메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 66, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 403-410

Mechanisms of intravenous immunoglobulin action in immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Author keywords

Autoimmune disease; Immune thrombocytopenic purpura; Intravenous immunoglobulin

Indexed keywords

FC RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; THROMBOCYTE ANTIBODY;

EID: 18144377058     PISSN: 01988859     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2005.01.029     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (59)

References (58)
  • 2
    • 0011075765 scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura
    • W.J. Harrington, V. Minnich, J.W. Hollingsworth, C.V. Moore Demonstration of a thrombocytopenic factor in the blood of patients with thrombocytopenic purpura J Lab Clin Med 38 1951 1
    • (1951) J Lab Clin Med , vol.38 , pp. 1
    • Harrington, W.J.1    Minnich, V.2    Hollingsworth, J.W.3    Moore, C.V.4
  • 3
    • 1842737035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of IVIG action in immune thrombocytopenic purpura
    • R.J. Hansen, J.P. Balthasar Mechanisms of IVIG action in immune thrombocytopenic purpura Clin Lab 50 2004 133
    • (2004) Clin Lab , vol.50 , pp. 133
    • Hansen, R.J.1    Balthasar, J.P.2
  • 5
    • 0021256427 scopus 로고
    • Autoantibodies against platelet glycoprotein Ib in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura
    • V.L. Woods Jr, Y. Kurata, R.R. Montgomery, P. Tani, D. Mason, E.H. Oh, R. McMillan Autoantibodies against platelet glycoprotein Ib in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura Blood 64 1984 156
    • (1984) Blood , vol.64 , pp. 156
    • Woods Jr., V.L.1    Kurata, Y.2    Montgomery, R.R.3    Tani, P.4    Mason, D.5    Oh, E.H.6    McMillan, R.7
  • 6
    • 0027403205 scopus 로고
    • Platelet-associated antibody to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients often binds to divalent cation-dependent antigens
    • K. Fujisawa, P. Tani, R. McMillan Platelet-associated antibody to glycoprotein IIb/IIIa from chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients often binds to divalent cation-dependent antigens Blood 81 1993 1284
    • (1993) Blood , vol.81 , pp. 1284
    • Fujisawa, K.1    Tani, P.2    McMillan, R.3
  • 7
    • 0030748325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunoglobulins targeting both GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP): Evidence for at least two different IgG antibodies
    • M. Hou, D. Stockelberg, J. Kutti, H. Wadenvik Immunoglobulins targeting both GPIIb/IIIa and GPIb/IX in chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) evidence for at least two different IgG antibodies Br J Haematol 98 1997 64
    • (1997) Br J Haematol , vol.98 , pp. 64
    • Hou, M.1    Stockelberg, D.2    Kutti, J.3    Wadenvik, H.4
  • 9
    • 0020699240 scopus 로고
    • High-dose intravenous IgG in adults with autoimmune thrombocytopenia
    • A.C. Newland, J.G. Treleaven, R.M. Minchinton, A.H. Waters High-dose intravenous IgG in adults with autoimmune thrombocytopenia Lancet 1 1983 84
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 84
    • Newland, A.C.1    Treleaven, J.G.2    Minchinton, R.M.3    Waters, A.H.4
  • 12
    • 0026710692 scopus 로고
    • Role of intravenous immunoglobulin G in autoimmune hematologic disorders
    • V.S. Blanchette, M.A. Kirby, C. Turner Role of intravenous immunoglobulin G in autoimmune hematologic disorders Semin Hematol 29 3 Suppl 2 1992 72
    • (1992) Semin Hematol , vol.29 , Issue.3 SUPPL. 2 , pp. 72
    • Blanchette, V.S.1    Kirby, M.A.2    Turner, C.3
  • 13
    • 0024446337 scopus 로고
    • Experience with intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis
    • E. Arsura Experience with intravenous immunoglobulin in myasthenia gravis Clin Immunol Immunopathol 53 1989 S170 (2 Pt 2)
    • (1989) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.53 , pp. 170
    • Arsura, E.1
  • 14
    • 0024472586 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of autoantibodies in inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: Spontaneous and therapeutic
    • I. Lundkvist, P.A. van Doorn, M. Vermeulen, M. van Lint, J.J. van Rood, A. Brand Regulation of autoantibodies in inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy spontaneous and therapeutic Immunol Rev 110 1989 105
    • (1989) Immunol Rev , vol.110 , pp. 105
    • Lundkvist, I.1    Van Doorn, P.A.2    Vermeulen, M.3    Van Lint, M.4    Van Rood, J.J.5    Brand, A.6
  • 15
    • 0024465595 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and immune complex disease
    • S.C. Jordan Intravenous gamma-globulin therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus and immune complex disease Clin Immunol Immunopathol 53 1989 S164 (2 Pt 2)
    • (1989) Clin Immunol Immunopathol , vol.53 , pp. 164
    • Jordan, S.C.1
  • 16
    • 0025753156 scopus 로고
    • Treatment of systemic vasculitis with pooled intravenous immunoglobulin
    • D.R. Jayne, M.J. Davies, C.J. Fox, C.M. Black, C.M. Lockwood Treatment of systemic vasculitis with pooled intravenous immunoglobulin Lancet 337 8750 1991 1137
    • (1991) Lancet , vol.337 , Issue.8750 , pp. 1137
    • Jayne, D.R.1    Davies, M.J.2    Fox, C.J.3    Black, C.M.4    Lockwood, C.M.5
  • 18
    • 0030112168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In-vitro inhibition of antiplatelet autoantibodies by intravenous immunoglobulins and Rh immunoglobulins
    • Y.S. Mehta, S.S. Badakere In-vitro inhibition of antiplatelet autoantibodies by intravenous immunoglobulins and Rh immunoglobulins J Postgrad Med 42 1996 46
    • (1996) J Postgrad Med , vol.42 , pp. 46
    • Mehta, Y.S.1    Badakere, S.S.2
  • 19
    • 0024414586 scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of autoantibody binding to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa by anti-idiotypic antibodies in intravenous gammaglobulin
    • P. Berchtold, G.L. Dale, P. Tani, R. McMillan Inhibition of autoantibody binding to platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa by anti-idiotypic antibodies in intravenous gammaglobulin Blood 74 1989 2414
    • (1989) Blood , vol.74 , pp. 2414
    • Berchtold, P.1    Dale, G.L.2    Tani, P.3    McMillan, R.4
  • 20
    • 0021221197 scopus 로고
    • Anti-idiotypic suppression of autoantibodies to factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor) by high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin
    • Y. Sultan, M.D. Kazatchkine, P. Maisonneuve, U.E. Nydegger Anti-idiotypic suppression of autoantibodies to factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor) by high-dose intravenous gammaglobulin Lancet 2 1984 765
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 765
    • Sultan, Y.1    Kazatchkine, M.D.2    Maisonneuve, P.3    Nydegger, U.E.4
  • 21
    • 0036916761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another interaction of the FcR system with IVIG
    • J.B. Bussel Another interaction of the FcR system with IVIG Thromb Haemost 88 2002 890
    • (2002) Thromb Haemost , vol.88 , pp. 890
    • Bussel, J.B.1
  • 22
    • 0030807625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases
    • M. Ballow Mechanisms of action of intravenous immune serum globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases J Allergy Clin Immunol 100 1997 151
    • (1997) J Allergy Clin Immunol , vol.100 , pp. 151
    • Ballow, M.1
  • 23
    • 0036884344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory action of intravenous immunoglobulin
    • W.A. Sewell, S. Jolles Immunomodulatory action of intravenous immunoglobulin Immunology 107 2002 387
    • (2002) Immunology , vol.107 , pp. 387
    • Sewell, W.A.1    Jolles, S.2
  • 24
    • 0033590571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism of intravenous immune globulin therapy in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases
    • Z. Yu, V.A. Lennon Mechanism of intravenous immune globulin therapy in antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases N Engl J Med 340 1999 227
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 227
    • Yu, Z.1    Lennon, V.A.2
  • 26
    • 0029871086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Monoclonal antibody 197 (anti-Fc gamma RI) infusion in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) results in down-modulation of Fc gamma RI on circulating monocytes
    • S.G. Ericson, K.D. Coleman, K. Wardwell, S. Baker, M.W. Fanger, P.M. Guyre, P. Ely Monoclonal antibody 197 (anti-Fc gamma RI) infusion in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) results in down-modulation of Fc gamma RI on circulating monocytes Br J Haematol 92 1996 718
    • (1996) Br J Haematol , vol.92 , pp. 718
    • Ericson, S.G.1    Coleman, K.D.2    Wardwell, K.3    Baker, S.4    Fanger, M.W.5    Guyre, P.M.6    Ely, P.7
  • 27
    • 0031035290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of monocyte and polymorphonuclear granulocyte immune phagocytosis by monoclonal antibodies specific for Fc gamma RI, II and III
    • B.K. Flesch, G. Achtert, J. Neppert Inhibition of monocyte and polymorphonuclear granulocyte immune phagocytosis by monoclonal antibodies specific for Fc gamma RI, II and III Ann Hematol 74 1997 15
    • (1997) Ann Hematol , vol.74 , pp. 15
    • Flesch, B.K.1    Achtert, G.2    Neppert, J.3
  • 29
    • 0020048385 scopus 로고
    • Transient reversal of thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin
    • J. Fehr, V. Hofmann, U. Kappeler Transient reversal of thrombocytopenia in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura by high-dose intravenous gamma globulin N Engl J Med 306 1982 1254
    • (1982) N Engl J Med , vol.306 , pp. 1254
    • Fehr, J.1    Hofmann, V.2    Kappeler, U.3
  • 30
    • 0021110650 scopus 로고
    • Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin in immune thrombocytopenia
    • A. Salama, C. Mueller-Eckhardt, V. Kiefel Effect of intravenous immunoglobulin in immune thrombocytopenia Lancet 2 1983 193
    • (1983) Lancet , vol.2 , pp. 193
    • Salama, A.1    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.2    Kiefel, V.3
  • 31
    • 0031929409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-D: Mechanisms of action
    • R.E. Ware, S.A. Zimmerman Anti-D mechanisms of action Semin Hematol 35 1998 14 (1 Suppl 1)
    • (1998) Semin Hematol , vol.35 , pp. 14
    • Ware, R.E.1    Zimmerman, S.A.2
  • 32
    • 0035883092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations depends on the immunoglobulin G dimers: Studies in experimental immune thrombocytopenia
    • J.L. Teeling, T. Jansen-Hendriks, T.W. Kuijpers, M. de Haas, J.G. van de Winkel, C.E. Hack, W.K. Bleeker Therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations depends on the immunoglobulin G dimers studies in experimental immune thrombocytopenia Blood 98 2001 1095
    • (2001) Blood , vol.98 , pp. 1095
    • Teeling, J.L.1    Jansen-Hendriks, T.2    Kuijpers, T.W.3    De Haas, M.4    Van De Winkel, J.G.5    Hack, C.E.6    Bleeker, W.K.7
  • 33
    • 4944230185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tetramolecular immune complexes are more efficient than IVIg to prevent antibody-dependent in vitro and in vivo phagocytosis of blood cells
    • R. Bazin, R. Lemieux, T. Tremblay, I. St-Amour Tetramolecular immune complexes are more efficient than IVIg to prevent antibody-dependent in vitro and in vivo phagocytosis of blood cells Br J Haematol 127 2004 90
    • (2004) Br J Haematol , vol.127 , pp. 90
    • Bazin, R.1    Lemieux, R.2    Tremblay, T.3    St-Amour, I.4
  • 34
    • 0035910392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor
    • A. Samuelsson, T.L. Towers, J.V. Ravetch Anti-inflammatory activity of IVIG mediated through the inhibitory Fc receptor Science 291 5503 2001 484
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , Issue.5503 , pp. 484
    • Samuelsson, A.1    Towers, T.L.2    Ravetch, J.V.3
  • 36
    • 14944347593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin does not increase FcγRIIB expression on monocytes/macrophages during acute Kawasaki disease
    • T. Ichiyama, Y. Ueno, M. Hasegawa, Y. Ishikawa, T. Matsubara, S. Furukawa Intravenous immunoglobulin does not increase FcγRIIB expression on monocytes/macrophages during acute Kawasaki disease Rheumatology 44 2004 314 (Oxford)
    • (2004) Rheumatology , vol.44 , pp. 314
    • Ichiyama, T.1    Ueno, Y.2    Hasegawa, M.3    Ishikawa, Y.4    Matsubara, T.5    Furukawa, S.6
  • 39
    • 0021337221 scopus 로고
    • High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for myasthenia gravis
    • A. Fateh-Moghadam, M. Wick, U. Besinger, R.G. Geursen High-dose intravenous gammaglobulin for myasthenia gravis Lancet 1 8381 1984 848
    • (1984) Lancet , vol.1 , Issue.8381 , pp. 848
    • Fateh-Moghadam, A.1    Wick, M.2    Besinger, U.3    Geursen, R.G.4
  • 40
    • 0027319953 scopus 로고
    • Therapies for exacerbation of myasthenia gravis: The mechanism of action of intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin G
    • B. Ferrero, L. Durelli, R. Cavallo, A. Dutto, G. Aimo, F. Pecchio, B. Bergamasco Therapies for exacerbation of myasthenia gravis the mechanism of action of intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin G Ann N Y Acad Sci 681 1993 563
    • (1993) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.681 , pp. 563
    • Ferrero, B.1    Durelli, L.2    Cavallo, R.3    Dutto, A.4    Aimo, G.5    Pecchio, F.6    Bergamasco, B.7
  • 41
    • 0027302287 scopus 로고
    • ANCA anti-idiotype antibodies and the treatment of systemic vasculitis with intravenous immunoglobulin
    • D.R. Jayne, V.L. Esnault, C.M. Lockwood ANCA anti-idiotype antibodies and the treatment of systemic vasculitis with intravenous immunoglobulin J Autoimmun 6 1993 207
    • (1993) J Autoimmun , vol.6 , pp. 207
    • Jayne, D.R.1    Esnault, V.L.2    Lockwood, C.M.3
  • 43
    • 0005424138 scopus 로고
    • Recovery from anti-VIII:C (antihemophilic factor) autoimmune disease is dependent on generation of antiidiotypes against anti-VIII:C autoantibodies
    • Y. Sultan, F. Rossi, M.D. Kazatchkine Recovery from anti-VIII:C (antihemophilic factor) autoimmune disease is dependent on generation of antiidiotypes against anti-VIII:C autoantibodies Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84 1987 828
    • (1987) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a , vol.84 , pp. 828
    • Sultan, Y.1    Rossi, F.2    Kazatchkine, M.D.3
  • 44
    • 0035669179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IVIg inhibits reticuloendothelial system function and ameliorates murine passive-immune thrombocytopenia independent of anti-idiotype reactivity
    • A.R. Crow, S. Song, J.W. Semple, J. Freedman, A.H. Lazarus IVIg inhibits reticuloendothelial system function and ameliorates murine passive-immune thrombocytopenia independent of anti-idiotype reactivity Br J Haematol 115 2001 679
    • (2001) Br J Haematol , vol.115 , pp. 679
    • Crow, A.R.1    Song, S.2    Semple, J.W.3    Freedman, J.4    Lazarus, A.H.5
  • 45
    • 0037105368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on platelet count and antiplatelet antibody disposition in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia
    • R.J. Hansen, J.P. Balthasar Effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on platelet count and antiplatelet antibody disposition in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia Blood 100 2002 2087
    • (2002) Blood , vol.100 , pp. 2087
    • Hansen, R.J.1    Balthasar, J.P.2
  • 46
    • 0027731524 scopus 로고
    • Elimination of infectious antigens and increase of IgG catabolism as possible modes of action of IVIg
    • P.L. Masson Elimination of infectious antigens and increase of IgG catabolism as possible modes of action of IVIg J Autoimmun 6 1993 683
    • (1993) J Autoimmun , vol.6 , pp. 683
    • Masson, P.L.1
  • 47
    • 0036918050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin mediates an increase in anti-platelet antibody clearance via the FcRn receptor
    • R.J. Hansen, J.P. Balthasar Intravenous immunoglobulin mediates an increase in anti-platelet antibody clearance via the FcRn receptor Thromb Haemost 88 2002 898
    • (2002) Thromb Haemost , vol.88 , pp. 898
    • Hansen, R.J.1    Balthasar, J.P.2
  • 48
    • 0035892141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accelerated autoantibody clearance by intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: Studies in experimental models to determine the magnitude and time course of the effect
    • W.K. Bleeker, J.L. Teeling, C.E. Hack Accelerated autoantibody clearance by intravenous immunoglobulin therapy studies in experimental models to determine the magnitude and time course of the effect Blood 98 2001 3136
    • (2001) Blood , vol.98 , pp. 3136
    • Bleeker, W.K.1    Teeling, J.L.2    Hack, C.E.3
  • 49
    • 8644234910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
    • E.D. Lobo, R.J. Hansen, J.P. Balthasar Antibody pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics J Pharm Sci 93 2004 2645
    • (2004) J Pharm Sci , vol.93 , pp. 2645
    • Lobo, E.D.1    Hansen, R.J.2    Balthasar, J.P.3
  • 50
    • 0000146003 scopus 로고
    • A theoretical model of gamma-globulin catabolism
    • F.W. Brambell, W.A. Hemmings, I.G. Morris A theoretical model of gamma-globulin catabolism Nature 203 1964 1352
    • (1964) Nature , vol.203 , pp. 1352
    • Brambell, F.W.1    Hemmings, W.A.2    Morris, I.G.3
  • 51
    • 0015421358 scopus 로고
    • The mechanism of intestinal uptake and transcellular transport of IgG in the neonatal rat
    • E.A. Jones, T.A. Waldmann The mechanism of intestinal uptake and transcellular transport of IgG in the neonatal rat J Clin Invest 51 1972 2916
    • (1972) J Clin Invest , vol.51 , pp. 2916
    • Jones, E.A.1    Waldmann, T.A.2
  • 52
    • 0024529856 scopus 로고
    • An Fc receptor structurally related to MHC class I antigens
    • N.E. Simister, K.E. Mostov An Fc receptor structurally related to MHC class I antigens Nature 337 6203 1989 184
    • (1989) Nature , vol.337 , Issue.6203 , pp. 184
    • Simister, N.E.1    Mostov, K.E.2
  • 53
    • 0029856774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased clearance of IgG in mice that lack beta 2-microglobulin: Possible protective role of FcRn
    • E.J. Israel, D.F. Wilsker, K.C. Hayes, D. Schoenfeld, N.E. Simister Increased clearance of IgG in mice that lack beta 2-microglobulin possible protective role of FcRn Immunology 89 1996 573
    • (1996) Immunology , vol.89 , pp. 573
    • Israel, E.J.1    Wilsker, D.F.2    Hayes, K.C.3    Schoenfeld, D.4    Simister, N.E.5
  • 54
    • 0029891262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The protection receptor for IgG catabolism is the beta2-microglobulin- containing neonatal intestinal transport receptor
    • R.P. Junghans, C.L. Anderson The protection receptor for IgG catabolism is the beta2-microglobulin-containing neonatal intestinal transport receptor Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 93 1996 5512
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S a , vol.93 , pp. 5512
    • Junghans, R.P.1    Anderson, C.L.2
  • 55
    • 0029927482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormally short serum half-lives of IgG in beta 2-microglobulin- deficient mice
    • V. Ghetie, J.G. Hubbard, J.K. Kim, M.F. Tsen, Y. Lee, E.S. Ward Abnormally short serum half-lives of IgG in beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice Eur J Immunol 26 1996 690
    • (1996) Eur J Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 690
    • Ghetie, V.1    Hubbard, J.G.2    Kim, J.K.3    Tsen, M.F.4    Lee, Y.5    Ward, E.S.6
  • 56
    • 0038621933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on the disposition of antiplatelet antibodies in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia
    • R.J. Hansen, J.P. Balthasar Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of the effects of intravenous immunoglobulin on the disposition of antiplatelet antibodies in a rat model of immune thrombocytopenia J Pharm Sci 92 2003 1206
    • (2003) J Pharm Sci , vol.92 , pp. 1206
    • Hansen, R.J.1    Balthasar, J.P.2
  • 57
    • 0023909654 scopus 로고
    • Intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v. IgG) for previously treated acute or for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in childhood: A prospective multicenter study
    • B. Imholz, P. Imbach, C. Baumgartner, W. Berchtold, G. Gaedicke, E. Gugler, A. Hirt, W. Hitzig, C. Mueller-Eckhardt, H.P. Wagner Intravenous immunoglobulin (i.v. IgG) for previously treated acute or for chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in childhood a prospective multicenter study Blut 56 1988 63
    • (1988) Blut , vol.56 , pp. 63
    • Imholz, B.1    Imbach, P.2    Baumgartner, C.3    Berchtold, W.4    Gaedicke, G.5    Gugler, E.6    Hirt, A.7    Hitzig, W.8    Mueller-Eckhardt, C.9    Wagner, H.P.10


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.