COTCH MF, FAUCI AS, HOFFMAN GS: HLA typing in patients with Wegener granulomatosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 635.
176. NAKAMARU Y, MAGUCHI S, TAKIZAWA M, FUKUDA S, INUYAMA Y: The association between human leukocyte antigens (HLA) and cytoplasmic-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (cANCA)-positive Wegener's granulomatosis in a Japanese population. Rhinology 1996; 34: 163-5.
177. PAPIHA SS, MURTY GE, AD'HIA A, MAINS BT, VENNING M: Association of Wegener's granulomatosis with HLA antigens and other genetic markers. Ann Rheum Dis 1992; 51: 246-8.
178. HAGEN EC, STEGEMAN CA, D'AMARO J et al.: Decreased frequency of HLA-DR13 DR6 in Wegener's granulomatosis. Kidney Int 1995; 48: 801-5.
179. MUNIAIN MA, MORENO JC, GONZALEZ CÁMPORA R: Wegener's granulomatosis in two sisters. Ann Rheum Dis 1986; 45: 417-21.
180. KNUDSEN BB, JOERGENSEN T, MUNCH-JENSEN B: Wegener's granulomatosis in a family. A short report. Scand J Rheumatol 1988; 17: 225-7.
181. Ten HACKEN N, COHEN TERVAERT JW, PENNINGS HJ, van LIEBERGEN FJHM, JANSEN JLJ, KOOLEN MI: Wegener's granulomatosis in mother and daughter. Neth J Med 1989; 35: A8.
182. HAY EM, BEAMAN M, RALSTON AJ, ACKRILL P, BERNSTEIN RM, HOLT PJL: Wegener's granulomatosis occurring in siblings. Br J Rheumatol 1991; 30: 144-5.
183. STONEY PJ, DAVIES W, HO SF, PATERSON IC, GRIFFITH IP: Wegener's granulomatosis in two siblings: A family study. J Laryngol Otol 1991; 105: 123-4.
184. SEWELL RF, HAMILTON DV: Time-associated Wegener's granulomatosis in two members of a family. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1992; 7: 882.
185. NOTH I, STREK ME, LEFF AR: Churg-Strauss syndrome. Lancet 2003; 361: 587-94.
186. GROSS WL: Churg-StUauss syndrome: up-date on recent developments. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002; 14: 11-4.
187. JAMALEDDINE G, DIAB K, TABBARAH Z, TAWIL A, ARAYSSI T: Leukotriene antagonists and the Churg-Strauss syndrome. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2002; 31: 218-27.
188. JENNETTE JC, THOMAS DB, FALK RJ: Microscopic polyangiitis (microscopic polyarteritis). Semin Diagn Pathol 2001; 18: 3-13.
189. SIMPSON IJ, SKINNER MA, GEURSEN A et al.: Peripheral blood T lymphocytes in systemic vasculitis: Increased T cell receptor Vβ2 gene usage in microscopic polyarteritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995; 101: 220-6.
190. KELSALL JT, CHALMERS A, SHERLOCK CH, TRON VA, KELSALL AC: Microscopic polyangiitis after influenza vaccination. J Rheumatol 1997; 24: 1198-202.
191. PAPASTERIADES C, HATZIYANNAKOS D, SIAKOTOS M et al.: HLA antigens in microscopic polyarteritis (MP) with renal involvement. Dis Markers 1997; 13: 117-22.
192. TSUCHIYA N, KOBAYASHI S, KAWASAKI A et al.: Genetic background of Japanese patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic anti-body-associated vasculitis: Association of HLA-DRB1*0901 with microscopic polyangiitis. J Rheumatol 2003; 30: 1534-40.
193. HEUZE-CLAUDOT L, LEROY B, CHEVAILLER A et al.: A familial ANCA-associated pulmonary-renal syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 93 (Suppl. 2): S40.
194. FRANSSEN CF, TER MAATEN JC, HOORNTJE SJ: Brother and sister with myeloperoxidase associated autoimmune disease. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53: 213.
195. BARBIANO DI BELGIOJOSO G, GENDERINI A, SINICO RA et al.: Acute renal failure due to microscopic polyarteritis with the same histological and clinical patterns in a father and his son. Contrib Nephrol 1991; 94: 107-14.
196. SAULSBURY FT: Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 35-40.
197. ROSTOKER G: Schönlein-Henoch purpura in children and adults: Diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. BioDrugs 2001; 15: 99-138.
198. BALIAH T, KIM KH, ANTHONE S, ANTHONE R, MONTES M, ANDRES GA: Recurrence of Henoch-Schönlein purpura glomerulonephritis in transplanted kidneys. Transplantation 1974; 18: 343-6.
199. McLEAN RH, WYATT RJ, JULIAN BA: Complement phenotypes in glomerulonephritis: Increased frequency of homozygous null C4 phenotypes in IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein purpura. Kidney Int 1984; 26: 855-60.
200. ABE J, KOHSAKA T, TANAKA M, KOBAYASHI N: Genetic study on HLA class II and class III region in the disease associated with IgA nephropathy. Nephron 1993; 65: 17-22.
201. JIN DK, KOHSAKA T, KOO JW, HA IS, CHEONG HI, CHOI Y: Complement 4 locus II gene deletion and DQA1*0301 gene: Genetic risk factors for IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schönlein nephritis. Nephron 1996; 73: 390-5.
202. AMOROSO A, BERRINO M, CANALE L et al.: Immunogenetics of Henoch-Schönlein disease. Eur J Immunogenet 1997; 24: 323-33.
203. AMOLI MM, THOMSON W, HAJEER AH et al.: HLA-DRB11 association with Henoch-Schönlein purpura in patients from Northwest Spain. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1266-70.
204. AMOLI MM, THOMSON W, HAJEER AH et al.: Henoch-Schönlein purpura and cutaneous leukocytoclastic angiitis exibit different HLA-DRB1 associations. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 945-7.
205. AMOLI MM, THOMSON W, HAJEER AH et al.: HLA-B35 association with nephritis in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 948-9.
206. NATHWANI D, LAING RB, SMITH CC, EDWARD N: Recurrent post-infective Henoch-Schönlein syndrome: A genetic influence related to HLA B35? J Infect 1992; 25: 205-10.
207. AMOLI MM, THOMSON W, HAJEER AH et al.: Interleukin 8 gene polymorphism is associated with increased risk of nephritis in cutaneous vasculitis. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 2367-70.
208. YOSHIOKA T, XU YX, YOSHIDA H, SHIRAGA H, MURAKI T, ITO K: Deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene predicts persistent proteinuria in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Arch Dis Child 1998; 79: 394-9.
209. DUDLEY J, AFIFI E, GARDNER A, TIZARD EJ, McGRAW ME: Polymorphism of the ACE gene in Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 218-20.
210. AMOROSO A, DANEK G, VATTA S et al.: Polymorphisms in angiotensin-converting enzyme gene and severity of renal disease in Henoch-Schönlein patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 3184-8.
211. LIU ZH, CHENG ZH, YU YS, TANG Z, LI LS: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist allele: Is it a genetic link between Henoch-Schönlein nephritis and IgA nephropathy? Kidney Int 1997; 51: 1938-42.
212. AMOLI MM, THOMSON W, HAJEER AH et al.: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphism is associated with severe renal involvement and renal sequelae in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2002; 29: 1404-7.
213. AMOLI MM, MATTEY DL, CALVIÑO MC et al.: Polymorphism at codon 469 of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 locus is associated with protection against severe gastrointestinal complications in Henoch-Schönlein purpura. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 1014-8.
214. MAZODIER P, ELZOUKI AN, SEGELMARK M, ERIKSSON S: Systemic necrotizing vasculitides in severe alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency. QJM 1996; 89: 599-611.
215. MEIER P, DAYER E, LEMOINE R, BLANC E: Henoch-Schönlein purpura with IgG PR3-ANCA in a PiZZ alpha 1-antitrypsin deficient patient. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 1932-5.
216. LOFTERS WS, PINEO GF, LUKE KH, YAWORSKY RG: Henoch-Schönlein purpura. occurring in three members of a family. Can Med Assoc J 1973; 109: 46-8.
217. DE VEBER LL: Henoch-Schönlein purpura in a family. Can Med Assoc J 1974; 111: 16 (letter).
218. LEVY-KHADEMI F, KORMAN SH, AMITAI Y: Henoch-Schönlein purpura: Simultaneous occurrence in two siblings. Pediatr Dermatol 2000; 17: 139-40.
219. GRECH V, VELLA C: Henoch-Schönlein purpura with nephritis in two siblings following infectious mononucleosis. Ann Trop Paediatr 2002; 22: 297-8.
220. CACOUB P, COSTEDOAT-CHALUMEAU N, LIDOVE O, ALRIC L: Cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2002; 14: 29-35.
221. LAMPRECHT P, GAUSE A, GROSS WL: Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42: 2507-16.
222. FERRI C, GRECO F, LONGOMBARDO G et al.: Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 1991; 34: 1606-10.
223. DAMMACCO F, SANSONNO D: Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87: 352-6.
224. CACOUB P, MUSSET L, LUNEL-FABIANI F et al.: Hepatitis C virus and essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia. Br J Rheumatol 1993; 32: 689-92.
225. LUNEL F, MUSSET L, CACOUB P et al.: Cryoglobulinemia in chronic liver disease: Role of hepatitis C virus and liver damage. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1291-300.
226. OSSI E, BORDIN MC, BUSINARO MA et al.: HLA expression in type II mixed cryoglobulinemia and chronic hepatitis C virus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995; 13 (Suppl.): S91-3.
227. HWANG SJ, CHU CW, HUANG DF, LAN KH, CHANG FY, LEE SD: Genetic predispositions for the presence of cryoglobulinemia and serum autoantibodies in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C. Tissue Antigens 2002; 59: 31-7.
228. LENZI M, FRISONI M, MANTOVANI V et al.: Haplotype HLA-B8-DR3 confers susceptibility to hepatitis C virus-related mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1998; 91: 2062-6.
229. AMOROSO A, BERRINO M, CANALE L et al.: Are HLA class II and immunoglobulin constant region genes involved in the pathogenesis of mixed cryoglobulinemia type II after hepatitis C virus infection ? J Hepatol 1998; 29: 36-44.
230. CACOUB P, RENOU C, KERR G et al.: Influence of HLA-DR phenotype on the risk of hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44: 2118-24.
231. DAMMACCO F, SCARPIONI L, ANTONACI S, BONOMO L: Cryoimmunoglobulinemia in four sisters. Acta Haematol 1978; 59: 215-22.
232. NIGHTINGALE SD, PELLEY RP, DELANEY NL et al.: Inheritance of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Am J Hum Genet 1981; 33: 735-44.
233. BERLINER S, WEINBERGER A, ZAMIR R, HAZAZ B, PINKHAS J: Familial cryoglobulinemia. and C4 deficiency. Scand J Rheumatol 1984; 13: 151-4.
234. STONECJH, NOUSARI HC: "Essential" cutaneous vasculitis: what every rheumatologist should know about vasculitis of the skin. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2001; 13: 23-34.
235. GROGER M, FISCHER GF, WOLFF K, PETZELBAUER P: Immune complexes from vasculitis patients bind to endothelial Fc receptors independent of the allelic polymorphism of FcgammaRIIa. J Invest Dermatol 1999; 113: 56-60.
236. FRASER FC: Trinucleotide repeats not the only cause of anticipation. Lancet 1997; 350: 459-60.
237. RADSTAKE TR, BARRERA P, ALBERS MJ, SWINKELS HL, van de PUTTE LB, van RIEL PL for the European Consortium on Rheumatoid Arthritis Families: Genetic anticipation in rheumatoid arthritis in Europe. J Rheumatol 2001; 28: 962-7.