CT of the heart: Principles, advances, clinical uses

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 127-138

  Schoenhagen, Paul ^a   Halliburton, Sandra S ^a   Stillman, Arthur E ^a   White, Richard D ^a  

^a LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IODINATED CONTRAST MEDIUM;

ALGORITHM; AORTA DISEASE; ARTERY DISEASE; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOMYOPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY; CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ECHO PLANAR IMAGING; ELECTRON BEAM TOMOGRAPHY; FOUR DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART RATE; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE DYSPLASIA; HEART TUMOR; HEART VALVE REGURGITATION; HEART VALVE STENOSIS; HEART VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE QUALITY; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; LUNG EMBOLISM; METHODOLOGY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PERICARDIAL DISEASE; PREDICTION; PULMONARY VEIN; RADIATION EXPOSURE; REVIEW; SPIRAL COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; THREE DIMENSIONAL IMAGING; TRANSESOPHAGEAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; TWO DIMENSIONAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLASSIFICATION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART; INSTRUMENTATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; RADIOGRAPHY; RADIOLOGY;

CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; TECHNOLOGY, RADIOLOGIC; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 17844370819     PISSN: 08911150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3949/ccjm.72.2.127     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Ambrose J, Hounsfield G. Computerized transverse axial tomography. Br J Radiol 1973; 46:148-149.
2. Hounsfield GN. Computed medical imaging. Science 1980; 210:22-28.
3. Roentgen WC. On a new kind of ray (first report) [in German]. Munch Med Wochenschr 1959; 101:1237-1239.
4. Dinsmore RE, Goodman DJ, Sander CA. Some pit-falls in the valuation of cardiac chamber enlargement on chest roentgenograms. Radiology 1966; 87:267-273.
5. Proudfit WL, Shirey EK, Sones FM Jr. Selective cine coronary arteriography. Correlation with clinical findings in 1,000 patients. Circulation 1966; 33:901-910.
6. Budoff MJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease progression assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88:46E-50E.
7. Fuchs T, Kachelriess M, Kalender WA. Technical advances in multi-slice spiral CT. Eur J Radiol 2000; 36:69-73.
8. Klingenbeck-Regn K, Schaller S, Flohr T, Ohnesorge B, Kopp AF, Baum U. Subsecond multi-slice computed tomography: basics and applications. Eur J Radiol 1999; 31:110-124.
9. Nieman K, Cademartiri F, Lemos PA, Raaijmakers R, Pattynama PM, de Feyter PJ. Reliable noninvasive coronary angiography with fast submillimeter multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 2002; 106:2051-2054.
10. Achenbach S, Hoffman U, Ferencik M, Wickky S, Brady TJ. Tomographic coronary angiography by EBCT and MDCT. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2003; 46:185-195.
11. Morin RL, Gerber TC, McCollough CH. Radiation dose in computed tomography of the heart. Circulation 2003; 107:917-922.
12. Gerber TC, Kuzo RS, Lane GE, et al. Image quality in a standardized algorithm for minimally invasive coornary angiography with multislice spiral computed tomography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27:62-69.
13. Naito H, Saito H, Takamiya M, et al. Quantitative assessment of myocardial enhancement with iodinated contrast medium in patients with ischemic heart disease by using ultrafast x-ray computed tomography. Invest Radiol 1992; 27:436-442.
14. Gray WR Jr, Parkey RW, Buja LM, et al. Computed tomography: in vitro evaluation of myocardial infarction. Radiology 1977; 122:511-513.
15. Rensing BJ, Bongaerts A, van Geuns RJ, van Ooijen P, Oudkerk M, de Feyter PJ. Intravenous coronary angiography by electron beam computed tomography: a clinical evaluation. Circulation 1998; 98:2509-2512.
16. Reddy GR Chernoff DM, Adams JR, Higgins CB. Coronary artery stenoses: assessment with contrast-enhanced electron-beam CT and axial reconstructions. Radiology 1998; 208:167-172.
17. Budoff MJ, Oudiz RJ, Zalace CP, et al. Intravenous three-dimensional coronary angiography using contrast enhanced electron beam computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83:840-845.
18. Schmermund A, Rensing BJ, Sheedy PF, Bell MR, Rumberger JA. Intravenous electron-beam computed tomographic coronary angiography for segmental analysis of coronary artery stenoses. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:1547-1554.
19. Achenbach S, Moshage W, Ropers D, Nossen J, Daniel WG. Value of electron-beam computed tomography for the noninvasive detection of high-grade coronary-artery stenoses and occlusions. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1964-1971.
20. Nieman K, Oudkerk M, Rensing BJ, et al. Coronary angiography with multi-slice computed tomography. Lancet 2001; 357:599-603.
21. Achenbach S, Giesler T, Ropers D, et al. Detection of coronary artery stenoses by contrast-enhanced, retrospectively electrocardiographicallygated, multislice spiral computed tomography. Circulation 2001; 103:2535-2538.
22. Gerber TC, Kuzo RS, Karstaedt N, et al. Current results and new developments of coronary angiography with use of contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the heart. Mayo Clin Proc 2002; 77:55-71.
23. Ropers D, Moshage W, Daniel WG, Jessl J, Gottwik M, Achenbach S. Visualization of coronary artery anomalies and their anatomic course by contrast-enhanced electron beam tomography and three-dimensional reconstruction. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87:193-197.
24. Engelmann MG, von Smekal A, Knez A, et al. Accuracy of spiral computed tomography for identifying arterial and venous coronary graft patency. Am J Cardiol 1997; 80:569-574.
25. Dai R, Zhang S, Lu B, et al. Electron-beam CT angiography with three-dimensional reconstruction in the evaluation of coronary artery bypass grafts. Acad Radiol 1998; 5:863-867.
26. Lu B, Dai R, Bei H, et al. Detection and analysis of intracoronary artery stent after PTCA using contrast-enhanced three-dimensional electron beam tomography. J Invasive Cardiol 2000; 12:1-6.
27. Libby P. Current concepts of the pathogenesis of the acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2001; 104:365-372.
28. Topoi EJ, Nissen SE. Our preoccupation with coronary luminology. The dissociation between clinical and angiographic findings in ischemic heart disease. Circulation 1995; 92:2333-2342.
29. Fayad ZA, Fuster V. Clinical imaging of the high-risk or vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. Circ Res 2001; 89:305-316.
30. Agatston AS, Janowitz WR, Hildner FJ, Zusmer NR, Viamonte M Jr, Detrano R. Quantification of coronary artery calcium using ultrafast computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 1990; 15:827-832.
31. Shemesh J, Apter S, Rozenman J, et al. Calcification of coronary arteries: detection and quantification with double-helix CT. Radiology 1995; 197:779-783.
32. Becker CR, Kleffel T, Crispin A, et al. Coronary artery calcium measurement: agreement of multirow detector and electron beam CT. Am J Roentgenol 2001; 176:1295-1298.
33. Nasir K, Budoff MJ, Post WS, et al. Electron beam CT versus helical CT scans for assessing coronary calcification: current utility and future directions. Am Heart J 2003; 146:969-977.
34. Callister TQ, Cooil B, Raya SP, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ, Raggi P. Coronary artery disease: improved reproducibility of calcium scoring with an electron-beam CT volumetric method. Radiology 1998; 208:807-814.
35. Detrano R, Tang W, Kang X, et al. Accurate coronary calcium phosphate mass measurements from electron beam computed tomograms. Am J Card Imaging 1995; 3:167-173.
36. Rumberger JA, Simons DB, Fitzpatrick LA, Sheedy PF, Schwartz RS. Coronary artery calcium area by electron-beam computed tomography and coronary atherosclerotic plaque area. A histopathologic correlative study. Circulation 1995; 92:2157-2162.
37. Sangiorgi G, Rumberger JA, Severson A, et al. Arterial calcification and not lumen stenosis is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden in humans: a histologic study of 723 coronary artery segments using nondecalcifying methodology. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31:126-133.
38. Secci A, Wong N, Tang W, Wang S, Doherty T, Detrano R. Electron beam computed tomographic coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events: comparison of two protocols. Circulation 1997; 96:1122-1129.
39. Callister TQ, Raggi P, Cooil B, Lippolis NJ, Russo DJ. Effect of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on coronary artery disease as assessed by electron-beam computed tomography. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:1972-1978.
40. Achenbach S, Ropers D, Pohle K, et al. Influence of lipid-lowering therapy on the progression of coronary artery calcification: a prospective evaluation. Circulation 2002; 106:1077-1082.
41. O'Rourke RA, Brundage BH, Froelicher VF, et al. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Expert Consensus Document on electron-beam computed tomography for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000; 102:126-140.
42. Shaw U, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ. Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all-cause mortality. Radiology 2003; 228:826-833.
43. Greenland P, LaBree L, Azen SP, Doherty TM, Detrano RC. Coronary artery calcium score combined with Framingham score for risk prediction in asymptomatic individuals. JAMA 2004; 291:210-215. Erratum in: JAMA 2004; 291:563.
44. Falk E, Shah PK, Fuster V. Coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 1995; 92:657-671.
45. Schmermund A, Erbel R. Unstable coronary plaque and its relation to coronary calcium. Circulation 2001; 104:1682-1687.
46. Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM. Coronary artery calcification and end-stage renal disease: vascular biology and clinical implications. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69(suppl 3):512-520.
47. Schroeder S, Kopp AF, Baumbach A, et al. Noninvasive detection and evaluation of atherosclerotic coronary plaques with multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37:1430-1435.
48. Becker CR, Knez A, Ohnesorge B, Schoepf UJ, Reiser MF. Imaging of noncalcified coronary plaques using helical CT with retrospective ECG gating. Am J Roentgenol 2000; 175:423-424.
49. Schoenhagen P, Tuzcu EM, Stillman AE, et al. Non-invasive assessment of plaque morphology and remodeling in mildly stenotic coronary segments: comparison of 16-slice computed tomography and intravascular ultrasound. Coron Artery Dis 2003; 14:459-462.
50. Glagov S, Weisenberg E, Zarins CK, Stankunavicius R, Kolettis GJ. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:1371-1375.
51. Schoenhagen P, Ziada KM, Vince DG, Nissen, SE, Tuzcu EM. Arterial remodeling and coronary artery disease: the concept of "dilated" versus "obstructive" coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38:297-306.
52. Yamagishi M, Terashima M, Awano K, et al. Morphology of vulnerable coronary plaque: insights from follow-up of patients examined by intravascular ultrasound before an acute coronary syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35:106-111.
53. Schoenhagen P, Ziada K, Kapadia SR, Crowe TD, Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM. Extent and direction of arterial remodeling in stable versus unstable coronary syndromes: an intravascular ultrasound study. Circulation 2000; 101:598-603.
54. Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al; REVERSAL Investigators. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosderosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004; 291:1071-1080.
55. Fayad ZA, Fuster V, Nikolaou K, Becker C. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for noninvasive coronary angiography and plaque imaging: current and potential future concepts. Circulation 2002; 106:2026-2034.
56. Yuan C, Mitsumori LM, Ferguson MS, et al. In vivo accuracy of multispectral magnetic resonance imaging for identifying lipid-rich necrotic cores and intraplaque hemorrhage in advanced human carotid plaques. Circulation 2001; 104:2051-2056.
57. Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB, Yeh BM, Hetts SW, Higgins CB. CT and MR imaging of pericardial disease. Radiographics 2003; 23:S167-S180.
58. Schvartzman PR, White RD. Imaging of cardiac and paracardiac masses. J Thorac Imaging 2000; 15:265-273.
59. Flohr T, Prokop M, Becker C, et al. A retrospectively ECG-gated multislice spiral CT scan and reconstruction technique with suppression of heart pulsation artifacts for cardio-thoracic imaging with extended volume coverage. Eur Radiol 2002; 12:1497-1503. Epub 2002 Apr 25.
60. White RD, Lipton MJ, Higgins CB, et al. Noninvasive evaluation of suspected thoracic aortic disease by contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Am J Cardiol 1986; 57:282-290.
61. MacDonald SL, Mayo JR. Computed tomography of acute pulmonary embolism. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2003; 24:217-231.
62. Ruiz Y, Caballero P, Caniego JL, et al. Prospective comparison of helical CT with angiography in pulmonary embolism: global and selective vascular territory analysis. Interobserver agreement. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:823-829. Epub 2002 Sep 19.
63. van Strijen ME, de Monye W, Kieft GJ, et al. Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with spiral CT as a second procedure following scintigraphy. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:1501-1507. Epub 2002 Nov 19.
64. Carman TL, Deitcher SR. Advances in diagnosis and excluding pulmonary embolism: spiral CT and D-dimer measurement. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69:721-729.
65. Begemann PG, Bonacker M, Kemper J, et al. Evaluation of the deep venous system in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism with multidetector CT: a prospective study in comparison to Doppler sonography. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2003; 27:399-409.
66. Powell T, Muller NL. Imaging of acute pulmonary thromboembolism: should spiral computed tomography replace the ventilation-perfusion scan? Clin Chest Med 2003; 24:29-38, v.
67. Saad EB, Marrouche NF, Saad CP, et al. Pulmonary vein stenosis after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: emergence of a new clinical syndrome. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138:634-638.
68. Rubin GD. Techniques for performing muitidetector-row computed tomographic angiography. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 4:2-14.
69. Tomandl BF, Klotz E, Handschu R, et al. Comprehensive imaging of ischemic stroke with multisection CT. Radiographics 2003; 23:565-592.
70. Bereji JP, Elkohen M, Deklunder G, Artaud D, Coullet JM, Wattinne L. Helical CT angiography compared with arteriography in the detection of renal artery stenosis. Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167:495-501.
71. Castillo M. Diagnosis of disease of the common carotid artery bifurcation: CT angiography vs. catheter angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161:395-398.
72. Dillon EH, van Leeuwen MS, Fernandez MA, Eikelboom BC, Mall WP. CT angiography: application to the evaluation of carotid artery stenosis. Radiology 1993; 189:211-219.
73. Rubin GD, Schmidt AJ, Logan LJ, Sofilos MC. Multidetector row CT angiography of lower extremity arterial inflow and runoff: initial experience. Radiology 2001; 221:146-158.
74. Goo HW, Park IS, Ko JK, et al. CT of congenital heart disease: normal anatomy and typical pathologic conditions. Radiographics 2003; 23:S147-S165.