Oil and water? Elite politicians and corruption in France

Comparative Politics

Volumn 37, Issue 3, 2005, Pages

  Heilbrunn, John R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 18244377396     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20072890     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. I would like to thank Antoine Glaser for this point.
2. Airy Routier, "Elf-Thomson: L'effet boomerang," Le Nouvel Observateur, Sept. 12, 2002.
3. Robert Graham, "French Trial Paints a Picture of Graft on a Grandiose Scale," Financial Times, Apr. 22, 2003.
4. Notable scandals include the collapse of Crédit Lyonnais, the Elf Scandal, the Mitterrand-Falcone Affair, and procurement fraud in the Parisian city government. Books on the Elf scandals include Gilles Gaetner and Jean-Marie Pontaut, L'Homme qui en sait trop: Alfred Sirven et les milliards de l'affaire Elf (Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle, 2000);
5. Hervé Gattegno, L'Affaire Dumas (Paris: Stock, 1998);
6. Karl Laske, Ils se croyaient intouchables (Paris: Albin Michel, 2000);
7. and Valérie Lecasble and Airy Routier, Forages en eau profonde: Les secrets de 'l'affaire Elf (Paris: Grasset & Fasquelle, 1998).
8. Studies of corruption in France and its distinctive links to Africa include Jean-François Médard, "Oil and War: Elf and 'Francafrique' in the Gulf of Guinea," paper prepared for presentation at the Tenth International Anti-Corruption Conference, Prague, October 2001;
9. Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs afrique: Le Paris-village du continent noir (Paris: Calman-Levy, 1992);
10. Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs afrique 2: Des réseaux aux lobbies (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1997);
11. François-Xavier Verschave, La francafrique: Le plus long scandale de la République (Paris: Stock, 1998);
12. François-Xavier Verschave, Noire silence: Qui arrêtera la Françafrique? (Paris: Les Arènes, 2000);
13. François-Xavier Verschave and Laurent Beccaria, Noir process: Offense à chefs d'États (Paris: Les Arènes, 2001).
14. Ezra W. Zuckerman, "On Networks and Markets by Rauch and Casella, eds.," The Journal of Economic Literature, 61 (June 2003), 546.
15. Mark Granovetter, "Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of 'Embeddedness,'" American Journal of Sociology, 91 (1985), 481-510.
16. See Robert Klitgaard, Controlling Corruption (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982);
17. Paolo Mauro, "Corruption and Growth," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 441 (1995), 681-712;
18. Susan Rose-Ackerman, Corruption and Government: Causes, Consequences, and Reform (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999);
19. and Andrei Schleifer and Robert Vishny, "Corruption," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 58 (1993), 599-617.
20. Granovetter, "Economic Action and Social Structure";
21. David Knoke, Political Networks: The Structural Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
22. David Knoke, Werner Raub, and Jeroen Wessie, "Reputation and Efficiency in Social Interactions: An Example of Network Effects," American Journal of Sociology, 96 (1990), 626-54;
23. Brian Uzzi, "Social Structures and Competition in Interfirm Networks: The Paradox of Embeddedness," Administrative Science Quarterly, 42 (1997), 35-67;
24. Stanley Wasserman and Katherine Faust, Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
25. Charles Kadushin, "Friendship among the French Financial Elite," American Sociological Review, 60 (April 1995), 202-21;
26. Ezra Suleiman, Elites in French Society: The Politics of Survival (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978).
27. For excellent histories of these efforts, see Eric D. K. Melhy, Oil and the International System: The Case of France, 1918-1969 (New York: Arno Press, 1981);
28. Gregory P. Nowell, Mercantile States and the World Oil Cartel, 1900-1939 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).
29. Dennis F. Thompson, "Mediated Corruption: The Case of the Keating Five," American Political Science Review, 87 (June 1993), 369-81.
30. The house was bought for 20 million francs, and Raillard was permitted to continue to inhabit it. Pascale Robert-Diard, "François Mitterrand a fait racheter par Elf la villa du Dr. Raillard pour faire son golf tous les lundis," Le Monde, May 30, 2003.
31. I would like to thank an autonomous reviewer for this point.
32. Torsten Persson, Guido Tabellini, and Francesco Trebbi, "Electoral Rules and Corruption," CEPR Working Paper (London: CEPR, 2000).
33. Roger B. Myerson, "Theoretical Comparisons of Electoral Systems," European Economic Review, 43 (1999), 671-97;
34. Torsten Persson, Gérard Roland, and Guido Tabellini, "Separation of Powers and Political Accountability," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112 (November 1997), 1163-1202.
35. George Tsebelis, "Nested Games: The Cohesion of French Electoral Coalitions," British Journal of Political Science, 18 (1988), 145-70.
36. Vito Tanzi, "Corruption around the World: Causes, Consequences, Scope, and Cures" (Washington, D.C.: IMF Working Paper WP/98/63, 1998), p. 10.
37. Dennis J. Galligan, "Making Government and Administration Accountable," paper prepared for the conference Comprehensive Legal and Judicial Development: Towards an Agenda for a Just and Equitable Society in the Twenty-first Century, Washington, D.C., 2000, p. 1.
38. Andreas Schedler, "Conceptualizing Accountability," in Andreas Schedler, Larry Diamond, and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Self-Restraining State: Power and Accountability in New Democracies (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999), p. 26.
39. Vito Tanzi and Ludger Schuknecht, Public Spending in the 20th Century (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 169.
40. Michael Laver and Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Government Accountability in Parliamentary Democracy," in Adam Przeworski, Susan C. Stokes, and Bernard Manin, eds., Democracy, Accountability, and Representation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 279.
41. Gary Becker, "Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach," Journal of Political Economy, 76 (April 1968), 208.
42. See David Baron "Majoritarian Incentives, Pork Barrel Programs, and Procedural Control," American Journal of Political Science, 31 (February 1991), 57-90;
43. Kenneth A. Shepsle and Barry R. Weingast, "Political Preferences for the Pork Barrel: A Generalization," American Journal of Political Science, 25 (February 1981), 96-111;
44. Barry R. Weingast, Kenneth A. Shepsle, and Christopher Johnson, "The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics," Journal of Political Economy, 85 (August 1981), 642-64.
45. Gary W. Cox and Mathew D. McCubbins, "The Institutional Determinants of Economic Policy Outcomes," in Stephan Haggard and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds., Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 47-48.
46. Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti and Roberta Perotti, with Massimo Rostagno, "Electoral Systems and Public Spending" (Washington, D.C.: IMF Working Paper WP/01/22, 2001), p. 3.
47. Shepsle and Weingast, p. 643.
48. Gary Becker, "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 98 (August 1983), 371-400.
49. I would like to thank an anonymous referee for this point.
50. Pascale Robert-Diard, "Roland Dumas a été relaxé par la cour d'appel de Paris," Le Monde, Jan. 31, 2003.
51. Chester Barnard, The Functions of the Executive (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1938/reprint 1968), pp. 114-23.
52. Oliver E. Williamson, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: The Free Press, 1975), p. 101.
53. Hans Th. A. Bressers and Laurence J. O'Toole, "The Selection of Policy Instruments: A Network-Based Perspective," Journal of Public Policy, 18 (1998), 219;
54. Chris Ansell, "The Networked Polity: Regional Development in Western Europe," Governance, 13 (July 2000), 308.
55. Yves Mény, "Formation et transformation des 'Policy Communities': L'exemple français," in Yves Mény, éd., Idéologies, partis politiques et groupes sociaux (Paris: Presses de la Fondation des Sciences Politiques, 1991), p. 390.
56. Vivien Schmidt, From State to Market: The Transformation of French Business and Government (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), p. 288.
57. "Le patrimoine méconnu des Francs-maçons," Notre Histoire (June 2003), 58.
58. Pierre Chevallier, Historie de la Franc-Maçonnerie fraņaise, Tome 1: La Maçonnerie: École de l'Égalité (1725-1799) (Paris: Fayard, 1974).
59. Jean Touchard, La gauche en France depuis 1900 (Paris: Seuil, 1977), pp. 75-76.
60. Pierre Chevallier, Historie de la Franc-Maçonnerie française, Tome 3: La Maçonnerie: Église de la République (1877-1944) (Paris: Fayard, 1975), p. 138.
61. Georges Odo, La Franc-Maçonnerie en Afrique (Paris: Éditions Maçonniques de France, 2000), pp. 26-29.
62. Sébastien Fontenelle, Des frères et des affaires: Enquête au Coeur de la Grande Loge nationale française (Paris: Denoël, 2002), p. 10.
63. Patrice Burnat and Christian de Villeneuve, Les Franc-Maçons des années Mitterrand (Paris: Grasset, 1994), pp. 197-210. See the list of ministers at http://quidfrance.com/web/frmacon/Q16070.htm.
64. Verschave, Noire silence, pp. 441-44.
65. Sophie Coignard, "Opération 'tabliers propres,'" Le Point, Jan. 12, 2001, p. 60.
66. François Ngolet, "Ideological Manipulations and Political Longevity: The Power of Omar Bongo in Gabon since 1967," African Studies Review, 43 (September 2000), 55-71.
67. See Philippe Gaillard, Foccart Parle: Entretiens avec Phillipe Gaillard, vols. 1, 2 (Paris: Fayard, 1995).
68. Loik Le Floch Prigent, Affaire Elf: Affaire d'État (Paris: Le Cherche Midi Éditeur, 2001), pp. 92, 277-84, for interviews with Erie Decouty.
69. John Clark, "The Neo-Colonial Context of the Democratic Experiment of Congo-Brazzaville," African Affairs, 101 (April 2002), 183.
70. See as well Marc-Eric Gruénais, "Congo: La fin d'une pseudodémocratie," Politique Africaine, 88 (December 1997), 125-33.
71. Stephan Smith and Antoine Glaser, "Elf, banquier du pétrole et de la guerre en Afrique," Libération, Feb. 4, 1998.
72. RFI, "Decryptage de la stratégie africaine d'Elf: Le role de la Fiba (extrait de l'ordonnance de renvoi)," Jan. 29, 2003, http://rfi.fr/actuchaude/repere.asp.
73. H. G., "L'enquête du juge Perraudin dévoile les secret africains d'Elf," Le Monde, Oct. 24-25, 1999.
74. Le Floch Prigent, pp. 173-75.
75. James E. Rauch, "Business and Social Networks in International Trade," Journal of Economic Literature, 34 (December 2001), 1177-1203.
76. Melby, p. 10.
77. Gilbert Rutman and Pierre Castillon, Elf Aquitaine: Des origines à 1989 (Paris: Fayard, 1998).
78. Melby, p. 101.
79. Geneviève Gomez is the sister of Alain Gomez, who was CEO of Thomson Industries during the Dumas Affair.
80. Airy Routier, "Les comptes extraordinaires de la maison Elf," Le Nouvel Observateur, Mar. 12, 1998.
81. Jacques Follerou, "M. Le Floch-Prigent affirme qu'en 1992 et 1993 il avisait François Mitterrand des commissions d'Elf," Le Monde, Mar. 11, 1998.
82. Karl Laske, "L'ex-'monsieur Afrique' d'Elf entendu," Libération, Apr. 5, 2000.
83. Pascale Robert-Diard, "La vente par Elf de terrains à Issy-les-Moulineaux ou comment l'immobilier aussi génère des commissions," Le Monde, May 20, 2003.
84. Stéphane Durand-Souffland, "Elf: Comment le gros pétrolier a secouru un 'petit' du textile," Le Figaro, Apr. 2, 2003.
85. Jerry Knight, "Fairchild Shareholders Have No Love for Steiner's French Affair," Washington Post, Nov. 26, 2001.
86. Airy Routier, "Le jour où Elf a pris feu," Le Nouvel observateur, Apr. 10-16, 1997.
87. Smith and Glaser, Ces messieurs afrique 2, p. 101.
88. Renaud Lecadre, "256 million Égarés par Elf en Allemagne," LibÉration, Jan. 24, 2000.
89. François Musseau, "Espagne: Un ministre rattrapé par Elf," Libération, June 22, 2001.
90. Hervé Gattegno, "Un ex-ministre allemand au bout de la piste des commissions d'Elf," Le Monde, Sept. 20, 2000.
91. Gaetner and Pontaut, pp. 19-31, note Alfred Sirven's dubious qualifications and suggest that connections through the Free Masons enabled him to climb professionally. Lecasble and Routier, p. 145, report that Dumas interceded so that Sirven would be named director of a secret fund in Elf established for foreign policy purposes.
92. Hervé Gattegno, "Les notes internes de Thomson dévoilent les secrets de l'affaire des frégates," Le Monde, July 20, 2000.
93. Hervé Gattegno, "Une filiale suisse soupçonnée d'avoir 'aidé' des personalités politiques," Le Monde, Feb. 24, 2000.
94. Laske, p. 17.
95. I b i d.
96. Hervé Gattegno, "Le nom d'Edith Cresson est cité dans l'affaire Elf," Le Monde, Jan. 24, 2000;
97. Hervé Gattegno, "Alfred Sirven met en cause deux anciens ministres allemands et Edith Cresson," Le Monde, Apr. 28, 2003.
98. Hervé Gattegno, "A Genève, un juge et deux dossiers," Le Monde, May 19, 1999.
99. Gattegno, L'Affaire Dumas, p. 94.
100. Karl Laske, "Nouveau éclairage sur une négotiation secrète," Libération, Mar. 6, 1998.
101. Laske, Ils se croyaient intouchables, pp. 93-101.
102. Airy Routier, "Le jour où Elf a pris feu," Le Nouvel observateur, Apr. 10-16, 1997.
103. Miriam Golden, "Political Patronage, Bureaucracy, and Corruption in Postwar Italy," paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, D.C., August 31-September 3, 2000.
104. Miriam Golden and Eric C. C. Chang, "Competitive Corruption: Factional Conflict and Political Malfeasance in Postwar Italian Christian Democracy," World Politics, 53 (July 2001), 591.
105. Ibid., p. 593;
106. Donatella della Porta and Alberto Vannucci, Corrupt Exchanges: Actors, Resources, and Mechanisms of Political Corruption (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1999);
107. Stanton H. Burnett and Luca Mantovani, The Italian Guillotine: Operation Clean Hands and the Overthrow of Italy's Second Republic (Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 1988).
108. Della Porta and Vannucci, p. 166.
109. Diego Gambetta, The Sicilian Mafia (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
110. Paul Jankowski, "Méry de Paris," French Politics, Culture and Society, 19 (Spring 2001), 67.
111. James Q. Wilson, "The Economy of Patronage," Journal of Political Economy, 69 (August 1961), 370.
112. Jean Cartier-Bresson, "Corruption Networks, Transaction Security and Illegal Social Exchange," Political Studies, 45 (Special Issue, 1997), 464.