Narratives of identity: Denying empathy in conservative discourses on race, class, and sexuality

Theory and Society

Volumn 34, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 37-61

  Johnson, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 17144396314     PISSN: 03042421     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11186-005-3295-2     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. See, e.g., Iris Marion Young's characterization of identity politics, in Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2000), 103; Judith Butler's in "Subjectification, Resistance, Resignification, " in John Rajchman, editor, The Identity in Question (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 242. This is not to deny that Butler has also written tellingly about the construction of mainstream identities such as heterosexuality.
2. See, e.g., Iris Marion Young's characterization of identity politics, in Inclusion and Democracy (Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2000), 103; Judith Butler's in "Subjectification, Resistance, Resignification, " in John Rajchman, editor, The Identity in Question (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 242. This is not to deny that Butler has also written tellingly about the construction of mainstream identities such as heterosexuality.
3. See, e.g., the range of forms of identity analyzed in works such as Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, editors, Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), or Hall's chapter "The Meaning of New Times," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990's (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), particularly 131. On Hall, see further David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, editors, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie, editors, Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London and New York: Verso, 2000). For a useful analysis of Hall's views on the complex politics of identity under Thatcherism, see Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, "Feminism, Marxism and Thatcherism" in Franklin et al., editors, Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (Hammersmith: Harper-Collins, 1991), 23.
4. See, e.g., the range of forms of identity analyzed in works such as Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, editors, Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), or Hall's chapter "The Meaning of New Times," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990's (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), particularly 131. On Hall, see further David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, editors, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie, editors, Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London and New York: Verso, 2000). For a useful analysis of Hall's views on the complex politics of identity under Thatcherism, see Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, "Feminism, Marxism and Thatcherism" in Franklin et al., editors, Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (Hammersmith: Harper-Collins, 1991), 23.
5. See, e.g., the range of forms of identity analyzed in works such as Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, editors, Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), or Hall's chapter "The Meaning of New Times," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990's (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), particularly 131. On Hall, see further David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, editors, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie, editors, Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London and New York: Verso, 2000). For a useful analysis of Hall's views on the complex politics of identity under Thatcherism, see Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, "Feminism, Marxism and Thatcherism" in Franklin et al., editors, Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (Hammersmith: Harper-Collins, 1991), 23.
6. See, e.g., the range of forms of identity analyzed in works such as Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, editors, Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), or Hall's chapter "The Meaning of New Times," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990's (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), particularly 131. On Hall, see further David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, editors, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie, editors, Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London and New York: Verso, 2000). For a useful analysis of Hall's views on the complex politics of identity under Thatcherism, see Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, "Feminism, Marxism and Thatcherism" in Franklin et al., editors, Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (Hammersmith: Harper-Collins, 1991), 23.
7. See, e.g., the range of forms of identity analyzed in works such as Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, editors, Questions of Cultural Identity (London: Sage, 1996), or Hall's chapter "The Meaning of New Times," in Stuart Hall and Martin Jacques, editors, New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990's (London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1989), particularly 131. On Hall, see further David Morley and Kuan-Hsing Chen, editors, Stuart Hall: Critical Dialogues in Cultural Studies (London and New York: Routledge, 1996); Paul Gilroy, Lawrence Grossberg and Angela McRobbie, editors, Without Guarantees: In Honour of Stuart Hall (London and New York: Verso, 2000). For a useful analysis of Hall's views on the complex politics of identity under Thatcherism, see Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, "Feminism, Marxism and Thatcherism" in Franklin et al., editors, Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies (Hammersmith: Harper-Collins, 1991), 23.
8. See, e.g., Young, Inclusion and Democracy, 70-77.
9. Ien Ang, "Local/Global Negotiations: Doing Cultural Studies at the Crossroads," in Ien Ang, editor, On Not Speaking Chinese: Living Between Asia and the West (London and New York: Routledge, 2001), 176.
10. "President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage," remarks by the President, 24 February 2004. (http://www. whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/print/20040224-2.html).
11. See Rosemary Crompton et al., editors, Renewing Class Analysis (Oxford: Blackwell/The Sociological Review, 2000).
12. See Jack Barbalet, editor, Emotions and Sociology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review, 2002); Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 53-79.
13. See Jack Barbalet, editor, Emotions and Sociology (Oxford: Blackwell Publishing/The Sociological Review, 2002); Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy (London and New York: Routledge, 1998), 53-79.
14. Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics, 57.
15. See the references to debates over Aboriginal history and native title laws later in this section.
16. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia Now: A Statistical Profile, Country of Birth, Fact Sheet (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2000).
17. Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australia Now: A Statistical Profile, Population, Australia's Cultures, Fact Sheet (Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, 2000).
18. See further, Jon Stratton, Race Daze: Australia in Identity Crisis (Sydney: Pluto, 1998) and Carol Johnson, "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Privilege: A Comparison of Constructions of 'British,' 'English,' and 'Anglo-Celtic' Identity in Contemporary British and Australian Political Discourse," Ethnicities 2/2 (2002): 177-180.
19. See further, Jon Stratton, Race Daze: Australia in Identity Crisis (Sydney: Pluto, 1998) and Carol Johnson, "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Privilege: A Comparison of Constructions of 'British,' 'English,' and 'Anglo-Celtic' Identity in Contemporary British and Australian Political Discourse," Ethnicities 2/2 (2002): 177-180.
20. I have developed these arguments regarding Howard's anti-indigenous politics and Australia's ongoing colonial-settler status in more depth in Carol Johnson, Governing Change: From Keating to Howard (Queensland: St. Lucia, 2000), 40-45 and 147.
21. Yasmin Alibhai-Brown, "Muddled Leaders and the Future of British National Identity," Political Quarterly 71/1 (2000): 28.
22. Robin Cooper, "Why we still need empires," (http://www. observer.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,680096,00).
23. James Bennett, "America and the West: The Emerging Anglosphere," Orbis (Winter 2002): 111-126.
24. Keith Windschuttle, The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume One. Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847 (Sydney: Macleay Press, 2002), 10; Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right," The Australian Quarterly Essay 1 (2001); Stuart Macin-tyre and Anna Clark, editors, The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003).
25. Keith Windschuttle, The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume One. Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847 (Sydney: Macleay Press, 2002), 10; Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right," The Australian Quarterly Essay 1 (2001); Stuart Macin-tyre and Anna Clark, editors, The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003).
26. Keith Windschuttle, The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume One. Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847 (Sydney: Macleay Press, 2002), 10; Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right," The Australian Quarterly Essay 1 (2001); Stuart Macin-tyre and Anna Clark, editors, The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2003).
27. Paul Keating, Prime Minister of Australia, "The Redfern Park Speech, Launch of International Year for the World's Indigenous People," Sydney, 10 December 1992, reprinted in Mark Ryan, editor, Advancing Australia: The Speeches of Paul Keating (Sydney: Big Picture Publications, 1995), 230.
28. Paul Keating, Prime Minister of Australia, "The Redfern Park Speech, Launch of International Year for the World's Indigenous People," Sydney, 10 December 1992, reprinted in Mark Ryan, editor, Advancing Australia: The Speeches of Paul Keating (Sydney: Big Picture Publications, 1995), 230.
29. Australian Government, Native Title: Legislation with Commentary by the Attorney-General's Legal Practice (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994), C7; Murray Goot and Tim Rowse, editors, Make a Better Offer: The Politics of Mabo (Leichhardt, NSW: Pluto, 1994).
30. Australian Government, Native Title: Legislation with Commentary by the Attorney-General's Legal Practice (Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1994), C7; Murray Goot and Tim Rowse, editors, Make a Better Offer: The Politics of Mabo (Leichhardt, NSW: Pluto, 1994).
31. Henry Reynolds, Why Weren't We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About our History (Ringwood: Penguin, 1999); Henry Reynolds, An Indelible Stain? The Question of Genocide in Australia's History (Harmondsworth: Viking, 2001 ); Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right"; Macintyre and Clark, The History Wars.
32. Henry Reynolds, Why Weren't We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About our History (Ringwood: Penguin, 1999); Henry Reynolds, An Indelible Stain? The Question of Genocide in Australia's History (Harmondsworth: Viking, 2001 ); Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right"; Macintyre and Clark, The History Wars.
33. Henry Reynolds, Why Weren't We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About our History (Ringwood: Penguin, 1999); Henry Reynolds, An Indelible Stain? The Question of Genocide in Australia's History (Harmondsworth: Viking, 2001 ); Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right"; Macintyre and Clark, The History Wars.
34. Henry Reynolds, Why Weren't We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About our History (Ringwood: Penguin, 1999); Henry Reynolds, An Indelible Stain? The Question of Genocide in Australia's History (Harmondsworth: Viking, 2001 ); Robert Manne, "In Denial: The Stolen Generations and the Right"; Macintyre and Clark, The History Wars.
35. Howard, transcript of radio interview with Alan Jones, Radio 2UE, 2 May 1997, transcript in possession of author; Keith Windschuttle, The Fabrication of Aboriginal History.
36. John Howard, Parliamentary Debates, Australian House of Representatives 30 October 1996, 6158.
37. John Howard, Prime Minister, "Opening Address to the Australian Reconciliation Convention," Melbourne, 26 May 1997, (http://www.pm.gov.au/ news/speeches/1997/arc.htm).
38. John Howard, Radio interview with Alan Jones, 2 May 1997.
39. John Howard, Prime Minister, "Opening Address to the Australian Reconciliation Convention"; John Howard, "Politics and Patriotism: A Reflection on the National Identity Debate," 13 December 1995, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Melbourne, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Address to the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party State Council, 22 September 1996, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Hansard, House of Representatives, Australia, Wednesday 30 October 1996: 6157-6158.
40. John Howard, Prime Minister, "Opening Address to the Australian Reconciliation Convention"; John Howard, "Politics and Patriotism: A Reflection on the National Identity Debate," 13 December 1995, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Melbourne, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Address to the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party State Council, 22 September 1996, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Hansard, House of Representatives, Australia, Wednesday 30 October 1996: 6157-6158.
41. John Howard, Prime Minister, "Opening Address to the Australian Reconciliation Convention"; John Howard, "Politics and Patriotism: A Reflection on the National Identity Debate," 13 December 1995, Grand Hyatt Hotel, Melbourne, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Address to the Queensland Division of the Liberal Party State Council, 22 September 1996, typescript in possession of author; John Howard, Hansard, House of Representatives, Australia, Wednesday 30 October 1996: 6157-6158.
42. John Howard, "The Role of Government: A Modern Liberal Approach," Parliament House, Canberra, June 1995, typescript in possession of author.
43. See further, Carol Johnson, Governing Change: From Keating to Howard, 38-48, 55-69.
44. John Howard, Prime Minister, "Opening Address to the Australian Reconciliation Convention."
45. Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell, "Race and Racism" in Phillip Brown and Richard Sparks, editors, Beyond Thatcherism: Social Policy, Politics and Society (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989). See further, Anna Marie Smith, New Right Discourse on Race and Sexuality: Britain, 1968-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 8-10; and Carol Johnson, "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Privilege," 163-188.
46. Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell, "Race and Racism" in Phillip Brown and Richard Sparks, editors, Beyond Thatcherism: Social Policy, Politics and Society (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989). See further, Anna Marie Smith, New Right Discourse on Race and Sexuality: Britain, 1968-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 8-10; and Carol Johnson, "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Privilege," 163-188.
47. Mark Mitchell and Dave Russell, "Race and Racism" in Phillip Brown and Richard Sparks, editors, Beyond Thatcherism: Social Policy, Politics and Society (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1989). See further, Anna Marie Smith, New Right Discourse on Race and Sexuality: Britain, 1968-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 8-10; and Carol Johnson, "The Dilemmas of Ethnic Privilege," 163-188.
48. John K. Wilson, The Myth of Political Correctness (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
49. Cindy Patton, "Tremble, Hetero Swine," in Michael Warner, editor, Fear of a Queer Planet (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), 174;
50. Judith Butler, "Subjection, Resistance, Resignification," in John Rajchman, editor, The Identity in Question (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 242.
51. See, e.g., Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination, " in Diana Fuss, editor, In-side/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories (New York: Routledge, 1991), and for a critique, Honi Fern Haber, Beyond Postmodern Politics (New York: Routledge, 1994), 9-21.
52. See, e.g., Judith Butler, "Imitation and Gender Insubordination, " in Diana Fuss, editor, In-side/Out: Lesbian Theories, Gay Theories (New York: Routledge, 1991), and for a critique, Honi Fern Haber, Beyond Postmodern Politics (New York: Routledge, 1994), 9-21.
53. See, e.g., J.S. Mill, "Representative Government," in J.S. Mill, editor, Utilitarianism, On Liberty and Considerations on Representative Government (London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1972), 377, 383;
54. J.N. Pieterse and Bhikhu Parekh, "Shifting Imaginaries: Decolonization, Internal Decolonization, Postcoloniality," in Pieterse and Parekh, editors, The Decolonization of Imagination (London: Zed Books, 1995), 1-20.
55. See, e.g., Marcia Langton, "Why 'Race' is a Central Idea in Australia's Construction of the Idea of a Nation," Australian Cultural History 18 (1991): 35-36.
56. John Howard, Radio Interview with Alan Jones, 2 May 1997.
57. David M. Halperin, Saint=Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 19.
58. For an example of the tragic implications of the failure to imagine other sexual experiences, see Jenni Millbank, "Imagining Otherness: Refugee Claims on the Basis of Sexuality in Canada and Australia," Melbourne University Law Review 26/1 (2002): 144-177.
59. See George W. Bush, "President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage." For opposing views to those of Bush, see Davina Kotluski, Why You Should Give a Damn About Gay Marriage (Los Angeles: Advocate Books, 2004); and Evan Gerstmann, Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
60. See George W. Bush, "President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage." For opposing views to those of Bush, see Davina Kotluski, Why You Should Give a Damn About Gay Marriage (Los Angeles: Advocate Books, 2004); and Evan Gerstmann, Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
61. See George W. Bush, "President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage." For opposing views to those of Bush, see Davina Kotluski, Why You Should Give a Damn About Gay Marriage (Los Angeles: Advocate Books, 2004); and Evan Gerstmann, Same-Sex Marriage and the Constitution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
62. Jay Dixon, The Romance Fiction of Mills and Boon 1909-1990s (London: UCL Press, 1999), 177. See further Pamela Regis, A Natural History of the Romance Novel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 204-207.
63. Jay Dixon, The Romance Fiction of Mills and Boon 1909-1990s (London: UCL Press, 1999), 177. See further Pamela Regis, A Natural History of the Romance Novel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003), 204-207.
64. Anthony Giddens and Christopher Pierson, Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity (Stanford: Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1998), 139.
65. Cameron Abbott, To the Edge (New York: Harrington Park Press, 2001).
66. When Night is Falling (Canada: Dir. Patricia Rozema, 1994).
67. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
68. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
69. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
70. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
71. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
72. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
73. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
74. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
75. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
76. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
77. Versions of this plot can be found in films such as Desert Hearts (USA: Dir. Donna Deitch, 1985); It's in the Water (USA: Dir. Kelli Hurd, 1996); Show Me Love (Sweden: Dir. Lukas Moodysson, 1999); Late Bloomers (USA: Dir. Julia Dyer, 1996); Everything Will Be Fine (Germany: Dir Angelina Maccarone, 1997). Novels containing versions of this plot include Marion Foster, The Monarchs Are Flying (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987); Michelle Martin, Pembroke Park (USA: Naiad, 1986); Mindy Kaplan, The Girl Next Door (USA: Naiad, 1996); Lyn Denison, Dream Lover (USA: Naiad, 1997); Claire McNab, Lessons in Murder (USA: Naiad, 1988); Jay Taverner, Rebellion (London: Only Women Press, 1997).
78. See, e.g., Pamela Regis's account of the elements of the romance novel in A Natural History of the Romance Novel, 32;
79. Jay Dixon, The Romance Fiction of Mills and Boon 1909-1990s (London: UCL Press, 1999), 155; My thanks, too, to Chris Beasley for her analysis of heterosexual romance narratives, provided during numerous discussions.
80. Regis, A Natural History of the Romance Novel, 31.
81. Judith Butler, The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection (California: Stanford University Press, 1997), 104-105.
82. Judith Butler, "Subjection, Resistance, Resignification" in John Rajchman, editor, The Identity in Question (London and New York: Routledge, 1995), 129.
83. See, further Anna Marie Jagose, Queer Theory (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1996), 58-100.
84. For Butler's reservations about the normalizing implications of the push for gay and lesbian marriage, see Judith Butler, "Is Kinship Always Already Heterosexual," Differences 13/1 (2002): 14-44.
85. See, e.g., Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: An Introduction (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 8-14, 23, 35.
86. For an argument that gay and lesbian identity politics can challenge heteronormative political discourse more effectively than some queer theorists acknowledge, see further, Carol Johnson, "Heteronormative Citizenship and the Politics of Passing," Sexualities, 5/3 (August 2002): 316-336.
87. See films such as Go Fish (USA: Dir. Rose Troche, 1994); All Over the Guy (USA: Dir. Julie Davis, 2001); Love and Other Catastrophes (Australia: Dir. Emma-Kate Crogan, 1996); A Family Affair (USA: Dir. Helen Lesnick, 2001).
88. See films such as Go Fish (USA: Dir. Rose Troche, 1994); All Over the Guy (USA: Dir. Julie Davis, 2001); Love and Other Catastrophes (Australia: Dir. Emma-Kate Crogan, 1996); A Family Affair (USA: Dir. Helen Lesnick, 2001).
89. See films such as Go Fish (USA: Dir. Rose Troche, 1994); All Over the Guy (USA: Dir. Julie Davis, 2001); Love and Other Catastrophes (Australia: Dir. Emma-Kate Crogan, 1996); A Family Affair (USA: Dir. Helen Lesnick, 2001).
90. See films such as Go Fish (USA: Dir. Rose Troche, 1994); All Over the Guy (USA: Dir. Julie Davis, 2001); Love and Other Catastrophes (Australia: Dir. Emma-Kate Crogan, 1996); A Family Affair (USA: Dir. Helen Lesnick, 2001).
91. Steven Tropiano, The Prime Time Closet: A History of Gays and Lesbians on TV (New York: Applause, 2002), 1-26.
92. Tropiano, The Prime Closet, 14.
93. Vera Whisman, Queer by Choice: Lesbians, Gay Men and the Politics of Identity (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), 2-5; John Gallagher and Chris Bull, Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement and the Politics of the 1990s (New York: Crown, 1996), 97-124; Paisley Currah, "Politics, Practices, Publics: Identity and Queer Rights," in Shane Phelan, editor, Playing With Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 231-232.
94. Vera Whisman, Queer by Choice: Lesbians, Gay Men and the Politics of Identity (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), 2-5; John Gallagher and Chris Bull, Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement and the Politics of the 1990s (New York: Crown, 1996), 97-124; Paisley Currah, "Politics, Practices, Publics: Identity and Queer Rights," in Shane Phelan, editor, Playing With Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 231-232.
95. Vera Whisman, Queer by Choice: Lesbians, Gay Men and the Politics of Identity (New York and London: Routledge, 1996), 2-5; John Gallagher and Chris Bull, Perfect Enemies: The Religious Right, the Gay Movement and the Politics of the 1990s (New York: Crown, 1996), 97-124; Paisley Currah, "Politics, Practices, Publics: Identity and Queer Rights," in Shane Phelan, editor, Playing With Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 231-232.
96. For example, see films such as It's In the Water or But I'm a Cheerleader (USA: Dir. Jamie Babbitt, 1999).
97. Cynthia Burack, "Getting What 'We' Deserve: Terrorism, Tolerance, Sexuality, and the Christian Right." Paper prepared for delivery at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, August 29-September 1, 2002 (http://apsaproceedings.cup.org/Site/abstracts/003/ 003028BurackCynt.htm).
98. Anna Marie Smith, "The Centering of Right-Wing Extremism Through the Construction of an 'Inclusionary' Homophobia and Racism," in Shane Phelan, editor, Playing With Fire: Queer Politics, Queer Theories (London and New York: Routledge, 1997), 113, 122.
99. "President Calls for Constitutional Amendment Protecting Marriage."
100. Press briefing by Scott McClellan (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2004/02/print/20040224-5.html).
101. George W. Bush, Speech Honoring Milton Friedman, 9 May 2002 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/05/print/20020509-1.htm).
102. Daniel Bell, "Election 2000 and Future Prospects" Society (May/June 2001): 78-79.
103. See, e.g., Herbert G. Gutman, Work Culture and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977); R.W. Connell, Ruling Class: Ruling Culture (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977) and the call for a return to studies of class and culture in Rosemary Crompton et al., Renewing Class Analysis, 193-196.
104. See, e.g., Herbert G. Gutman, Work Culture and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977); R.W. Connell, Ruling Class: Ruling Culture (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977) and the call for a return to studies of class and culture in Rosemary Crompton et al., Renewing Class Analysis, 193-196.
105. See, e.g., Herbert G. Gutman, Work Culture and Society in Industrializing America: Essays in American Working-Class and Social History (New York: Vintage Books, 1977); R.W. Connell, Ruling Class: Ruling Culture (Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1977) and the call for a return to studies of class and culture in Rosemary Crompton et al., Renewing Class Analysis, 193-196.
106. Steve Valouchi, "Individual Identities, Collective Identities, and Organizational Structure: The Relationship of the Political left and Gay Liberation in the United States," Sociological Perspectives 44/4 (2001): 445-467.
107. Jürgen Habermas, "The New Obscurity: The Crisis of the Welfare State and the Exhaustion of Utopian Energies," in Habermas, The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians' Debate (Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1989), 67-68; Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 274.
108. Jürgen Habermas, "The New Obscurity: The Crisis of the Welfare State and the Exhaustion of Utopian Energies," in Habermas, The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians' Debate (Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1989), 67-68; Zygmunt Bauman, Life in Fragments: Essays in Postmodern Morality (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995), 274.
109. See, e.g., John Corner and Sylvia Harvey, "Mediating tradition and modernity: The heritage/enterprise couplet," in Corner and Harvey, editors, Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture (London: Routledge, 1991), 59; Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal (London: Verso, 1988), 205-207; Carol Johnson, Governing Change, 107.
110. See, e.g., John Corner and Sylvia Harvey, "Mediating tradition and modernity: The heritage/enterprise couplet," in Corner and Harvey, editors, Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture (London: Routledge, 1991), 59; Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal (London: Verso, 1988), 205-207; Carol Johnson, Governing Change, 107.
111. See, e.g., John Corner and Sylvia Harvey, "Mediating tradition and modernity: The heritage/enterprise couplet," in Corner and Harvey, editors, Enterprise and Heritage: Crosscurrents of National Culture (London: Routledge, 1991), 59; Stuart Hall, The Hard Road to Renewal (London: Verso, 1988), 205-207; Carol Johnson, Governing Change, 107.
112. George W. Bush, President Promotes Compassionate Conservatism, Parkside Hall, San Jose, California, 30 April 2002 (http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/ releases/2002/04/20020430-5.html).
113. Karl Marx, Capital, Volume One (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.), 172; Norman Geras, "Marx and the Critique of Political Economy," in Robin Blackburn, editor, Ideology in Social Science (London: Fontana, 1972).
114. Karl Marx, Capital, Volume One (Moscow: Progress Publishers, n.d.), 172; Norman Geras, "Marx and the Critique of Political Economy," in Robin Blackburn, editor, Ideology in Social Science (London: Fontana, 1972).
115. See, e.g., Darren G. Lilleker, "Whose Left? Working-Class Political Allegiances in Post-Industrial Britain," International Review of Social History 47 (2002): 84-85; Harold R. Kerbo and Juan J. Gonzalez, "Class and Non-Voting in Comparative Perspective: Possible Causes and Consequences in the United States," Research in Political Sociology 12 (2003): 190-191. David L. Weakliem and Mark Western have emphasized the complexities of the issues involved in measuring patterns of class voting in Australia, although they do consider the possibility that the decline in class voting is connected to Labor's increasing neo-liberalism. See their "Class Voting, Social Change, and the Left in Australia, 1943-96," British Journal of Sociology 50/4 (December 1999): 619.
116. See, e.g., Darren G. Lilleker, "Whose Left? Working-Class Political Allegiances in Post-Industrial Britain," International Review of Social History 47 (2002): 84-85; Harold R. Kerbo and Juan J. Gonzalez, "Class and Non-Voting in Comparative Perspective: Possible Causes and Consequences in the United States," Research in Political Sociology 12 (2003): 190-191. David L. Weakliem and Mark Western have emphasized the complexities of the issues involved in measuring patterns of class voting in Australia, although they do consider the possibility that the decline in class voting is connected to Labor's increasing neo-liberalism. See their "Class Voting, Social Change, and the Left in Australia, 1943-96," British Journal of Sociology 50/4 (December 1999): 619.
117. See, e.g., Darren G. Lilleker, "Whose Left? Working-Class Political Allegiances in Post-Industrial Britain," International Review of Social History 47 (2002): 84-85; Harold R. Kerbo and Juan J. Gonzalez, "Class and Non-Voting in Comparative Perspective: Possible Causes and Consequences in the United States," Research in Political Sociology 12 (2003): 190-191. David L. Weakliem and Mark Western have emphasized the complexities of the issues involved in measuring patterns of class voting in Australia, although they do consider the possibility that the decline in class voting is connected to Labor's increasing neo-liberalism. See their "Class Voting, Social Change, and the Left in Australia, 1943-96," British Journal of Sociology 50/4 (December 1999): 619.
118. Tony Blair, Leader of the British Labour Party, "Speech to Labour Party Conference, October 1996," transcript in possession of author.
119. Jack Barbalet, "Introduction: Why Emotions are Crucial," in Barbalet, editor, Emotions and Sociology. For a more philosophical theoretical approach, see Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
120. Jack Barbalet, "Introduction: Why Emotions are Crucial," in Barbalet, editor, Emotions and Sociology. For a more philosophical theoretical approach, see Martha C. Nussbaum, Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
121. See, e.g., Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 298; Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy, 53-79; Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), 6; Ulrich Beck, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002), 44.
122. See, e.g., Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 298; Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy, 53-79; Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), 6; Ulrich Beck, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002), 44.
123. See, e.g., Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 298; Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy, 53-79; Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), 6; Ulrich Beck, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002), 44.
124. See, e.g., Martin L. Hoffman, Empathy and Moral Development: Implications for Caring and Justice (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 298; Daryl Koehn, Rethinking Feminist Ethics: Care, Trust and Empathy, 53-79; Martha Nussbaum, Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997), 6; Ulrich Beck, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002), 44.
125. Zygmunt Bauman, Postmodernity and its Discontents (Cambridge: Polity, 1997), 30-31.
126. Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (London: Methuen, 1984).