National Wildlife Refuge System: Ecological context and integrity

Natural Resources Journal

Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 1041-1066

  Scott, J Michael ^a   Loveland, Thomas ^b   Gergely, Kevin ^a   Strittholt, James ^c   Staus, Nancy ^c  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b EARTH RESOURCES OBSERVATION AND SCIENCE EROS CENTER   (United States)

^c Gap Analysis Program ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTECTED AREA; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 18144417495     PISSN: 00280739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. Michael. J. Bean & Melanie J. Rowland, The Evolution of National Wildlife Law 287-89 (3d ed. 1997).
2. U.S.C. §§ 668dd-668ee (2000).
3. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., Fulfilling the Promise: The National Wildlife Refuge System, Visions for Wildlife Habitat, People, and Leadership vii (1999), available at http://training.fws.gov/ library/Pubs/Fulfillprom.pdf (last visited Dec. 21, 2004).
4. Kevin Gergely et al., A New Direction for the U.S. National Wildlife Refuges: The National Wildlife Refuge System Improvement Act of 1997, 20 Nat. Areas J. 107, 107-12 (2000).
5. U.S.C. § 668dd(a)(4)(B) (2000).
6. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Manual, 601 FW 3, available at http://policy.fws.gov/series.html (last visited Dec. 21, 2004).
7. Id. 601 FW 3.11.
8. Id. 601 FW 3.10(B)(2).
9. Id. 601 FW 3.20.
10. Robert L. Fischman, The National Wildlife Refuges: Coordinating a Conservation System Through Law 131 (2003).
11. Sandra A. Bryce et al., Ecoregions: A Geographic Framework to Guide Risk Characterization and Ecosystem Management, 1 Envtl. Practice 141, 146-51 (1999).
12. James M. Omernik, Ecoregions of the Conterminous United States, 77 Annals Ass'n of Am. Geographers 118, U9-U24 (1987).
13. Dominick A. DellaSala et al., An Updated Protected Areas Database for the United States and Canada, 21 Nat. Areas J. 124, 129, 131 (2001). We used an updated and modified version of the database referenced here.
14. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Serv., supra note 6, 601 FW 3.20.
15. Id. 601 FW 3.17.
16. Id. (emphasis added).
17. J. Michael Scott et al., Nature Reserves: Do They Capture the Full Range of America's Biological Diversity?, 11 Ecological Applications 999, 999-1007 (2001).
18. Id. at 1001.
19. See generally A.A. Klingebiel & P.H. Montgomery, Land-Capability Classification (1961).
20. Bradley C. Reed et al., Measuring Phenological Variability from Satellite Imagery, 5 J. Vegetation Sci. 703, 704-05 (1994).
21. See Jingyun Fang et al., Interannual Variability in Net Primary Production and Precipitation, 293 Science 1723 (2001), full text of these technical comments available at http://www.sciencemag.org/ cgi/content/full/293/5536/1723a (last visited Dec. 12, 2004).
22. This was calculated from an NDVI time series derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. Maximum greenness uses a zero to one scale to express correspondence to peak vegetation biomass.
23. See James E. Vogelmann et al., Completion of the 1990's National Land Cover Data Set for the Conterminous United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper Data and Ancillary Data Sources, 67 Photogrammetric Eng'g & Remote Sensing 650, 650-62 (2001).
24. See Jerry A. Griffith et al., Landscape Trends in Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States Ecoregions, 32 Envtl. Mgmt. 572, 581-83 (2003).
25. Kenneth F. Higgins et al., A Case Study of Changing Land Use Practices in the Northern Great Plains, U.S.A.: An Uncertain Future for Waterbird Conservation, 25 Special Publ'n (2) Waterbirds 42 (2002).
26. See Osvaldo E. Sala et al., Global Biodiversity Scenarios for the Year 2100, 287 Science 1770, 1771 (2000).
27. Scott et al., supra note 17.
28. Christine M. Schonewald-Cox, Conclusions: Guidelines to Management: A Beginning Attempt, in Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild Animal and Plant Populations 414, 415 (Christine M. Schonewald-Cox et al. eds., 1983).
29. Brian Czech, The Capacity of the National Wildlife Refuge System to Conserve Animal Species in the United States, Conservation Biology (forthcoming 2005).
30. Robert P. Davison et al., Opportunities for the National Wildlife Refuge System to Provide Greater Conservation Benefits for Threatened and Endangered Species, in Endangered Species Act at 30: Challenges and Prospects (D. Goble et al. eds., Island Press, forthcoming 2005).
31. J. Michael Scott et al., Gap Analysis: A Geographic Approach to Protection of Biological Diversity. 123 Wildlife Monographs (1993).