Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry - A review

Veterinary Journal

Volumn 169, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 350-369

  Julian, Richard J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Ascites; Cardiovascular; Metabolic; Musculoskeletal; Osteoporosis

Indexed keywords

BIOGENIC AMINE; CALCITRIOL; CALCIUM; CHLOROPHENOL; HEAVY METAL; MYCOTOXIN; NICARBAZIN; NITROPHENOL; PLANT TOXIN; SULFAQUINOXALINE; THYROID HORMONE; TOXIN;

ANIMAL LAMENESS; ANIMAL WELFARE; AORTA DISSECTING ANEURYSM; AORTA RUPTURE; ASCITES; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AVULSION INJURY; BIRD DISEASE; BONE MALFORMATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHICKEN; CHONDRODYSPLASIA; DEHYDRATION; DUCKS AND GEESE; DWARFISM; EGG PRODUCTION; EPICONDYLITIS; FATTY LIVER; FRACTURE; GROWTH DISORDER; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART INFARCTION; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HEPATITIS; HYPERTHERMIA; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOTHERMIA; HYPOXIA; INFECTION; KIDNEY DISEASE; LIGAMENT INJURY; LIGHT EXPOSURE; LIPIDOSIS; LIVER HEMORRHAGE; LIVER NECROSIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; MORTALITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASE; MYOPATHY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL DEFICIENCY; OSTEOMALACIA; OSTEOPENIA; OSTEOPOROSIS; PULMONARY HYPERTENSION; REVIEW; SPLENOMEGALY; SPONDYLOLISTHESIS; STARVATION; SUDDEN DEATH; TENDON RUPTURE; TIBIA TORSION; TURKEY (BIRD); UROLITHIASIS; VALGUS DEFORMITY; VARUS DEFORMITY;

GALLUS GALLUS;

EID: 17444396752     PISSN: 10900233     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.04.015     Document Type: Article

References (246)

1. Abrams V.A.M. Han C.C. White H.B.III Riboflavin-deficient chicken embryos: Hypoglycemia without dicarboxylic aciduria. (from abstract) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. B, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 111 1995 233-241
2. Ande T.B. Wilson H.R. Hatchability of chicken embryos exposed to acute high temperature stress at various ages Poultry Science 60 1981 1561-1566
3. Apeldoorn E.J. Schrama J.W. Mashaly M.M. Parmentier H.K. Effect of melatonin and lighting schedule on energy metabolism in broiler chickens Poultry Science 78 1999 223-229
4. Arce J. Berger M. Lopez-Coello C. Control of ascites syndrome by feed restriction techniques Journal of Applied Poultry Research 1 1992 1-5
5. Austic R.E. Excess dietary chloride depresses eggshell quality Poultry Science 63 1984 1773-1777
6. Austic R.E. Scott M.L. Nutritional diseases In: Calnek B.W. Barnes H.J. Beard C.W. McDougald L.R. Saif Y.M. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 10th ed. 1997 47-73 Iowa State University Press Ames
7. Bain S.D. Watkins B.A. Local modulation of skeletal growth and bone modeling in poultry Journal of Nutrition 123 1993 317-322
8. Barbut S. Problem of pale soft exudative meat in mature turkey hens British Poultry Science 38 1997 74-77
9. Barbut S. Problem of pale soft exudative meat in broiler chickens British Poultry Science 38 1997 355-358
10. Barns H.J. Guy J.S. Poult enteritis-mortality syndrome In: Saif Y.M. Barnes H.J. Glisson J.R. Fadley A.M. McDougald L.R. Swayne D.E. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 11th ed. 2003 1171-1180 Iowa State Press Ames
11. Bartov I. Lack of interactive effect of nicarbazin and dietary energy-to-protein ratio on performance and abdominal fat pad weight of broiler chickens Poultry Science 68 1989 1535-1539
12. Bender D.A. An Introduction to Nutrition and Metabolism 2002 Taylor and Francis Ltd. London 450 pp.
13. Bendheim U. Berman E. Zadikov I. Shlosberg A. The effects of poor ventilation, low temperatures, type of feed and sex of bird on the development of ascites in broilers. Production parameters Avian Pathology 21 1992 383-388
14. Benoff F.H. Buss E.G. Water consumption and urine volume in polydipsic and normal white Leghorn chickens Poultry Science 55 1976 1140-1142
15. Bhatnagar M.K. Yamashiro S. David L.L. Ultrastructural study of liver fibrosis in turkeys fed diets containing rapeseed meal Research in Veterinary Science 29 1980 260-265
16. Blanchard S.M. Degernes L.A. De Wolf D.K.Jr. Garlich J.D. Intermittent biotelemetric monitoring of electrocardiograms and temperature in male broilers at risk for sudden death syndrome Poultry Science 81 2002 887-891
17. Bogin E. Avidar Y. Merom M. Israeli B.A. Malkinson M. Soback S. Kudler Y. Biochemical changes associated with fatty liver in geese Avian Pathology 13 1984 683-701
18. Bolden S.L. Krista L.M. McDaniel G.R. Miller L.E. Mora E.C. Effect of aortic atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular variables among hyper- and hypotensive turkeys Poultry Science 62 1983 1287-1293
19. Bond J.M. Julian R.J. Squires E.J. Effect of dietary flax oil and hypobaric hypoxia on right ventricular hypertrophy and ascites in broiler chickens British Poultry Science 37 1999 731-741
20. Booth B.E. Tsai H.C. Morris R.C.Jr. Metabolic acidosis in the vitamin D-deficient chick Metabolism 26 1977 1099-1105
21. Boulianne M. Hunter D.B. Viel L. Physick-Sheard P.W. Julian R.J. Effect of exercise on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of heavy turkeys and relevance to sudden death syndrome Avian Diseases 37 1993 83-97
22. Boulianne M. Hunter D.B. Physick-Sheard P.W. Viel L. Julian R.J. Effect of exercise on cardiac output and other cardiovascular parameters of heavy turkeys and relevance to the sudden death syndrome Avian Diseases 37 1993 98-106
23. Bowes, V.A., Julian, R.J., 1986. Diagnosis of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens. In: Borst, G.H.A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Amsterdam, p. 604
24. Bowes V.A. Julian R.J. Organ weights of normal broiler chickens and those dying of sudden death syndrome Canadian Veterinary Journal 29 1988 153-156
25. Bowes V.A. Julian R.J. Leeson S. Stirtzinger T. Research note: effect of feed restriction on feed efficiency and incidence of sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens Poultry Science 67 1988 1102-1104
26. Bradshaw R.H. Kirkden R.D. Broom D.M. A review of the aetiology and pathology of leg weakness in broilers in relation to welfare Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 13 2002 45-103
27. Brown T.R. Sundick R.S. Dhar A. Sheth D. Bagchi N. Uptake and metabolism of iodine is crucial for the development of thyroiditis in obese strain chickens (from abstract) Journal of Clinical Investigation 88 1991 106-111
28. Burton R.R. Smith A.H. The effect of polycythemia and chronic hypoxia on heart mass in the chicken Journal of Applied Physiology 22 1967 782-785
29. Buyse J. Simons P.C.M. Boshouwers E.M.G. Decuypere E. Effect of intermittent lighting, light intensity and source on the performance and welfare of broilers World's Poultry Science Journal 52 1996 121-130
30. Butler E.J. Fatty liver diseases in the domestic fowl - a review Avian Pathology 5 1976 1-14
31. Butler E.J. Pearson A.W. Greenwood N.M. Trimethylamine taint in eggs: The occurrence of the causative metabolic defect in commercial hybrids and pure breeds in relation to shell colour Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 35 1984 272-278
32. Chen K.L. Chiou P.W.S. Oral treatment of mule ducks with arsenicals for inducing fatty liver Poultry Science 80 2001 295-301
33. Chowdhury S.D. Lathyrism in poultry - a review World's Poultry Science Journal 44 1988 7-16
34. Christensen V.L. Bagley L.G. Improved hatchability of turkey eggs at high altitude due to added oxygen and increased incubation temperature Poultry Science 67 1988 956-960
35. Classen H.L. Management factors in leg disorders In: Whitehead C.C. (Ed.), Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry 1992 195-211 Carfax Publishing Co. Abingdon, UK
36. Classen H.L. Riddell C. Photoperiodic effects on performance and leg abnormalities in broiler chickens Poultry Science 68 1989 873-879
37. Colditz I.G. Effects of the immune system on metabolism: Implications for production and disease resistance in livestock Livestock Production Science 75 2002 257-268
38. Cole R.K. Austic R.E. Hereditary uricemia and articular gout in chickens Poultry Science 59 1980 951-960
39. Cook M.E. Bai Y. Orth M.W. Factors influencing growth plate cartilage turnover Poultry Science 73 1994 889-896
40. Corner A.H. Hulan H.W. Nash D.M. Proudfoot F.G. Pathological changes associated with the feeding of soybean oil or oil extracted from different rapeseed cultivars to single comb white Leghorn cockerels Poultry Science 64 1985 1438-1450
41. Crespo R. Shivaprasad H.L. Developmental, metabolic and other noninfectious disorders In: Saif Y.M. Barnes H.J. Glisson J.R. Fadley A.M. McDougald L.R. Swayne D.E. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 11th ed. 2003 1055-1102 Iowa State Press Ames
42. Cueva S. Sillau H. Valenzuela A. Ploog H. High altitude induced pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in broiler chickens Research in Veterinary Science 16 1974 370-374
43. Cummings T.S. French J.D. Fletcher O.J. Ophthalmopathy in a breeder flock reared in dark-out housing Avian Diseases 30 1986 609-612
44. Davis J.F. Hypoglycemia-spiking mortality syndrome of broiler chickens In: Saif Y.M. Barnes H.J. Glisson J.R. Fadley A.M. McDougald L.R. Swayne D.E. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 11th ed. 2003 1181-1183 Iowa State Press Ames
45. Davis J.F. Vasilatos-Younken R. Markedly reduced pancreatic glucagon levels in broiler chickens with spiking mortality syndrome Avian Diseases 39 1995 417-419
46. 3) of broiler lines with a high susceptibility for ascites British Poultry Science 35 1994 287-298
47. Denholm E.M. Lewis J.C. Monocyte chemoattractants in pigeon aortic atherosclerosis American Journal of Pathology 126 1987 464-475
48. Diaz G.J. Julian R.J. Squires E.J. Cobalt-induced polycythaemia causing right ventricular hypertrophy in meat-type chicken Avian Pathology 23 1994 91-104
49. Diaz G.J. Squires E.J. Julian R.J. Effect of selected dietary antioxidants on fatty liver-haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens British Poultry Science 35 1994 621-629
50. Dibner J.J. Kitchell M.L. Robey W.W. Yersin A.G. Dunn P.A. Wideman R.F.Jr. Liver damage and supplemental methionine sources in the diets of mature laying hens Journal of Applied Poultry Research 3 1994 367-372
51. Edwards H.M.Jr. Nutrition and skeletal problems in poultry Poultry Science 79 2000 1018-1023
52. Ernst R.A. Weathers W.W. Smith J. Effects of heat stress on day-old broiler chicks Poultry Science 63 1984 1719-1721
53. Fabricant C.G. Atherosclerosis: The consequence of infection with a herpesvirus Advances in Veterinary Science and Comparative Medicine 30 1985 39-66
54. Fabricant C.G. Fabricant J. Litrenta M.M. Minick C.R. Virus-induced atherosclerosis Journal of Experimental Medicine 148 1978 335-340
55. Farquharson C. Jefferies D. Chondrocytes and longitudinal bone growth: The development of tibial dyschondroplasia Poultry Science 79 2000 994-1004
56. Ferguson A.E. Leeson S. Julian R.J. Summers J.D. Leg bone abnormalities and histopathology of cage and floor reared broilers fed diets devoid of selected vitamins and minerals Poultry Science 57 1978 1559-1562
57. Fitz-Coy S.H. Edgar S.A. Hoerr F.J. An outbreak of urolithiasis in single-comb White Leghorn pullets Avian Diseases 32 1988 563-566
58. Frank R.K. Newman J. Ruth G.R. Lesions of perirenal hemorrhage syndrome in growing turkeys Avian Diseases 35 1991 523-534
59. Freeman B.H. Manning A.C.C. Re-establishment of the stress response in Gallus domesticus after hatching Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 78 1984 267-270
60. Friedman Y. Pantanowitz Y. Ketosis in newly hatched turkey poults with nervous signs Veterinary Record 135 1994 216
61. Gazdzinski P. Squires E.J. Julian R.J. Hepatic lipidosis in turkeys Avian Diseases 38 1994 379-384
62. George F.W. Wilson J.D. Pathogenesis of the henny feathering trait in the Sebright Bantam chicken (from abstract) Journal of Clinical Investigation 66 1980 57
63. Gordon S.H. Effects of day length and increasing day length programmes on broiler welfare and performance World's Poultry Science Journal 50 1994 269-282
64. Gough A.W. Weber L.J. Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens Avian Diseases 22 1978 205-210
65. Graham C.L.G. Copper levels in liver of turkeys with naturally occurring aortic rupture Avian Diseases 21 1977 113-116
66. Grashorn M. Investigation of the aetiology and pathology of sudden death syndrome in meat-type chickens Archives Fur Geflugelkunde 58 1994 243-244
67. Greenlees K.J. Eyre P. Lee J.C. Larsen C.T. Effect of age and growth rate on myocardial irritability in broiler chickens Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 190 3 1989 282-285
68. Haghighi-Rad F. Polin D. The relationship of plasma oestradiol and progesterone levels to the fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens Poultry Science 60 1981 2278-2283
69. Halley J.T. Nelson T.S. Kirby L.K. Johnson Z.B. Effect of altering dietary mineral balance on growth, leg abnormalities and blood base excess in broiler chicks Poultry Science 66 1987 1684-1692
70. Hassanzadeh M. Fard M.H.B. Buyse J. Decuypere E. Beneficial effects of alternative lighting schedules on the incidence of ascites and on metabolic parameters of broiler chickens Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51 2003 513-520
71. Hatch R.C. Poisons causing respiratory insufficiency: Poisons markedly increasing tissue oxygen demand In: Booth N.H. McDonald L.E. (Eds.), Veterinary Toxicology Section, Veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics sixth ed. 1988 1007-1052 Iowa State University Press Ames
72. van der Hel W. Verstegen M.W.A. Henken A.M. Brandsma H.A. The upper critical ambient temperature in neonatal chicks Poultry Science 70 1991 1882-1887
73. Hemsley L.A. Causes of mortality in fourteen flocks of broiler chickens Veterinary Record 77 1965 467-472
74. Hernandez A. Hypoxic ascites in broilers: A review of several studies done in Colombia Avian Diseases 31 1987 658-661
75. Hopkinson W.I. Reproduction of the sudden death syndrome of broiler breeders: A relative potassium imbalance Avian Pathology 20 1991 403-408
76. Huchzermeyer F.W. de Ruyck A.M.C. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome associated with ascites in broilers Veterinary Record 119 1986 94
77. Humphrey B.D. Klasing K.C. Modulation of nutrient metabolism and homeostasis by the immune system World's Poultry Science Journal 60 2004 90-100
78. Jackson C.A.V. Kingston D.J. Hemsley L.A. A total mortality study of nine batches of broiler chickens Australian Veterinary Journal 48 1972 481-487
79. Jortner B.S. Cherry J. Lidsky T.I. Manetto C. Shell L. Peripheral neuropathy of dietary riboflavin deficiency in chickens (from abstract) Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 46 1987 544-555
80. Julian, R.J., 1983. Ascites in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the 55th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, Ottawa, unnumbered
81. Julian R.J. Valgus-varus deformity of the intertarsal joint in broiler chickens Canadian Veterinary Journal 25 1984 254-258
82. Julian R.J. Tendon avulsion as a cause of lameness in turkeys Avian Diseases 28 1984 244-249
83. Julian R.J. Osteochondrosis, dyschondroplasia, and osteomyelitis causing femoral head necrosis in turkeys Avian Diseases 29 1985 854-866
84. Julian R.J. The effect of increased mineral level in the feed on leg weakness and sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens Canadian Veterinary Journal 27 1986 157-160
85. Julian R.J. The effect of increased sodium in the drinking water on right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites in broiler chickens Avian Pathology 16 1987 61-71
86. Julian R.J. Are we growing them too fast. Ascites in meat-type chickens Highlights of Agricultural Research in Ontario 10 2 1987 27-30
87. Julian R.J. Ascites in meat-type ducklings Avian Pathology 17 1988 11-21
88. Julian R.J. Ascites in poultry. Review article Avian Pathology 22 1993 419-454
89. Julian, R.J., 1994. Metabolic disorders and welfare of broilers. In: Proceedings of the Ninth European Poultry Conference, vol. I, Glasgow, UK Branch WPSA. Walker and Connell Ltd, Darvel, UK, pp. 64-69
90. Julian, R.J., 1995. Hepatitis-liver hemorrhage syndrome in laying hens. In: Proceedings of the 67th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, Mystic, CT, p. 17
91. Julian R.J. Cardiovascular disease In: Jordan F.T.W. & Pattison M. (Eds.), Poultry Diseases fourth ed. 1996 343-374 W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. London
92. Julian R.J. Cardiovascular system In: Riddell C. (Ed.), Avian Histopathology second ed. 1996 69-88 American Association of Avian Pathologists Kennett Square, PA
93. Julian, R.J., 1998a. Hepatitis in laying hens caused by chronic hepatitis-liver hemorrhage syndrome. In: Proceedings of the 70th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, Guelph, Canada, unnumbered
94. Julian R.J. Rapid growth problems: Ascites and skeletal deformities in broilers Poultry Science 77 1998 1773-1780
95. Julian, R.J., 1999. Epicardial and hepatic fibrosis in heavy turkeys at processing. In: Proceedings of the 71st Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, Blacksburg, Virginia, pp. 22-23
96. Julian R.J. Physiological, management and environmental triggers of the ascites syndrome: A review Avian Pathology 29 2000 519-527
97. Julian R.J. Bhatnagar M.K. Cartilage lesions associated with shaky-leg lameness in turkeys Avian Diseases 29 1985 218-232
98. Julian, R.J., Bowes, V.A., 1984. The effect of diet on sudden death syndrome and leg deformity in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, University Park, Pennsylvania, unnumbered
99. Julian R.J. Bowes V.A. Flip-over disease (sudden death syndrome) in broiler chickens Highlights of Agricultural Research in Ontario 10 4 1987 9-11
100. Julian R.J. Brown T.P. Other toxins and poisons In: Calnek B.W. Barnes H.J. Beard C.W. McDougald L.R. & Saif Y.M. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 10th ed. 1997 979-1005 Iowa State University Press Ames
101. Julian, R.J., Gazdzinski, P., 1999. Lameness and leg problems in turkeys. In: Hafez, H.M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Turkey Diseases, Institute of Poultry Diseases, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, pp. 18-29
102. Julian R.J. Goryo M. Pulmonary aspergillosis causing right ventricular failure and ascites in meat-type chickens Avian Pathology 19 1990 643-654
103. Julian R.J. Mirsalimi S.M. Blood oxygen concentration of fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens, and chickens with ascites from right ventricular failure Avian Diseases 36 1992 730-732
104. Julian, R.J., Pettit, J.R., 1983. Angiopathy in turkeys. In: Proceedings of the 55th Northeastern Conference on Avian Diseases, Ottawa, unnumbered
105. Julian R.J. Squires E.J. Haematopoietic and right ventricular response to intermittent hypobaric hypoxia in meat-type chickens Avian Pathology 23 1994 539-545
106. Julian, R.J., Wilson, J.B., 1986. Right ventricular failure as a cause of ascites in broiler and roaster chickens. In: Borst, G.H.A. (Ed.), Proceedings of the IVth International Symposium of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Amsterdam, pp. 608-611
107. Julian R.J. Wilson B. Pen oxygen concentration and pulmonary hypertension-induced right ventricular failure and ascites in meat-type chickens at low altitude Avian Diseases 36 1992 733-735
108. Julian R.J. Friars G.W. French H. Quinton M. The relationship of right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites to weight gain in broiler and roaster chickens Avian Diseases 31 1987 130-135
109. Julian R.J. Frazier J.A. Goryo M. Right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites in broiler chickens caused by amiodarone-induced lung pathology Avian Pathology 18 1989 161-174
110. Julian R.J. McMillan I. Quinton M. The effect of cold and dietary energy on right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular failure and ascites in meat-type chickens Avian Pathology 18 1989 675-684
111. Julian R.J. Caston L.J. Leeson S. The effect of dietary sodium on right ventricular failure-induced ascites, gain and fat deposition in meat-type chickens Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research 56 1992 214-219
112. Julian R.J. Caston L.J. Mirsalimi S.M. Leeson S. Effect of poultry by-produce meal on pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular failure and ascites in broiler chickens Canadian Veterinary Journal 33 1992 382-385
113. Julian R.J. Mirsalimi S.M. Bagley L.G. Squires E.J. Effect of hypoxia and diet on spontaneous turkey cardiomyopathy (round heart disease) Avian Diseases 36 1992 1043-1047
114. Klasing, K.C., 2003. Metabolic disease: Exacerbation of metabolic disease by infectious disease. Program and abstracts. In: XIII Congress of the World Veterinary Poultry Association Denver, American Association of Avian Pathologists, Athens, GA, pp. 54-55
115. Klasing K.C. Johnstone B.J. Monokines in growth and development Poultry Science 70 1991 1781-1789
116. Kolb E. Tegeler G. Metabolic disorders and deficiency diseases of poultry. Stoffwechselstorungen und Mangelkranheiten. (in German, from abstract) In: Heider G. & Monreal G. (Eds.), Kranheiten des Wirtschaftsgeflugels 1992 465-574 Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena, Germany
117. Krista L.M. McQuire J.A. Atherosclerosis in coronary, aortic and sciatic arteries from wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) American Journal of Veterinary Research 49 1988 1582-1588
118. Krista L.M. McDaniel G.R. Mora E.C. Patterson R. Whitesides J.F. Histological evaluation of the vascular system for the severity of atherosclerosis in hyper and hypotensive male and female turkeys: Comparison between young and aged turkeys Poultry Science 66 1987 1033-1044
119. Ladmaki M.H. Buys N. Dewil E. Rahimi G. Decuypere E. The prophylactic effect of vitamin C supplementation on broiler ascites incidence and plasma thyroid hormone concentration Avian Pathology 26 1997 33-44
120. Landman W.J.M. Probleem van dikke, pijnlijke hahhen bij slachtkuikens (problem with swollen painful legs in slaughter chickens) Tijdschrift voor Diergeneekunde 124 1999 512
121. Landman W.J.M. Gruys E. Gielkens A.L.J. Avian amyloidosis Avian Pathology 27 1998 437-449
122. Larochelle D. Morin M. Bernier G. Sudden death in turkeys with perirenal hemorrhage: Pathological observations and possible pathogenesis of the disease Avian Diseases 36 1992 114-124
123. Leach R.M. Twal W.O. Autocrine, paracrine and hormonal signals involved in growth plate chondrocyte differentiation Poultry Science 73 1994 883-888
124. Leeson S. Diaz G.J. Summers J.D. Poultry Metabolic Disorders and Mycotoxins 1995 University Books Guelph p. 234
125. Lopez-Coello, C., 1985. Recent investigations on ascites in Mexico. In: Proceedings of the 34th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Davis, CA, pp. 71-73
126. Lopez-Coello, C., Paasch, L., Rosiles, R., Casas, C., 1982. Ascites due to undetermined causes. In: Proceedings of the 31st Western Poultry Disease Conference and 16th Symposia, Davis, CA, pp. 13-15
127. Magwood S.E. Bray D.F. Disease condition of turkey poults characterized by enlarged and rounded hearts Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 26 1962 268-272
128. Martindale L. Siller W.G. Wight P.A.L. Effects of subfascial pressure in experimental deep pectoral myopathy of the fowl: an angiographic study Avian Pathology 8 1979 425-436
129. Martinez D.A. Diaz G.J. Effect of graded levels of dietary nickel and manganese on blood haemoglobin content and pulmonary hypertension in broiler chickens Avian Pathology 25 1996 537-549
130. Masegi T. Sato K. Kawada M. Yanai T. Ueda K. Spontaneous coronary arteriosclerosis in broiler chickens Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55 1993 457-459
131. Maxwell M.H. Spence S. Robertson G.W. Mitchell M.A. Haematological and morphological responses of broiler chicks to hypoxia Avian Pathology 19 1990 23-40
132. May J.D. Effect of dietary thyroid hormone on growth and feed efficiency of broilers Poultry Science 59 1980 888-892
133. McCormick D.B. Micronutrient cofactor research with extensions to applications Nutrition Research Reviews 15 2002 245-262
134. McCormick C.C. Garlick J.D. The interaction of phosphorus nutrition and fasting on the survival time of young chickens acutely exposed to high temperature Poultry Science 61 1982 331-336
135. McDowell L.R. Re-evaluation of the metabolic essentiality of the vitamins - review Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 2000 115-125
136. McNulty N.S. Viruses and malabsorption syndrome in broiler chickens World Poultry 14 3 1998 57-58
137. Meglasson M.D. Hazelwood R.L. Ascorbic acid diabetogenesis in the domestic fowl (from abstract) General and Comparative Endocrinology 47 1982 205-212
138. Merat P. The sex-linked dwarf gene in the broiler industry Word's Poultry Science Journal 40 1984 10-18
139. Meyrick B. Structure function correlates in the pulmonary vasculature during acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary hypertension Toxicological Pathology 19 1991 447-457
140. Mezes M. Surai P. Salyi G. Speake B.K. Gaal T. Maldjian A. Nutritional metabolic diseases of poultry and disorders of the biological antioxidant defence system Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 45 1997 349-360
141. Migaki, G., 1982. Compendium of inherited metabolic diseases in animals. In: Desnick, R.J, Patterson, D.F., Scarpelli, D.G. (Eds.), Animal Models of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Animal Models of inherited Metabolic Disease, October 1981, Bethesda MD. Alan R. Liss, Inc. New York, pp. 473-501
142. Miller L.E. Krista L.M. Brake J. Bolden S.L. McDaniel G.R. Mora E.C. Effects of caponization on body weight, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular variables in hypertensive and hypotensive turkey lines Poultry Science 64 1985 1002-1014
143. Minick C.R. Fabricant C.G. Fabricant J. Litrent M.M. Atheroarteriosclerosis induced by infection with a herpesvirus American Journal of Pathology 96 1979 673-706
144. Mirsalimi S.M. Julian R.J. Reduced erythrocyte deformability as a possible contributing factor to pulmonary hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens Avian Disease 35 1991 374-379
145. Mirsalimi S.M. Julian R.J. Effect of excess sodium bicarbonate on the blood volume and erythrocyte deformability of broiler chickens Avian Pathology 22 1993 495-507
146. Mirsalimi S.M. O'Brien P.J. Julian R.J. Changes in erythrocyte deformability in NaCl-induced right-sided cardiac failure in broiler chickens American Journal of Veterinary Research 53 1992 2359-2363
147. Mirsalimi S.M. Julian R.J. Squires E.J. Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on slow- and fast-growing chickens fed diets with high and low protein levels Avian Diseases 37 1993 660-667
148. Mitchell J.R. de Boom H.P.A. Traumatic avulsion of the proximal femoral articular cartilage as a cause of hip dislocation in broiler chickens Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 57 1986 133-137
149. Moghadam H.K. McMillan I. Chambers J.R. Julian R.J. Estimation of genetic parameters for ascites in broiler chickens Poultry Science 80 2001 844-848
150. Monge C. León-Velarde F. Physiological adaptation to high altitude: Oxygen transport in mammals and birds Physiological Reviews 71 1991 1135-1171
151. Moreng R.E. Incubation and growth of fowls and turkeys in high altitude environments World's Poultry Science Journal 40 1984 47-51
152. Moreng R.E. Shaffner C.S. Lethal internal temperatures for the chicken, from fertile egg to mature bird Poultry Science 30 1951 255-266
153. Moulsley L.J. Heat stress and broiler mortality Farm Buildings and Engineering 1 1984 35-36
154. Mutalib A.A. Hansen J.A. Sudden death in turkeys with perirenal hemorrhage: Field and laboratory findings Canadian Veterinary Journal 31 1990 637-642
155. Nakamura T. Machida N. Mukai Iizuka T. Kiryu K. Spontaneous atherosclerosis in Rhode Island Red chickens Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 45 1992 646-649
156. Neumann F. Dison M.S. Klopfer U. Nobel T.A. Sporadic renal haemorrhage in turkeys Refu Veterinarian 30 1973 59-61
157. Newberry R.C. Gardiner E.E. Hunt J.R. Behaviour of chickens prior to death from sudden death syndrome Poultry Science 66 1987 1446-1450
158. O'Brien P.J. O'Grady M. McCutcheon L.J. Shen H. Nowack L. Horne R.D. Mirsalimi S.M. Julian R.J. Grima E.A. Moe G.W. Armstrong P.W. Myocardial myoglobin deficiency in various animal models of congestive heart failure Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology 24 1992 721-730
159. Olander H.J. Burton R.R. Adler H.E. The pathophysiology of chronic hypoxia in chickens Avian Diseases 11 1967 609-620
160. Odom T.W. Ono Y. The time course in development of hypocalcemia and plasma lactate accumulation in mature and immature hyperthermic domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. A, Comparative Physiology 98 1991 207 210
161. Olkowski A.A. Classen H.L. Malignant ventricular dysrhythmia in broiler chickens which die of sudden death syndrome Veterinary Record 140 1997 177-179
162. Olkowski A.A. Classen H.L. Sudden death syndrome in broiler chickens: a review Poultry and Avian Biological Reviews 6 1997 95-105
163. Olkowski A.A. Classen H.L. Progressive bradycardia, a possible factor in the pathogenesis of ascites in fast growing broiler chickens raised at low altitude British Poultry Science 39 1998 139-146
164. Olkowski A.A. Classen H.L. Kumor L. Left atrio-ventricular valve degeneration, left ventricular dilation and right ventricular failure: A possible association with pulmonary hypertension and aetiology of ascites in broiler chickens Avian Pathology 27 1998 51-59
165. Olkowski A.A. Korver D. Rathgeber B. Classen H.L. Cardiac index, oxygen delivery and tissue oxygen extraction in slow and fast growing chickens, and in chickens with heart failure and ascites: a comparative study Avian Pathology 28 1999 137-146
166. Ononuwu J.C. Thomson R.G. Carlson H.C. Julian R.J. Pathological studies of "sudden death syndrome" in broiler chickens Canadian Veterinary Journal 20 1979 70-73
167. Ononuwu J.C. Thomson R.G. Carlson H.C. Julian R.J. Studies on effect of lighting on "sudden death syndrome" in broiler chickens Canadian Veterinary Journal 20 1979 74-77
168. Pass D.A. A cardiomyopathy (sudden death syndrome) of adult hens Avian Pathology 12 1983 363-369
169. Peacock A.J. Pickett C.K. Morris K.G. Reeves J.T. Spontaneous hypoxaemia and right ventricular hypertrophy in fast growing broiler chickens reared at sea level Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 97 1990 537-541
170. Perlman B. Avidar Y. Trembling syndrome (metabolic myopathy) in broiler breeder pullets (from abstract) Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine 49 1994 73-76
171. Poernama F. Schreyer S.A. Bitgood J.J. Cook M.E. Attie A.D. Spontaneous high density lipoprotein deficiency syndrome associated with Z-linked mutation in chickens (from abstract) Journal of Lipid Research 31 1990 955-963
172. Proudfoot F.G. Hulan H.W. McRae K.B. Effects of age at photoperiod change and dietary protein on performance of four dwarf maternal meat parent genotypes and their broiler chicken progeny Canadian Journal of Animal Science 65 1985 113-124
173. Ratanasethakul C. Riddell C. Salmon R.E. O'Neil J.B. Pathological changes in chickens, ducks, and turkeys fed high levels of rapeseed oil Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 40 1976 360-370
174. Rath N.C. Huff G.R. Huff W.E. Balog J.M. Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry Poultry Science 79 2000 1024-1032
175. Reddi A.H. Initiation and promotion of endochondral bone formation by bone morphogenetic proteins: Potential implication for avian tibial dyschondroplasia Poultry Science 79 2000 978-981
176. Reid L.M. Structure and function in pulmonary hypertension. New perceptions Chest 89 1986 279-288
177. Rennie J.S. Whitehead C.C. Thorp B.H. The effect of dietary 1,25-dehydroxycholecalciferal in preventing tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers fed on diets imbalanced in calcium and phosphorus British Journal of Nutrition 69 1993 809-816
178. Riddell C. Pathology of developmental and metabolic disorders of the skeleton of domestic chickens and turkeys. I. Abnormalities of genetic or unknown aetiology Veterinary Bulletin 45 1975 629-640
179. Riddell C. Selection of broiler chickens for high and low incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia with observations on spondylolisthesis and twisted legs (perosis) Poultry Science 55 1976 145-151
180. Riddell C. Non-infectious skeletal disorders of poultry: An overview In: Whitehead C.C. (Eds.), Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry 1992 119-145 Carfax Publishing Co. Abingdon, UK
181. Riddell, C., 1993. Developmental and metabolic diseases of meat-type poultry. In: Proceedings of the Xth World Veterinary Poultry Association Congress, Sydney, Australia, pp.79-89
182. Riddell C. Skeletal system In: Riddell C. (Ed.), Avian Histopathology second ed. 1996 45 60 American Association of Avian Pathologists Kennet Square, PA
183. Riddell C. Orr J.P. Chemical studies of the blood, and histological studies of the heart of broiler chickens dying from acute death syndrome Avian Diseases 24 1980 751-757
184. Riddell C. Helmbolt C.F. Sigsen E.P. A histologic study of medullary bone of laying hens under different diet and housing conditions Avian Diseases 13 1969 163-170
185. Ritchie S.J. Riddell C. "Hepatitis-splenomegaly" syndrome in commercial egg laying hens Canadian Veterinary Journal 32 1991 500-501
186. Romanov M.N. Sazanov A.A. Smirnov A.F. First century of chicken gene study and mapping - a look back and forward World's Poultry Science Journal 60 2004 19-43
187. Rotter B. Guenter W. Boycott B.R. Sudden death syndrome in broilers: influence of dietary fats on the incidence and tissue composition Nutrition Reports International 38 1988 369-380
188. Ruiz-Lopez B. Austic R.E. The effect of selected minerals on the acid-base balance of growing chicks Poultry Science 72 1993 1054-1062
189. Ruiz-Lopez B. Rangel-Lugo M. Austic R.E. Effect of selected minerals
190. Sandercock D.A. Hunter R.R. Nute G.R. Mitchell M.A. Hocking P.M. Acute heat stress-induced alterations in blood acid-base status and skeletal muscle membrane integrity in broiler chickens at two ages: Implications for meat quality Poultry Science 80 2001 418-425
191. Santora G.S. Lund J.D. Ersboll A.K. Petersen J.S. Vestergaard K.S. Monitoring leg problems in broilers: A survey of commercial broiler production in Denmark World's Poultry Science Association 57 2001 55-70
192. Scheele C.W. Decuypere E. Vereijken P.F. Schneurs F.J. Ascites in broilers. II. Disturbances in the hormonal regulation of metabolic rate and fat metabolism Poultry Science 71 1992 1971-1984
193. Scott T.R. Washburn K.W. Evaluation of growth, hormonal, and hematological responses of neonatal chickens to reduced temperature brooding Poultry Science 64 1985 777-784
194. Scott M.L. Olson G. Krook L. Brown W.R. Selenium responsive myopathies of myocardium and of smooth muscle in the young poult Journal of Nutrition 91 1967 573-583
195. Shapiro F. Nir I. Stunting syndrome in broilers: Physical, physiological and behavioral aspects Poultry Science 74 1995 33-44
196. Shivaprasad, H.L., Woolcock, P.R., 1995. Necrohemorrhagic hepatitis in broiler breeders. In: Proceedings of the 44th Western Poultry Disease Conference, Sacremento, CA, p. 6
197. Shlosberg A. Berman E. Bendheim U. Plavnick I. Controlled early feed restriction as a potential means of reducing the incidence of ascites in broilers Avian Diseases 35 1991 142-153
198. Shlosberg A. Zadikov I. Handji V. Bendheim U. Berman E. The effects of poor ventilation, low temperatures, type of feed and sex of bird on the development of ascites in broilers. Physiopathological factors Avian Pathology 21 1992 369-382
199. Siegel H.S. Hammad S.M. Marks H.L. Atherosclerosis in Japanese quail males selected for high or low plasma cholesterol Poultry Science 74 1995 1712-1716
200. Siller W.G. Renal pathology of the fowl - a review Avian Pathology 10 1981 187-262
201. Simpson C.F. Harms R.H. Aortic atherosclerosis in nonlaying hens with fatty liver syndrome Avian Diseases 27 1983 652-659
202. Simpson C.F. Taylor W.J. Cartilaginous metaplasia of the thoracic aorta of control turkeys and exacerbation by B-aminopropionitrile Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 177 1984 272-277
203. Smith T.K. Mogridge J.A.L. Sousadias M.G. Growth-promoting potential and toxicity of spermadine, a polyamine and biogenic amine found in foods and feedstuffs Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44 1996 518-521
204. Sosnicki A.A. Wilson B.W. Pathology of turkey skeletal muscle: implications for the poultry industry Food Structure 10 1991 317-326
205. Spurlock M.E. Savage J.E. Effect of dietary protein and selected antioxidants on fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome induced in Japanese quail Poultry Science 72 1993 2095-2105
206. Squires E.J. Leeson S. Aetiology of fatty liver syndrome in laying hens British Veterinary Journal 144 1988 602-609
207. Stanbury J.B. Wyngaarden J.B. Fredrickson D.S. Goldstein J.L. Brown M.S. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited disease fifth ed. 1983 McGraw-Hill New York 2032
208. Sugahara M. Black vomit, gizzard erosion and gizzerosine Word's Poultry Science Journal 51 1995 293-306
209. Swayne D.E. Nervous system In: Riddell C. (Ed.), Avian Histopathology second ed. 1996 183-201 American Association of Avian Pathogologists Kennet Square, PA
210. Tablante N.L. Vaillancourt J.P. Julian R.J. Necrotic, haemorrhagic, hepatomegalic hepatitis associated with vasculitis and amyloidosis in commercial laying hens Avian Pathology 23 1994 724-732
211. Tankson J.D. Thaxton J.P. Vizzer-Thaxon Y. Pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broilers caused by Enterococcus faecalis Infection and Immunity 69 2001 6318-6322
212. Teeter R.G. Smith M.O. High chronic ambient temperature stress effects on broiler acid-base balance and their response to supplemental ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, and potassium carbonate Poultry Science 65 1986 1777-1781
213. Thomson A.E. Gentry P.A. Squires E.J. Comparison of the coagulation profile of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome-susceptible hens and normal laying hens British Poultry Science 44 2003 626-633
214. Thorp B.H. Abnormalities in the growth of leg bones In: Whitehead C.C. (Ed.), Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry 1992 147-166 Carfax Publishing Co. Abingdon, UK
215. Thorp B.H. Skeletal disorders in the fowl: A review Avian Pathology 23 1994 203-236
216. Thorp B.H. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system In: Jordan F.T.W. Pattison M. (Eds.), Poultry Diseases fourth ed. 1996 290-305 W.B. Saunders Company Ltd. London
217. Thorp B.H. Ducro B. Whitehead C.C. Farquharson C. Sørensen P. Avian tibial dyschondroplasia: The interaction of genetic selection and dietary 1.25-dihydroxycholecalciferol Avian Pathology 22 1993 311-324
218. Thorp B.H. Jakowlew S.B. Goddard C. Avian dyschondroplaisia: Local deficiencies in growth factors are integral to the aetiopathogenesis Avian Pathology 24 1995 135-148
219. Toyomizu M. Okamoto K. Tanaka M. Ishibashi T. Effect of 2,4-dinitrophenol on growth and body composition of broilers Poultry Science 71 1992 1096-1100
220. Tottori J. Yamagutchi R. Murakawa Y. Sato M. Uchida K. Tateyama S. Experimental production of ascites in broiler chickens using infectious bronchitis virus and Escherichia coli Avian Diseases 41 1997 214-220
221. Umemura T. Yamashiro S. Bhatnagar M.K. Moody D.L. Slinger S.J. Liver fibrosis of the turkey on rapeseed products Research in Veterinary Science 23 1977 139-145
222. Vieth R. The mechanisms of vitamin D toxicity Bone and Mineral 11 1990 267-272
223. Volk M. Herceg M. Marzan B. Kralj M. Meknic S. Tadic V. Fatal syncope in broilers: Occurrence, clinical symptoms, lesions and pathogenesis Veterinary Archives 44 1974 14-23
224. Warren M.F. Hamilton P.B. Glycogen storage disease type X caused by ochratoxin A in broiler chickens Poultry Science 60 1981 120-123
225. Whitehead C.C. Fleming R.H. Osteoporosis in cage layers Poultry Science 79 2000 1033-1041
226. Whitehead C.C. Siller W.G. Experimentally induced fatty liver and kidney syndrome in the young turkey Research in Veterinary Science 34 1983 73-76
227. Whitehead C.C. Wilson S. Characteristics of osteopeania in hens In: Whitehead C.C. (Ed.), Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry 1992 265-280 Carfax Publishing Co. Abingdon, UK
228. Whitehead C.C. Bannister D.W. Cleland M.E. Metabolic changes associated with the occurrence of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chicks British Journal of Nutrition 40 1978 221-234
229. Whitehead C.C. Fleming R.H. Julian R.J. Sorenson P. Skeletal problems associated with selection for increased production In: Muir W.M. Aggery S.E. (Eds.), Poultry Genetics, Breeding and Biotechnology 2003 29-52 CABI Publishing Wallingford, UK
230. Wick G. Brezinschek H.P. Hala K. Dietrich H. Wolf H. Kroemer G. The Obese strain of chickens: An animal model with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (from abstract) Advances in Immunology 47 1989 433-500
231. Wideman R.F.Jr. Renal regulation of avian calcium and phosphorus metabolism Journal of Nutrition 117 1987 808-815
232. Wideman R.F. Cardio-pulmonary hemodynamics and ascites in broiler chickens Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews 11 2000 21-43
233. Wideman R.F. Pathophysiology of heart/lung disorders: Pulmonary hypertension syndrome in broiler chickens World's Poultry Science Journal 57 2001 289-307
234. Wideman R.F. French H. Ascites resistance of progeny from broiler breeders selected for two generations using chronic unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion Poultry Science 79 2000 396-401
235. Wideman R.F.Jr. Kirby Y.K. Evidence of a ventilation-perfusion mismatch during acute unilateral pulmonary artery occlusion in broilers Poultry Science 74 1995 1209-1217
236. Wideman R.F.Jr. Closser J.A. Roush W.B. Cowan B.S. Urolithiasis in pullets and laying hens: Role of dietary calcium and phosphorus Poultry Science 64 1985 2300-2307
237. Wideman R.F. Kirby Y.K. Tackett C.D. Marson N.E. Tressler C.J. McNew R.W. Independent and simultaneous unilateral occlusion of the pulmonary artery and extra-pulmonary primary bronchus in broilers Poultry Science 75 1996 1417-1427
238. Wideman R.F. Kirby Y.K. Owen R.L. French H. Chronic unilateral occlusion of an extra-pulmonary primary bronchus induces pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in male and female broilers Poultry Science 76 1997 400-404
239. Wiernusz C.J. Teeter R.G. Nicarbazin effects on broiler thermobalance during high ambient temperature stress Poultry Science 74 1995 577-580
240. Wight P.A.L. Siller W.G. Martindale L. The sequence of pathological events in deep pectoral myopathy of broilers Avian Pathology 10 1981 57-76
241. Wight P.A.L. Wells J.W. Shannon D.W.F. Liver haemorrhages induced by rapeseed meal: Incidence in adult male and female fowls British Poultry Science 27 1986 247-252
242. Wilson J.E. Siller W.G. Round heart disease in the fowl Journal of Comparative Pathology 64 1954 41-51
243. Wilson B.W. Abplanalp H. Buhr R.J. Entrikin R.K. Hooper M.J. Nieberg P.S. Inbred crosses and inherited muscular dystrophy of the chicken Poultry Science 67 1988 367-374
244. Wilson J.B. Julian R.J. Barker I.K. Lesions of right heart failure and ascites in broiler chickens Avian Diseases 32 1988 246-261
245. Witter R.L. Schat K.A. Marek's disease In: Saif Y.M. Barnes H.J. Glisson J.R. Fadley A.M. McDougald L.R. Swayne D.E. (Eds.), Diseases of Poultry 11th ed. 2003 407-465 Iowa State Press Ames
246. Yahav S. Straschnow A. Vax E. Razpakovski V. Shinder D. Air velocity alters broiler performance under harsh environmental conditions Poultry Science 80 2001 724-726