Hydrogen retention in and release from carbon materials

Springer Series in Chemical Physics

Volumn 78, Issue , 2005, Pages 225-248

  Haasz, A A ^a   Davis, J W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 18244404030     PISSN: 01726218     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27362-x_10     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. G. Federici, R.A. Anderl, P. Andrew et al., In-vessel tritium retention and removal in ITER, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 14
2. G. Federici, R.A. Anderl, J.N. Brooks et al., Tritium inventory in the ITER PFCs: predictions, uncertainties, R&D status and priority needs, Fusion Eng. Design 39-40 (1998) 445-464
3. J.N. Brooks, G. Federici, D. Ruzic et al., Erosion/redeposition analysis: status of modeling and code validation for semi-detached tokamak edge plasmas, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 58
4. C.H. Skinner, W. Blanchard, J.N. Brooks et al., Tritium experience in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, Proc. 20th Symp. on Fusion Technology, Marseille, Sept. 1-11, 1998, Vol. 1, p. 153
5. D. Mueller et al., Tritium removal from TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 241-243 (1997) 897-901
6. P. Andrew, J.P. Coad, J. Ehrenberg et al., Experiments on the release of tritium from the first wall of JET, Nucl. Fusion 33 (1993) 1389-1404
7. P. Andrew, D. Brennan, J.P. Coad et al., Tritium retention and cleanup in JET, Fusion Eng. Design 47 (1999) 233
8. R. Seigele, J. Roth, B.M.U. Scherzer, S.J. Pennycook, Damage and deuterium trapping in highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 73 (1993) 2225
9. A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Fluence dependence of deuterium trapping in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 209 (1994) 155
10. W.R. Wampler, C.W. Magee, Depth resolved measurements of hydrogen isotope exchange in carbon, J. Nucl. Mater. 103-104 (1981) 509
11. J. Roth, unpublished data. In: W. Moller, B.M.U. Scherzer, Modeling of hydrogen implantation in graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 64 (1988) 4860
12. W. Moller, P. Borgensen, B.M.U. Scherzer, Thermal and ion-induced release of hydrogen atoms implanted into graphite, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B 19/20 (1987) 826
13. M. Braun, B. Emmoth, Deuterium implantation in carbon at elevated temperatures, J. Nucl. Mater. 128-129 (1984) 657
14. B.L. Doyle, W.R. Wampler, D.K. Brice, Temperature dependence of H saturation and isotope exchange, J. Nucl. Mater. 103-104 (1981) 513
15. J.W. Davis, unpublished data, University of Toronto 1991
16. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Thermal desorption of graphite during deuterium ion bombardment, J. Nucl. Mater. 217 (1994) 206
17. A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, Deuterium retention in doped graphites, J. Nucl. Mater. 232 (1996) 219
18. G. Staudenmaier, J. Roth, R. Behrisch, J. Bohdansky, W. Eckstein, P. Staib, S.K. Erents, Trapping of deuterium implanted in carbon and silicon: a calibration for particle-energy measurements in the plasma boundary of tokamaks, J. Nucl. Mater. 84 (1979) 149
19. R.A. Causey, M.I. Baskes, K.L. Wilson, The retention of deuterium and tritium in POCO AXF-5Q graphite, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 4 (1986) 1189
20. V.N. Chernikov, A.E. Gorodetsky, S.L. Kanashenko, A.P, Zakharov, W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, Trapping of deuterium in boron and titanium modified graphites before and after carbon ion irradiation, J. Nucl. Mater. 217 (1994) 250
21. P.C. Stangeby, O. Auciello, A.A. Haasz, B.L. Doyle, Trapping of sub-eV hydrogen and deuterium atoms in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 122-123 (1984) 1592
22. B. Emmoth, M. Rubel, E. Franconi, Deep penetration of deuterium in carbon based substrates exposed to the PISCES-A plasma, Nucl. Fusion 30 (1990) 1140
23. R.D. Penzhorn, N. Bekris, U. Berndt, J.P. Coad, H. Ziegler, W. Nagele, Tritium depth profiles in graphite and carbon fibre composite materials exposed to tokamak plasmas, J. Nucl. Mater. 288 (2001) 170
24. + trapping in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 176-177 (1990) 992
25. M. Mayer, M. Balden, R. Behrisch, Deuterium retention in carbides and doped graphites, J. Nucl. Mater. 252 (1998) 55
26. B.E. Mills, D.A. Buchenauer, A.E. Pontau, M. Ulrickson, Characterization of deposition and erosion of the TFTR bumper limiter and wall, J. Nucl. Mater. 162-164 (1989) 343
27. W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, S.R. Lee et al., Deposition of carbon, deuterium and metals on the wall and limiters of the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 6 (1988) 2111-2115
28. C.H. Skinner et al., Plasma-wall interactions and tritium retention in TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 241-243 (1997) 214
29. G. Federici, C.H. Skinner, J.N. Brooks, J.P. Coad, C. Grisolia, A.A. Haasz, A. Hassanein, V. Philipps, C.S. Pitcher, J. Roth, W.R. Wampler, D.G. Whyte, Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next-step fusion reactors, Nucl. Fusion 41 (2001) 1967
30. R.A. Causey, K.L. Wilson, W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, The effects of neutron irradiation on the trapping of tritium in graphite, Fusion Technology 19 (1991) 1585
31. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Trapping and detrapping of hydrogen in carbon-based materials exposed to hydrogen gas, J. Nucl. Mater. 212-215 (1994) 1478
32. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Hydrogen behaviour in carbon-based materials and its neutron irradiation effect, J. Nucl. Mater. 233-237 (1996) 1128
33. W.R. Wampler, B.L. Doyle, R.A. Causey, K.L. Wilson, Trapping of deuterium at damage in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 176-177 (1990) 983
34. H. Atsumi, M. Iseki, T. Shikama, Hydrogen solubility and diffusivity in neutron-irradiated graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 191-194 (1992) 368
35. + flux density, J. Appl. Phys. 76 (1994) 4511
36. A.A. Haasz, P. Franzen, J.W. Davis, S. Chiu, C.S. Pitcher, Two-region model for hydrogen trapping in and release from graphite, J. Appl. Phys. 77 (1995) 66
37. P. Franzen, E. Vietzke, A.A. Haasz, J.W. Davis, V. Philipps, Atomic reemission of hydrogen from pure and boronized graphites at temperatures above 1000 K. J. Nucl. Mater. 196-198 (1992) 967
38. P. Franzen, E. Vietzke, Atomic release of hydrogen from pure and boronized graphites, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 12 (1994) 820
39. 4 from graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 220-222 (1995) 832
40. + irradiation, J. Nucl. Mater. 223 (1995) 312
41. V. Philipps, E. Vietzke, M. Erdweg, K. Flaskamp, Thermal desorption of hydrogen and various hydrocarbons from graphite bombarded with thermal and energetic hydrogen, J. Nucl. Mater. 145-147 (1987) 292
42. Y. Gotoh, T. Yamaki, K. Tokiguchi, H. Shimizu, Thermal desorption spectroscopy of pyrolytic graphite cleavage faces after keV deuterium irradiation at 330-1000 K. J. Nucl. Mater. 191-194 (1992) 360
43. G. Hansali, J.B. Biberian, M. Bienfait, Ion beam implantation and thermal desorption of deuterium ion in graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 171 (1990) 395
44. K. Ashida, K. Ichimura, M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe, Thermal desorption of hydrogen, deuterium and tritium from pyrolytic graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 128-129 (1984) 792
45. H. Atsumi, S. Yamanaka, P. Son, M. MiyakE, Thermal desorption of deuterium and helium from ion irradiated graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 133-134 (1985) 268
46. K. Nakayama, S. Fukuda, T. Hino, T. Yamashina, Thermal desorption process and surface roughness of POCO graphite irradiated by hydrogen ion beam, J. Nucl. Mater. 145-147 (1987) 301
47. J.A. Sawicki, J. Roth, L.M. Howe, Thermal release of tritium implanted in graphite studied by T(d,α)n nuclear reaction depth profiling analysis, J. Nucl. Mater. 162-164 (1989) 1019
48. + from graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 210 (1994) 34
49. K. Ashida, K. Ichimura, M. Matsuyama, K. Watanabe, Thermal desorption of deuterium from graphite doped with iron, J. Nucl. Mater. 148 (1987) 217
50. D.G. Whyte, J.P. Coad, P. Franzen et al., Similarities in divertor erosion/redeposition and deuterium retention patterns between the tokamaks AS-DEX Upgrade, DIII-D and JET, Nucl. Fusion 39 (1999) 1025
51. C.H. Skinner, W. Blanchard, J. Kamperschroer et al., Measurements of tritium retention and removal on the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14 (1996) 3267-3274
52. D. Mueller, W. Blanchard, B.L. Doyle et al., Tritium retention and removal on TFTR, Proc. 17th IEEE/NPSS Symp. on Fusion Engineering, San Diego, CA, October 6-10, 1997
53. C.H. Skinner, J.T. Hogan, J.N. Brooks et al., Modeling of tritium retention in TFTR, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 940
54. W.L. Hsu, Glow-discharge removal of codeposited carbon films in graphite-lined tokamak reactors, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A7 (1989) 1047
55. M. Keilhacker, D-T experiments in the JET tokamak, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 1
56. P. Andrew, D. Brennau, J.P. Coad et al., Tritium recycling and retention in JET, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 153
57. R. Nygren, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, personal communication
58. 2 gas exposure, J. Nucl. Mater. 256 (1998) 65-68
59. C.H. Skinner, C.A. Gentile, A. Carpe et al., Tritium removal from codeposits on carbon tiles by a scanning laser, J. Nucl. Mater. 301 (2002) 98
60. A.A. Haasz, S. Chiu, J.E. Pierre, Y.I. Gudimenko, Thermo-oxidative erosion of amorphous hydrogenated carbon films, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 14 (1996) 184-191
61. J.W. Davis, A.A. Haasz, Oxygen removal of codeposited a-C:D layers from tokamak tiles, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 478
62. W. Wang, W. Jacob, J. Roth, Oxidation and hydrogen isotope exchange in amorphous deuterated carbon films, J. Nucl. Mater. 245 (1997) 66
63. S. Chiu, A.A. Haasz, Chemical release of implanted deuterium in graphite, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 9 (1991) 747
64. S. Alberici, H.K. Hinssen, R. Moormann, C.H. Wu, Deuterium release rates in a-C:D layers during oxygen attack, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 754
65. R.A. Causey, W.R. Wampler, D. Walsh, Comparison of the thermal stability of the codeposited carbon/hydrogen layer to that of the saturated implant layer, J. Nucl. Mater. 176-177 (1990) 987
66. R. Moormann, H.K. Hinssen, C.H. Wu, Oxidation of carbon based first wall materials of ITER, Proc. 18th IAEA Fusion Energy Conference, Sorrento, Italy, October 4-10, 2000, paper FTP1/29
67. C.J. Orchard, A.T. Peacock, G. Saibene, JET experience in recovery from large air leak incidents, J. Nucl. Mater. 200 (1993) 395
68. V. Philipps, H.G. Esser, J. von Seggern et al., Removal of redeposited layers and hydrogen release by oxygen ventilation of TEXTOR, J. Nucl. Mater. 266-269 (1999) 386
69. + impact on graphite, J. Nucl. Mater. 255 (1998) 153