Prospects for the development of fungal vaccines

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 585-596

  Deepe Jr , George S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FUNGUS ANTIGEN; FUNGUS VACCINE;

IMMUNITY; MYCOSIS; REVIEW; VACCINATION;

ANIMALIA; FUNGI; HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE;

EID: 1842407144     PISSN: 08938512     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/cmr.10.4.585     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Afonso, L. C. C., T. M. Scharton, L. Q. Vitra, M. Wysocka, G. Trinchieri, and P. Scott. 1994. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science 263:235-237.
2. Allendoerfer, R., B. Maresca, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1996. Cellular immune responses to recombinant heat shock protein 70 from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 64:4123-4128.
3. 2-microglobulin in murine resistance to mucosal and systemic candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 64:5092-5097.
4. Barry, M. A., W. C. Lai, and S. A. Johnston. 1995. Protection against mycoplasma infection using expression-library immunization. Nature 377: 632-635.
5. Beaman, L. V., D. Pappagianis, and E. Benjamini. 1979. Mechanisms of resistance to infection with Coccidioides immitis in mice. Infect. Immun. 23:681-685.
6. + lymphocytes in host defense against Pneumocystis carinii in mice. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 128:477-487.
7. + lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 154:5273-5281.
8. Biron, C. A. 1994. Cytokines in the generation of immune responses to, and resolution of, virus infection. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 6:530-538.
9. Brummer, E., P. A. Morozumi, P. T. Vo, and D. A. Stevens. 1982. Protection against pulmonary blastomycosis: adoptive transfer with T lymphocytes, but not serum from resistant mice. Cell. Immunol. 73:349-359.
10. Casadevall, A. 1995. Antibody immunity and invasive fungal infections. Infect. Immun. 63:4211-4218.
11. Casadevall, A., M. DeShaw, M. Fan, F. Dromer, T. R. Kozel, and L.-A. Pirofski. 1994. Molecular and idiotypic analysis of antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan. Infect. Immun. 62:3864-3872.
12. Casadevall, A., J. Mukherjee, S. J. Devi, R. Schneerson, J. B. Robbins, and M. D. Scharff. 1992. Antibodies elicited by a Cryptococcus neoformans-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine have the same specificity as those elicited in infection. J. Infect. Dis. 165:1086-1093.
13. Casadevall, A., and M. D. Scharff. 1994. Serum therapy revisited: animal models of infection and development of passive antibody therapy. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:1695-1702.
14. Cassone, A., C. Palma, J. Y. Djeu, F. Aiuti, and I. Quinti. 1993. Anticandidal activity and interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-6 production by polymorphonuclear leukocytes are preserved in subjects with AIDS. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:1354-1357.
15. Chicz, R. M., R. G. Urban, W. S. Lane, J. C. Gorga, L. J. Stern, D. A. A. Vignali, and J. L. Strominger. 1992. Predominant naturally processed peptides to HLA-DR1 are derived MHC-related molecules and heterogeneous in size. Nature 358:764-768.
16. Cisalpino, C. S., R. Puccia, L. M. Yamauchi, M. I. Cano, J. F. da Silva, and L. R. Travassos. 1996. Cloning, characterization, and epitope expression of the major diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. J. Biol. Chem. 271:4553-4560.
17. Condon, C., S. C. Watkins, C. M. Celluzzi, K. Thompson, and L. D. Falo, Jr. 1996. DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. 2:1122-1127.
18. Cox, R. A., W. Kennell, L. Boncyk, and J. W. Murphy. 1988. Induction and expression of cell-mediated immune responses in inbred mice infected with Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 56:13-17.
19. Cryz, S. J. 1991. Introduction, p. 1-12. In S. J. Cryz (ed.), Immunotherapy and vaccines. Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, Germany.
20. deCock, W. A. W., L. Mendoza, A. A. Padhye, L. Ajello, and L. Kaufman. 1987. Pythium insidiosum sp. nov., the etiologic agent of pythiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 25:344-349.
21. Deepe, G. S., Jr. Unpublished observations.
22. + T cells in host resistance to systemic infection with Histoplasma capsulatum in mice. J. Immunol. 152:3491-3500.
23. Deepe, G. S., Jr., and G. G. DuRose. 1995. Immunobiological activity of recombinant H antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 63: 3151-3157.
24. Deepe, G. S., Jr., R. Gibbons, G. D. Brunner, and F. J. Gomez. 1996. A protective domain of heat-shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum. J. Infect. Dis. 174:828-834.
25. Dempsey, P. W., M. E. D. Allison, S. Akkaraju, C. C. Goodnow, and D. T. Fearon. 1996. C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity. Science 271:348-350.
26. Devi, S. J. N. 1996. Preclinical efficacy of a glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine of Cryptococcus neoformans in a murine model. Vaccine 14:841-842.
27. Devi, S. J. N., R. Schneerson, W. Egan, T. J. Ulrich, D. Bryla, J. B. Robbins, and J. E. Bennett. 1991. Cryptococcus neoformans serotype A glucuronoxylomannan-protein conjugate vaccines: synthesis, characterization, and immunogenicity. Infect. Immun. 59:3700-3707.
28. Dixon, D. M., B. S. Klein, L. Mendoza, L. Travassos, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. Development of vaccines and their use in prevention of fungal infections. J. Med. Vet. Mycol., in press.
29. Djeu, J. Y., D. K. Blanchard, A. L. Richards, and H. Friedman. 1988. Tumor necrosis factor induction by Candida albicans from human natural killer cells and monocytes. J. Immunol. 141:4047-4052.
30. Djeu, J. Y., D. Serbousek, and D. K. Blanchard. 1990. Release of tumor necrosis factor by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Blood 76:1405-1409.
31. Doe, B., M. Selby, S. Barnett, J. Baenziger, and C. M. Walker. 1996. Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:8578-8583.
32. Dugger, K. O., K. M. Villareal, A. Ngyuen, C. R. Zimmerman, J. H. Law, and J. N. Galgiani. 1996. Cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for a protein from Coccidioides immitis with immunogenic potential. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 218:485-489.
33. Fearon, D. T., and R. M. Locksley. 1996. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response. Science 272:50-54.
34. Feltquate, D. M., S. Heaney, R. G. Webster, and H. L. Robinson. 1997. Different T helper cell types and antibody isotypes generated by saline and gene gun DNA immunizations. J. Immunol. 158:2278-2284.
35. Fraser, V. J., M. Jones, J. Dunkel, S. Storfer, G. Medoff, and W. C. Dunagan. 1992. Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin. Infect. Dis. 15:414-421.
36. Galgiani, J. N., T. Peng, M. L. Lewis, G. A. Cloud, D. Pappagianis, and the NIAID Study Group. 1996. Cerebrospinal fluid antibodies detected by ELISA against a 33-kDa antigen from spherules of Coccidioides immitis in patients with coccidioidal meningitis. J. Infect. Dis. 173:499-502.
37. Garcia, J. P., and D. H. Howard. 1971. Characterization of antigens from the yeast phase of Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 4:116-125.
38. + T cells in host defense against Histoplasma capsulatum. Infect. Immun. 56:1685-1691.
39. Gomez, A. M., J. C. Rhodes, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1991. Antigenicity and immunogenicity of an extract from the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 59:330-336.
40. Gomez, F. J., R. Allendoerfer, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1995. Vaccination with recombinant heat shock protein 60 from Histoplasma capsulatum protects mice against pulmonary histoplasmosis. Infect. Immun. 63:2587-2595.
41. Gomez, F. J., A. M. Gomez, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1991. Protective efficacy of a 62-kilodalton antigen, HIS-62, from the cell wall and cell membrane of Histoplasma capsulatum yeast cells. Infect. Immun. 59:4459-4464.
42. Gomez, F. J., A. M. Gomez, and G. S. Deepe, Jr. 1992. An 80-kilodalton antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum that has homology to heat shock protein 70 induces cell-mediated immune responses and protection in mice. Infect. Immun. 60:2565-2571.
43. Gupta, R. K., and G. R. Siber. 1995. Adjuvants for human vaccines -current status, problems and future prospects. Vaccine 13:1263-1276.
44. Han, Y., and J. E. Cutler. 1995. Antibody response that protects against disseminated candidiasis. Infect. Immun. 63:2714-2719.
45. Harrison, T. S., and S. M. Levitz. 1996. Role of IL-12 in peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to fungi in persons with and without HIV infection. J. Immunol. 156:4492-4497.
46. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 173:755-758.
47. Hogan, L. H., S. Josvai, and B. S. Klein. 1995. Genomic cloning, characterization, and functional analysis of the major surface adhesin, WI-1, on Blastomyces dermatitidis yeast. J. Biol. Chem. 270:30725-30732.
48. + T cells. J. Exp. Med. 173:793-800.
49. Jackson, L. A., and J. P. Opdebeeck. 1994. Quil A and ISCOMs as adjuvants for midgut antigens of Boophilus microplus. Appl. Parasitol. 35:87-98.
50. Kaufmann, S. H. E., U. Vath, J. E. R. Thole, J. D. A. van Embden, and F. Emmrich. 1987. Enumeration of T cells reactive with Mycobacterium tuberculosis organisms and specific for the recombinant mycobacterial 64-kDa protein. Eur. J. Immunol. 17:351-357.
51. Kirkland, T. N., and J. Fierer. 1985. Genetic control of resistance to Coccidioides immitis: a single gene that is expressed in spleen cells determines resistance. J. Immunol. 135:548-552.
52. Kirkland, T. N., S. Zhu, D. Kruse, L. Hsu, K. R. Seshan, and G. T. Cole. 1991. Coccidioides immitis fractions which are antigenic for immune T lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 59:3952-3961.
53. Klein, B. S., L. H. Hogan, and J. M. Jones. 1993. Immunologic recognition of a 25-amino acid repeat arrayed in tandem on a major antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis. J. Clin. Invest. 92:330-337.
54. Klein, B. S., and J. M. Jones. 1994. Purification and characterization of the major antigen, WI-1, from Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts and immunological comparison with A antigen. Infect. Immun. 62:3890-3900.
55. Klein, E., and A. Mantovi. 1993. Action of natural killer cells and macrophages in cancer. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 5:714-718.
56. Kong, Y., and H. B. Levine. 1967. Experimentally induced immunity in the mycoses. Bacteriol. Rev. 31:35-53.
57. Kurstak, E. 1994. Introduction, p. 1-9. In E. Kurstak (ed.), Modern vaccinology. Plenum Medical, New York, N.Y.
58. Lecara, G., R. A. Cox, and R. B. Simpson. 1983. Coccidioides immitis vaccine: potential of an alkali-soluble, water-soluble cell wall antigen. Infect. Immun. 39:473-475.
59. Levitz, S. M., M. P. Dupont, and E. H. Smail. 1994. Direct activity of human T lymphocytes and natural killer cells against Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:194-202.
60. Levitz, S. M., H. L. Mathews, and J. W. Murphy. 1995. Direct antimicrobial activity of T cells. Immunol. Today 16:387-391.
61. Levitz, S. M., A. Tabuni, H. Kornfeld, C. C. Reardon, and D. T. Golenbock. 1994. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human leukocytes stimulated by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect. Immun. 62:1975-1981.
62. + cytotoxic T cells. Vaccine 12:73-80.
63. Lloyd, A. R., and J. J. Oppenheim. 1992. Poly's lament: the neglected role of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil in the afferent limb of the immune response. Immunol. Today 13:169-172.
64. Medoff, G., M. Sacco, B. Maresca, D. Schlessinger, A. Painter, G. S. Kobayashi, and L. Carratu. 1986. Irreversible block of the mycelial-to-yeast phase transition of Histoplasma capsulatum. Science 231:476-479.
65. + T-helper-cell responses in mice with low-level Candida albicans infection. Infect. Immun. 64:4907-4917.
66. Menacci, A., A. Torosantucci, R. Spaccpelo, L. Romani, F. Bistoni, and A. Cassone. 1994. A mannoprotein constituent of Candida albicans that elicits different levels of delayed-type hypersensitivity, cytokine production, and anticandidal protection in mice. Infect. Immun. 62:5353-5360.
67. Mendoza, L., J. Villalobos, C. E. Calleja, and A. Solis. 1992. Evaluation of two vaccines for the treatment of pythiosis insidiosi in horses. Mycopathologia 119:89-95.
68. Miller, R. I. 1981. Treatment of equine phycomycosis by immunotherapy and surgery. Aust. Vet. J. 30:377-382.
69. Modlin, R. L., G. P. Segal, F. M. Hofman, M. S. Walley, R. H. Johnson, C. R. Taylor, and T. H. Rea. 1985. In situ localization of T lymphocytes in disseminated coccidioidomycosis. J. Infect. Dis. 151:314-319.
70. + T cells in vivo decreases pulmonary clearance of a moderately virulent strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Lab. Clin. Invest. 121:765-773.
71. Mody, C. H., K. L. Sims, C. J. Wood, R. M. Syme, J. C. Spurrell, and M. M. Sexton. 1996. Proteins in the cell wall and membrane of Cryptococcus neoformans stimulate lymphocytes from both adults and fetal cord blood to proliferate. Infect. Immun. 64:4811-4819.
72. Morein, B., B. Sundquist, S. Hoglund, K. Dalsgaard, and A. Osterhaus. 1984. Iscom, a novel structure for antigenic presentation of membrane proteins from enveloped viruses. Nature 308:457-460.
73. Morrison, L. A., A. E. Lukacher, V. L. Braciale, D. P. Fan, and T. J. Braciale. 1986. Differences in antigen presentation to MHC class I-and class II-restricted influenza virus-specific cytolytic T lymphocyte clones. J. Exp. Med. 163:903-921.
74. Muchmore, H. G., F. G. Felton, S. B. Salvin, and E. R. Rhoades. 1968. Delayed hypersensitivity to cryptococcin in man. Sabouraudia 6:285-288.
75. Mukherjee, J., M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1994. Cryptococcus neoformans infection can elicit protective antibodies in mice. Can. J. Microbiol. 40:888-892.
76. Mukherjee, J., L. S. Zuckier, M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1994. Therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans glucuronoxylomannan alone and in combination with amphotericin B. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 38:580-587.
77. Mukherjee, S., S. Lee, J. Mukherjee, M. D. Scharff, and A. Casadevall. 1994. Monoclonal antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide modify the course of intravenous infection in mice. Infect. Immun. 62:1079-1088.
78. Murphy, J. W., M. R. Hidore, and S. C. Wong. 1993. Direct interactions of human lymphocytes with the yeast-like organism, Cryptococcus neoformans. J. Clin. Invest. 91:1553-1566.
79. Newman, S. L., S. Chatuverdi, and B. S. Klein. 1995. The WI-1 antigen of Blastomyces dermatitidis yeasts mediates binding to human macrophage CD11b/CD18 (CR3) and CD14. J. Immunol. 154:753-761.
80. O'Riordan, D. M., J. E. Standing, and A. H. Limper. 1995. Pneumocystis carinii glycoprotein A binds macrophage mannose receptors. Infect. Immun. 63:779-784.
81. Palma, C., D. Serbousek, A. Torosantucci, A. Cassone, and J. Y. Djeu. 1992. Identification of a mannoprotein fraction from Candida albicans that enhances human polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions and stimulates lactoferrin in PMNL inhibition of candidal growth. J. Infect. Dis. 166:1103-1112.
82. Palmer, C. E., and P. Q. Edwards. 1960. The histoplasmin skin test, p. 189-210. In H. C. Sweany (ed.), Histoplasmosis. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
83. Pappagianis, D., and the Valley Fever Study Group. 1993. Evaluation of the protective efficacy of the killed Coccidioides immitis spherule vaccine in humans. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 148:656-660.
84. Pishko, E. J., T. N. Kirkland, and G. T. Cole. 1995. Isolation and characterization of two chitinase-encoding genes (cts1, cts2) from the fungus Coccidioides immitis. Gene 167:173-177.
85. Reiner, S. L., and R. M. Locksley. 1995. The regulation of immunity to Leishmania major. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 13:151-178.
86. Retini, C., A. Vecchiarelli, C. Monari, C. Tascini, F. Bistoni, and T. R. Kozel. 1996. Capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans induces proinflammatory cytokine release by human neutrophils. Infect. Immun. 64:2897-2903.
87. Salgame, P., J. S. Abrams, C. Clayberger, H. Goldstein, J. Convit, R. L. Modlin, and B. R. Bloom. 1991. Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T cell clones. Science 254:279-282.
88. Schimpff, S. C., and J. E. Bennett. 1975. Abnormalities in cell-mediated immunity in patients with Cryptococcus neoformans infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 55:430-431.
89. + T cells. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12:635-674.
90. Segal, E. 1987. Vaccines against fungal infections. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 14:229-273.
91. Smulian, A. G., and S. A. Theus. 1996. Active immunization with recombinant 55 kDa antigen (rp55) and rp55 fragments provides partial protection against subsequent Pneumocystis carinii (Pc) infection, abstr. 130. In Abstracts of the Joint Meeting of The American Society of Parasitologists and The Society of Protozoologists 1996. The American Society of Parasitologists and The Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kans.
92. Stanberry, L. R. 1995. Herpes simplex virus vaccines as immunotherapeutic agents. Trends in Microbiol. 3:244-247.
93. Sundstrom, P., J. Jensen, and E. Balish. 1994. Humoral and cellular immune responses to enolase after alimentary tract colonization of intravenous immunization with Candida albicans. J. Infect. Dis. 170:390-395.
94. Tao, M.-H., and R. Levy. 1993. Idiotype/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fusion protein as a vaccine for B-cell lymphoma. Nature 362:755-758.
95. Tascon, R. E., M. J. Colston, S. Ragno, E. Stavropoulos, D. Gregory, and D. Lowrie. 1996. Vaccination against tuberculosis by DNA injection. Nat. Med. 2:888-898.
96. Tewari, R. P., D. K. Sharma, and A. Mathur. 1978. Significance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in immunity elicited by immunization with ribosomes of live yeast cells. J. Infect. Dis. 138:605-613.
97. Theus, S. A., P. Steele, R. P. Andrews, and P. D. Walzer. 1996. A protective response is elicited following immunization with major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii, abstr. 129. In Abstracts of the Joint Meeting of The American Society of Parasitologists and The Society of Protozoologists 1996. American Society of Parasitologists and The Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence, Kans.
98. Theus, S. A., R. P. Andrews, P. Steele, and P. D. Walzer. 1995. Adoptive transfer of lymphocyte sensitized to the major surface glycoprotein of Pneumocystis carinii confers protection in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. 95:2587-2593.
99. Thomas, P. W., C. Y. Hung, T. N. Kirkland, and G. T. Cole. 1997. Characterization of a T cell reactive fraction of the parasitic phase of Coccidioides immitis, abstr. F-68. In Abstracts of the 97th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1997. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
100. Thomas, P. W., T. N. Kirkland, K. R. Seshan, and Y. L. Zhang. 1996. A T-cell reactive 48-kDa recombinant protein of Coccidioides immitis, abstr. F-32. In Abstracts of the 96th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology 1996. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.
101. Travassos, L. R., R. Puccia, P. Cisalpino, G. Taborda, E. G. Rodrigues, M. Rodrigues, J. F. Silveira, and I. C. Almeida. 1995. Biochemistry and molecular biology of the main diagnostic antigen of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Arch. Med. Res. 26:297-304.
102. Ullmer, J. B., J. J. Donnelly, S. E. Parker, G. H. Rhodes, P. L. Felgner, V. J. Dwarki, S. H. Gromkowski, R. R. Deck, C. M. DeWitt, A. Friedman, L. A. Hawe, K. R. Leander, D. Martinez, H. C. Perry, J. W. Shiver, D. L. Montgomery, and M. A. Liu. 1993. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 259:1745-1749.
103. b molecule. Nature 351:290-296.
104. Vincentini, A. P., J. L. Gesztesi, M. F. Franco, W. de Souza, J. Z. de Moraes, L. R. Travassos, and J. D. Lopes. 1994. Binding of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis to laminin through surface glycoprotein gp43 leads to enhancement of fungal pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 62:1465-1469.
105. Vitiello, A., G. Ishioka, H. M. Grey, R. Rose, P. Farness, R. LaFond, L. Yuan, F. V. Chisari, J. Furze, R. Bartholomeuz, et al. 1995. Development of a lipopeptide-based therapeutic vaccine to treat chronic HBV infection. I. Induction of a primary cytotoxic T lymphocyte response in humans. J. Clin. Invest. 95:341-349.
106. Williamson, P. R., J. E. Bennett, M. A. Polis, J. B. Robbins, and R. Schneerson. 1993. Immunogenicity and safety of a conjugate glucuronoxylomannan-tetanus conjugate vaccine in volunteers. Clin. Infect. Dis. 17:540. (Abstract.)
107. Wyckoff, E. E., E. J. Pishko, T. N. Kirkland, and G. T. Cole. 1995. Cloning and expression of a gene encoding a T-cell reactive protein from Coccidioides immitis: homology to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase and the mammalian F antigen. Gene 161:107-111.
108. Yang, C., Y. Zhu, D. M. Magee, and R. A. Cox. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of the Coccidioides immitis complement fixation/chitinase antigen. Infect. Immun. 64:1992-1997.
109. Yewdell, J. W., and J. R. Bennink. 1992. Cell biology of antigen processing and presentation to major histocompatibility complex class I molecule-restricted T lymphocytes. Adv. Immunol. 52:1-123.
110. Zhang, H., Z. Zhong, and L.-A. Pirofski. 1997. Peptide epitopes recognized by a human anti-cryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan antibody. Infect. Immun. 65:1158-1164.
111. Zheng, B., S. A. Brett, J. P. Tite, M. R. Lifely, T. A. Brodie, and J. Rhodes. 1992. Galactose oxidation in the design of immunogenic vaccines. Science 256:1560-1563.
112. Zhong, Z., and L.-A. Pirofski. 1996. Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human anticryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan antibodies. Infect. Immun. 64:3446-3450.
113. Zhu, Y., C. Yang, D. M. Magee, and R. A. Cox. 1996. Molecular cloning and characterization of Coccidioides immitis antigen 2 cDNA. Infect. Immun. 64:2695-2699.
114. Zimmerman, C. R., S. M. Johnson, G. W. Martens, A. G. White, and D. Pappagianis. 1996. Cloning and expression of the complement fixation antigen-chitinase of Coccidioides immitis. Infect. Immun. 64:4967-4975.