Oral Creatine Supplementation: Separating Fact From Hype

Physician and Sportsmedicine

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 1999, Pages 47-89

  Juhn, Mark S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CREATININE;

ATHLETE; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG USE; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; MOTOR PERFORMANCE; MUSCLE CRAMP; NEPHROTOXICITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATIENT COUNSELING; REVIEW; RUNNING; SWIMMING; WEIGHT LIFTING;

EID: 17444400959     PISSN: 00913847     EISSN: 23263660     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/psm.1999.05.839     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E: Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci (Colch) 1992; 83 (3): 367 – 374
2. Wallimann T, Hemmer W: Creatine kinase in non-muscle tissues and cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1994; 133–134 (Apr-May): 193 – 220
3. Walker JB: Creatine: biosynthesis, regulation, and function. Adv Enzymol Relat Areas Mol Biol 1979; 50: 177 – 242
4. Wallimann T, Wyss M, Brdiczka D, et al: Intracellular compartmentation, structure and function of creatine kinase isoenzymes in tissues with high and fluctuating energy demands: the ‘phosphocreatine circuit’ for cellular energy homeostasis. Biochem J 1992; 281 (pt 1): 21 – 40
5. Loike JD, Somes M, Silverstein SC: Creatine uptake, metabolism, and efflux in human monocytes and macrophages. Am J Physiol 1986; 251 (1 pt 1): C128 – C135
6. Balsoin PD, Soderlund K, Ekblom B: Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Med 1994; 18 (4): 268 – 280
7. Bessman SF ! Geiger PJ: Transport of energy in muscle: the phosphorylcreatine shuttle. Science 1981; 211 (4481): 448 – 452
8. Sahlin K, Harris RC, Hultman E: Resynthesis of creatine phosphate in human muscle after exercise in relation to intramuscular pH and availability of oxygen. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1979; 39 (6): 551 – 558
9. Hultman E, Greenhaff PL, Ren JM, et al: Energy metabolism and fatigue during intense muscle contraction. Biochem Soc Trans 1991; 19 (2): 347 – 353
10. Casey A, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Howell S, et al: Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol 1996; 271 (1 pt 1): E31 – E37
11. Gordon A, Hultman E, Kaijser L, et al: Creatine supplementation in chronic heart failure increases skeletal muscle creatine phosphate and muscle performance. Cardiovasc Res 1995; 30 (3): 413 – 418
12. Hultman E, Soderlund K, Timmons JA, et al: Muscle creatine loading in men. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81 (1): 232 – 237
13. Vandenberghe K, Goris M, Van Hecke P, et al: Long-term creatine intake is beneficial to muscle performance during resistance training. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83 (6): 2055 – 2063
14. Vandenberghe K, Van Hecke P, Van Leemputte M, et al: Phosphocreatine resynthesis is not affected by creatine loading. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31 (2): 236 – 242
15. Greenhaff PL, Bodin K, Soderlund K, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on skeletal muscle phosphocreatine resynthesis. Am J Physiol 1994; 266 (5 pt 1): E725 – E730
16. Ingwall JS, Morales MF, Stockdale FE, et al: Creatine: a possible stimulus for skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy. Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 1975; 8: 467 – 481
17. Sipila I, Rapola J, Simell O, et al: Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid retina. N Engl J Med 1981; 304 (15): 867 – 870
18. Balsom PD, Harridge SD, Soderlund K, et al: Creatine supplementation per se does not enhance endurance exercise performance. Acta Physiol Scand 1993; 149 (4): 521 – 523
19. Terrillion KA, Kolkhorst FW, Dolgener FA, et al: The effect of creatine supplementation on two 700-m maximal running bouts. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 7 (2): 138 – 143
20. Juhn MS, O'Kane JW, Vinci DM: Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: a survey of dosing habits and side effects. J Am Diet Assoc 1999; 99 (5): 593 – 595
21. Green AL, Hultman E, Macdonald IA, et al: Carbohydrate ingestion augments skeletal muscle creatine accumulation during creatine supplementation in humans. Am J Physiol 1996; 271 (5 pt 1): E821 – E826
22. Febbraio MA, Flanagan TR, Snow RJ, et al: Effect of creatine supplementation on intramuscular TCr, metabolism and performance during intermittent, supramaximal exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 155 (4): 387 – 395
23. Balsom PD, Ekblom B, Söderlund K, et al: Creatine supplementation and dynamic high-intensity intermittent exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1993; 3: 143 – 149
24. Birch R, Noble D, Greenhaff PL: The influence of dietary creatine supplementation on performance during repeated bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling in man. Eur J Appl Physiol 1994; 69 (3): 268 – 276
25. Dawson B, Cutler M, Moody A, et al: Effects of oral creatine loading on single and repeated maximal short sprints. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1995; 27 (3): 56 – 61
26. Earnest CP Snell PG, Rodriguez R, et al: The effect of creatine monohydrate ingestion on anaerobic power indices, muscular strength and body composition. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 153 (2): 207 – 209
27. Kreider RB, Ferreira M, Wilson M, et al: Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30 (1): 73 – 82
28. Prevost MC, Nelson AG, Morris GS: Creatine supplementation enhances intermittent work performance. Res Q Exerc Sport 1997; 68 (3): 233 – 240
29. Volek JS, Kraemer WJ, Bush JA, et al: Creatine supplementation enhances muscular performance during high-intensity resistance exercise. J Am Diet Assoc 1997; 97 (7): 765 – 770
30. Maganaris CN, Maughan RJ: Creatine supplementation enhances maximum voluntary isometric force and endurance capacity in resistance trained men. Acta Physiol Scand 1998; 163 (3): 279 – 287
31. McNaughton LR, Dalton B, Tarr J: The effects of creatine supplementation on high-intensity exercise performance in elite performers. Eur J Appl Physiol 1998; 78 (3): 236 – 240
32. Barnett C, Hinds M, Jenkins DG: Effects of oral creatine supplementation on multiple sprint cycle performance. Aust J Sci Med Sport 1996; 28 (1): 35 – 39
33. Cooke WH, Barnes WS: The influence of recovery duration on high-intensity exercise performance after oral creatine supplementation. Can J Appl Physiol 1997; 22 (5): 454 – 467
34. Vanakoski J, Kosunen V Meririnne E, et al: Creatine and caffeine in anaerobic and aerobic exercise: effects on physical performance and pharmacokinetic considerations. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998; 36 (5): 258 – 262
35. Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Oral creatine supplementation and athletic performance: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8 (4): 286 – 297
36. Burke LM, Pyne DB, Telford RD: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on single-effort sprint performance in elite swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr 1996; 6 (3): 222 – 233
37. Javierre C, Lizarraga MA, Ventura JL, et al: Creatine supplementation does not improve physical performance in a 150 m race. Rev Esp Fisiol 1997; 53 (4): 343 – 348
38. Mujika I, Chatard JC, Lacoste L, et al: Creatine supplementation does not improve sprint performance in competitive swimmers. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28 (11): 1435 – 1441
39. Redondo DR, Dowling EA, Graham BL, et al: The effect of oral creatine monohydrate supplementation on running velocity. Int J Sport Nutr 1996; 6 (3): 213 – 221
40. Thompson CH, Kemp GJ, Sanderson AL, et al: Effect of creatine on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism in skeletal muscle in swimmers. Br J Sports Med 1996; 30 (3): 222 – 225
41. Aaserud R, Gramvik P, Olsen SR, et al: Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1998; 8 (5 pt 1): 247 – 251
42. Bosco C, Tihanyi J, Pucspk J, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on jumping and running performance. Int J Sports Med 1997; 18 (5): 369 – 372
43. Peyrebrune MC, Nevill ME, Donaldson FJ, et al: The effects of oral creatine supplementation on performance in single and repeated sprint swimming. J Sports Sci 1998; 16 (3): 271 – 279
44. Grindstaff PD, Kreider R, Bishop R, et al: Effects of creatine supplementation on repetitive sprint performance and body composition in competitive swimmers. Int J Sport Nutr 1997; 7 (4): 330 – 346
45. Cooke WH, Grandjean PW, Barnes WS: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on power output and fatigue during bicycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78 (2): 670 – 673
46. Odland LM, MacDougall JD, Tarnopolsky M, et al: Effect of oral creatine supplementation on muscle [Per] and short-term maximum power output. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997; 29 (2): 216 – 219
47. Snow RJ, McKenna MJ, Selig SE, et al: Effect of creatine supplementation on sprint exercise performance and muscle metabolism. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84 (5): 1667 – 1673
48. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Washington, DC: Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA 1994: Public Law 103–417). Available at http://web.health.gov/dietsupp/toc.htm. Accessed March 26, 1999
49. Wassertheil-Smoller S: What is involved in sample size calculation?, in Wassertheil-Smoller S: Biostatistics and Epidemiology: a Primer for Health Professionals. New York City, Springer-Verlag, 1995, pp 140 – 146
50. Pritchard NR, Kalra PA: Renal dysfunction accompanying oral creatine supplements, letter. Lancet 1998; 351 (9111): 1252 – 1253
51. Koshy KM, Griswold E, Schneeberger EE: Interstitial nephritis in a patient taking creatine, letter. N Engl J Med 1999; 340 (10): 814 – 815
52. Poortmans JR, Auquier H, Renaut V, et al: Effect of short-term creatine supplementation on renal responses in men. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 76 (6): 566 – 567
53. Rossiter HB, Cannell ER, Jakeman PM: The effect of oral creatine supplementation on the 1000-m performance of competitive rowers. J Sports Sci 1996; 14 (2): 175 – 179
54. Moore NP, Gray TJ, Timbrell JA: Creatine metabolism in the seminiferous epithelium of rats: I. Creatine synthesis by isolated and cultured cells. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 112 (2): 325 – 330
55. Moore NR Gray TJ, Timbrell JA: Creatine metabolism in the seminiferous epithelium of rats: II. Effect of modulators of cellular biochemical function on creatine secretion by cultured Sertoli cells. J Reprod Fertil 1998; 112 (2): 331 – 336
56. Lee HJ, Fillers WS, Iyengar MR: Phosphocreatine, an intracellular high-energy compound, is found in the extracellular fluid of the seminal vesicles in mice and rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85 (19): 7265 – 7269
57. Juhn MS, Tarnopolsky M: Potential side effects of oral creatine supplementation: a critical review. Clin J Sport Med 1998; 8 (4): 298 – 304
58. Bergnes G, Yuan W, Khandekar VS, et al: Creatine and phosphocreatine analogs: anticancer activity and enzymatic analysis. Oncol Res 1996; 8 (3): 121 – 130
59. Martin KJ, Chen SF, Clark GM, et al: Evaluation of creatine analogues as a new class of anticancer agents using freshly explanted human tumor cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86 (8): 608 – 613
60. Miller EE, Evans AE, Cohn M: Inhibition of rate of tumor growth by creatine and cyclocreatine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90 (8): 3304 – 3308
61. Ohira Y, Inoue N: Effects of creatine and beta-guanidinopropionic acid on the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: i.p. injection and culture study. Biochim Biophys Acta 1995; 1243 (3): 367 – 372
62. Mihic S, MacDonald JR, McKenzie S, et al: The effect of creatine supplementation on blood pressure, plasma creatine kinase, and body composition, abstracted. Fed Am Soc Exp Biol J 1998; 12 (5) A652
63. Agren H, Niklasson F: Creatinine and creatine in CSF: indices of brain energy metabolism in depression. J Neural Transm 1988; 74 (1): 55 – 59
64. Holtzman D: Brain creatine kinases and phosphocreatine: an update. Dev Neurosci 1996; 18 (5–6): 522 – 523
65. United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD: The Special Nutritionals Adverse Event Monitoring System. Available at http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/cgi-bin/aems.cgi?QUERY=creatine&STYPE=EXACT. Accessed March 26, 1999
66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers: North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997. MMWR 1998; 47 (6): 105 – 108