Evolution as context-driven actualisation of potential: Toward an interdisciplinary theory of change of state

Interdisciplinary Science Reviews

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 69-88

  Gabora, Liane ^a,b   Aerts, Diederik ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Ctr Leo Apostel Interdisc Studs   (United States)

^c VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL CHANGE; CONVERGENT PRESSURES; RANDOM VARIATION; UNIFYING FRAMEWORK;

COGNITIVE SYSTEMS; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; MICROORGANISMS; RANDOM PROCESSES; SOCIAL SCIENCES; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT;

BIODIVERSITY;

EID: 17044435408     PISSN: 03080188     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/030801805X25873     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. D. Aerts: 'Being and change: foundations of a realistic operational formalism', in Probing the Structure of Quantum Mechanics: Nonlinearity, Nonlocality, Probability and Axiomatic:, (ed. D. Aerts, M. Czachor and T. Durt), 71-110; 2002, Singapore, World Scientific.
2. L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Creative thought as a non-Darwinian evolutionary process', Journal of Creative Behavior, in press.
3. N. Maull: 'Unifying science without reduction', Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science, 1977, 8, 143-162.
4. M. Friedman: 'Explanation and scientific understanding", Journal of Philosophy, 1974, 71, 5-19; P. Kitcher: 'Explanatory unification', Philosophy of Science, 1981, 48, 507-531; P. Kitcher: The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend; 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. C. Pitt: Theories of Explanation; 1988, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
5. M. Friedman: 'Explanation and scientific understanding", Journal of Philosophy, 1974, 71, 5-19; P. Kitcher: 'Explanatory unification', Philosophy of Science, 1981, 48, 507-531; P. Kitcher: The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend; 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. C. Pitt: Theories of Explanation; 1988, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
6. M. Friedman: 'Explanation and scientific understanding", Journal of Philosophy, 1974, 71, 5-19; P. Kitcher: 'Explanatory unification', Philosophy of Science, 1981, 48, 507-531; P. Kitcher: The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend; 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. C. Pitt: Theories of Explanation; 1988, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
7. M. Friedman: 'Explanation and scientific understanding", Journal of Philosophy, 1974, 71, 5-19; P. Kitcher: 'Explanatory unification', Philosophy of Science, 1981, 48, 507-531; P. Kitcher: The Advancement of Science: Science Without Legend; 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. C. Pitt: Theories of Explanation; 1988, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
8. J. Dupre: 'The lure of the simplistic', Philosophy of Science, 2002, 69, S284-293.
9. L. Lau and M. W. Pasquini: 'Meeting grounds: perceiving and defining interdisciplinarity across the arts, sciences and social sciences', Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 2004, 29, 49-64.
10. P. Sillitoe: 'Interdisciplinary experiences: working with indigenous knowledge in development', Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 2004, 29, 6-23.
11. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
12. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
13. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
14. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
15. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
16. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
17. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
18. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
19. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
20. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
21. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
22. J. Boone, E. Smith, D. Dennett and T. Earle: 'Is it evolution yet? A critique of evolutionary archaeology', Current Anthropology, 1998, 39, S141-174; S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; J. H. Schwanz: Sudden Origins; 1999, New York, NY, Wiley; B. Goodwin: How the Leopard Changed Its Spots: The Evolution of Complexity; 2001, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; N. Eldredge: Reinventing Darwin: The Great Debate at the High Table of Evolutionary Theory; 1995, New York, NY, Wiley; G. A. Dover: Dear Mr Darwin: Letters on the Evolution of Life and Human Nature; 2000, Berkeley, CA, University of California Press; H. P. Yockey: 'Self-organization origin of life scenarios and information theory", Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1981, 91, 13-31; P. Schuster: 'From belief to facts in evolutionary theory', in Knowledge and Belief. Wissen und Glauben, (ed. W. Löffler and P. Weingartner), xx-yy; 2004, Vienna, öbv&hpt; F. J. Odling-Smee, K. N. Laland and M. W. Feldman: Niche Construction: The Neglected Process in Evolution; 2003, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press; B. M. R. Stadler and P. F. Stadler: 'The topology of evolutionary biology', in Modelling in Molecular Biology, (ed. G. Ciobanu and G. Rozenberg), 267-286; 2004, Vienna, Springer; D. Aerts, M. Czachor, L. Gabora, M. Kuna, A. Posiewnik, J. Pykacz and M. Syty: 'Quantum morphogenesis: a variation on Thom's catastrophe theory', Physical Review E, 2003, 67, 051926, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0211105; D. Aerts and M. Czachor: 'Quantum morphogenesis II: abstract aspects of DNA-dynamics', submitted to Physical Review E, arxiv.org/abs/q-bio.PE/0411031.
23. F. Varela: Principles of Biological Autonomy, 1979, New York, NY, North-Holland.
24. J. Chandler and G. Van de Vijver: 'Closure: emergent organisations and their dynamics', Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1999, 901;
25. G. Kampis: Self-Modifying Systems in Biology and Cognitive Science: A New Framework for Dynamics, Information and Complexity; 1991, New York, NY, Pergamon;
26. R. Rosen: Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical & Methodological Foundations; 1985, New York, NY, Oxford.
27. L. Margulis and R. Fester: Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation; 1991, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
28. N. Eldredge and S. J. Gould: 'Punctuated equilibrium: an alternative to phyletic gradualism', in Models in Paleobiology, (ed. T. Schopf), 82-115; 1973, San Francisco, CA, Freeman, Cooper.
29. S. A. Newman and G. B. Müller: 'Morphological evolution: epigenetic mechanisms', in Embryonic Encyclopedia of Life Sciences; 1999, London, Nature Publishing Group.
30. Y. Burley: 'The meaning of assortative mating', Ethology and Sociobiology, 1983, 4, 191-203.
31. M. C. Caillaud and S. Via: 'Specialised feeding behavior influences both ecological specialisation and assortative mating in sympatric host races of pea aphids', American Naturalist, 2000, 156, 606-621; W. D. Brown: 'Size-assortative mating in the blister beetle Lytta magister (Coleoptera: Meloidaei) is due to male and female preference for larger mates', Animal Behavior, 1990, 40, 901-909.
32. M. C. Caillaud and S. Via: 'Specialised feeding behavior influences both ecological specialisation and assortative mating in sympatric host races of pea aphids', American Naturalist, 2000, 156, 606-621; W. D. Brown: 'Size-assortative mating in the blister beetle Lytta magister (Coleoptera: Meloidaei) is due to male and female preference for larger mates', Animal Behavior, 1990, 40, 901-909.
33. E. M. East and A. J. Mangelsdorf: 'A new interpretation of the hereditary behavior of self-sterile plants', National Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, 1925, 11, 166-171.
34. J. Cairns, J. Overbaugh and J. Miller: 'The origin of mutants', Nature, 1988, 335, 142-145.
35. C. B. Krimbas: 'On fitness', Biology and Philosophy, 2004, 19, 185-204.
36. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
37. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
38. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
39. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
40. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
41. V. Csanyi: Evolutionary Systems and Society: A General Theory of Life, Mind and Culture, 1989, Durham, NC, Duke University Press; G. Cziko: Without Miracles: Universal Selection Theory and the Second Darwinian Revolution; 1995, Boston, MA, MIT Press; L. Gabora: 'A day in the life of a meme', Philosophica, 1996, 57, 901-938; J. Hofbauer and K. Sigmund: The Theory of Evolution and Dynamical Systems; 1988, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press; C. Lumsden and E. Wilson: Genes, Mind, and Culture: The Revolutionary Process; 1981, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; H. Plotkin: Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge; 1997, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
42. R. Dawkins: The Extended Phenotype; 1982, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
43. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and M. W. Feldman: Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach; 1981, Princeton, Princeton University Press; P. Schuster and K. Sigmund: 'Replicator dynamics', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1983, 100, 533-538.
44. L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and M. W. Feldman: Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach; 1981, Princeton, Princeton University Press; P. Schuster and K. Sigmund: 'Replicator dynamics', Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1983, 100, 533-538.
45. L. Gabora: 'Meme and variations: a computer model of cultural evolution", Lectures in Complex Systems, (ed. L. Nadel and D. Stein), 471-486, 1995, Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley; L. Spector and S. Luke: 'Culture enhances the evolvability of cognition', in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, (ed. G. Cottrell), 672-677; 1996, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
46. L. Gabora: 'Meme and variations: a computer model of cultural evolution", Lectures in Complex Systems, (ed. L. Nadel and D. Stein), 471-486, 1995, Boston, MA, Addison-Wesley; L. Spector and S. Luke: 'Culture enhances the evolvability of cognition', in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, (ed. G. Cottrell), 672-677; 1996, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
47. R. Aunger: Darwinsing Culture; 2000, Oxford, Oxford University Press; S. Blackmore: The Meme Machine; 1999, Oxford, Oxford University Press; R. Dawkins: The Selfish Gene; 1976, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
48. R. Aunger: Darwinsing Culture; 2000, Oxford, Oxford University Press; S. Blackmore: The Meme Machine; 1999, Oxford, Oxford University Press; R. Dawkins: The Selfish Gene; 1976, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
49. R. Aunger: Darwinsing Culture; 2000, Oxford, Oxford University Press; S. Blackmore: The Meme Machine; 1999, Oxford, Oxford University Press; R. Dawkins: The Selfish Gene; 1976, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
50. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
51. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
52. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
53. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
54. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
55. T. Borger and R. Sarin: 'Learning through reinforcement and the replicator dynamics', Journal of Economic Theory, 1997, 77, 1-14; V. S. Borkar, S.Jain and G. Rangarajan: 'Dynamics of individual specialisation and global diversification in communities', Complexity, 1998, 3, (3), 50-56; J. S. Metcalfe: 'Consumption, preferences, and the evolutionary agenda", Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2001, 11, 37-58; J. W. Rivkin: 'Reproducing knowledge: replication without imitation at moderate complexity', Organisational Science, 2001, 12, 274-293; P. P. Saviotti and G. S. Mani: 'Competition, variety, and technological evolution: a replicator dynamics model', Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1995, 5, 369-392; U. Witt: 'Evolutionary concepts in economics', Eastern Economic Journal, 1992, 18, 405-419.
56. D. Farmer and A. W. Lo: 'Frontiers of finance: evolution and efficient markets', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 1999, 96, 9991-9992.
57. W. H. Durham: Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity; 1991, Stanford, CA, Stanford University Press.
58. M. Lake: 'Digging for memes: the role of material objects in cultural evolution', in Cognition and Material Culture: The Archeology of Symbolic Storage, (ed. C. Renfrew and C. Scarre), 77-88; 1998, Cambridge, McDonald Institute.
59. S. J. Gould: Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History, 63-66; 1991, New York, NY, W. W. Norton; C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution; 1986, Oxford, Clarendon Press; M. Jeffreys: 'The meme metaphor', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2000, 43, 227-242; D. N. Perkins: 'In the country of the blind: an appreciation of Donald Campbell's vision of creative thought', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, (3), 177-191; R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart: Defying the Crowd: Cultivating Creativity in a Culture of Conformity; 1995, New York, NY, Free Press.
60. S. J. Gould: Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History, 63-66; 1991, New York, NY, W. W. Norton; C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution; 1986, Oxford, Clarendon Press; M. Jeffreys: 'The meme metaphor', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2000, 43, 227-242; D. N. Perkins: 'In the country of the blind: an appreciation of Donald Campbell's vision of creative thought', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, (3), 177-191; R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart: Defying the Crowd: Cultivating Creativity in a Culture of Conformity; 1995, New York, NY, Free Press.
61. S. J. Gould: Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History, 63-66; 1991, New York, NY, W. W. Norton; C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution; 1986, Oxford, Clarendon Press; M. Jeffreys: 'The meme metaphor', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2000, 43, 227-242; D. N. Perkins: 'In the country of the blind: an appreciation of Donald Campbell's vision of creative thought', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, (3), 177-191; R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart: Defying the Crowd: Cultivating Creativity in a Culture of Conformity; 1995, New York, NY, Free Press.
62. S. J. Gould: Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History, 63-66; 1991, New York, NY, W. W. Norton; C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution; 1986, Oxford, Clarendon Press; M. Jeffreys: 'The meme metaphor', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2000, 43, 227-242; D. N. Perkins: 'In the country of the blind: an appreciation of Donald Campbell's vision of creative thought', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, (3), 177-191; R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart: Defying the Crowd: Cultivating Creativity in a Culture of Conformity; 1995, New York, NY, Free Press.
63. S. J. Gould: Bully for Brontosaurus: Reflections in Natural History, 63-66; 1991, New York, NY, W. W. Norton; C. R. Hallpike: The Principles of Social Evolution; 1986, Oxford, Clarendon Press; M. Jeffreys: 'The meme metaphor', Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 2000, 43, 227-242; D. N. Perkins: 'In the country of the blind: an appreciation of Donald Campbell's vision of creative thought', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, (3), 177-191; R. J. Sternberg and T. I. Lubart: Defying the Crowd: Cultivating Creativity in a Culture of Conformity; 1995, New York, NY, Free Press.
64. L. Gabora: 'Ideas are not replicators but minds are', Biology & Philosophy, 19, 127-143.
65. K. R. Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; 1963, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul; K. Lorenz: Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, 1971, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
66. K. R. Popper: Conjectures and Refutations; 1963, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul; K. Lorenz: Studies in Animal and Human Behavior, 1971, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
67. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
68. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
69. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
70. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
71. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
72. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
73. D. T. Campbell: 'Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes', Psychological Review, 1960, 67, 380-400; D. T. Campbell: 'Variation and selective retention in socio-cultural evolution', in Social Change in Developing Areas: A Reinterpretation of Evolutionary Theory, (ed. H. R. Barringer, G. I. Blanksten and R. W. Mack); 1965, Cambridge, MA, Schenkman; D. T. Campbell: 'Evolutionary epistemology', in Evolutionary Epistomology: Rationality and the Sociology of Knowledge, (ed. G. Radnitzky and W. W. Bartley III); 1987, LaSalle, IL, Open Court; D. T. Campbell: 'Levels of organisation, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology', in Theories of the Evolution of Knowing, (ed. G. Greenberg and E. Tobach); 1990, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum; D. K. Simonton: 'Donald Campbell's model of the creative process: creativity as blind variation and selective retention', Journal of Creative Behavior, 1998, 32, 153-158; D. K. Simonton: Origins of Genius: Darwinian Perspectives on Creativity; 1999, New York, NY, Oxford University Press; D. K. Simonton: 'Creativity as blind variation and selective retention: is the creative process Darwinian?', Psychological Inquiry, 1999, 10, 309-328.
74. S. Pinker: How the Mind Works; 1997, New York, NY, Norton.
75. L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Creative thought' (see Note 2).
76. L. Gabora: 'The beer can theory of creativity', in Creative Evolutionary Systems, (ed. P. Bentley and D. Corne), 147-161; 2002, San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kauffman; L. Gabora: 'Toward a theory of creative inklings', in Art, Technology, and Consciousness, (ed. R. Ascott), 159-164; 2000, Bristol, Intellect Books; L. Gabora: 'Cognitive mechanisms underlying the creative process', in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creativity and Cogiition, (ed. T. Hewett and T. Kavanagh), October 2002, Loughborough University, UK, 126-133 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/CandC/CandC.htm); L. Gabora: 'GAS doesn't "turn the engine" when states are sequential or context-dependent', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, 27, (6), 1-20 (Continuing Commentary on D. L. Hull, R. E. Langman and S. S. Glenn: 'A general account of selection: biology, immunology, and behavior', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2001, 24, (3), 511-528).
77. L. Gabora: 'The beer can theory of creativity', in Creative Evolutionary Systems, (ed. P. Bentley and D. Corne), 147-161; 2002, San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kauffman; L. Gabora: 'Toward a theory of creative inklings', in Art, Technology, and Consciousness, (ed. R. Ascott), 159-164; 2000, Bristol, Intellect Books; L. Gabora: 'Cognitive mechanisms underlying the creative process', in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creativity and Cogiition, (ed. T. Hewett and T. Kavanagh), October 2002, Loughborough University, UK, 126-133 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/CandC/CandC.htm); L. Gabora: 'GAS doesn't "turn the engine" when states are sequential or context-dependent', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, 27, (6), 1-20 (Continuing Commentary on D. L. Hull, R. E. Langman and S. S. Glenn: 'A general account of selection: biology, immunology, and behavior', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2001, 24, (3), 511-528).
78. L. Gabora: 'The beer can theory of creativity', in Creative Evolutionary Systems, (ed. P. Bentley and D. Corne), 147-161; 2002, San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kauffman; L. Gabora: 'Toward a theory of creative inklings', in Art, Technology, and Consciousness, (ed. R. Ascott), 159-164; 2000, Bristol, Intellect Books; L. Gabora: 'Cognitive mechanisms underlying the creative process', in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creativity and Cogiition, (ed. T. Hewett and T. Kavanagh), October 2002, Loughborough University, UK, 126-133 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/CandC/CandC.htm); L. Gabora: 'GAS doesn't "turn the engine" when states are sequential or context-dependent', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, 27, (6), 1-20 (Continuing Commentary on D. L. Hull, R. E. Langman and S. S. Glenn: 'A general account of selection: biology, immunology, and behavior', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2001, 24, (3), 511-528).
79. L. Gabora: 'The beer can theory of creativity', in Creative Evolutionary Systems, (ed. P. Bentley and D. Corne), 147-161; 2002, San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kauffman; L. Gabora: 'Toward a theory of creative inklings', in Art, Technology, and Consciousness, (ed. R. Ascott), 159-164; 2000, Bristol, Intellect Books; L. Gabora: 'Cognitive mechanisms underlying the creative process', in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creativity and Cogiition, (ed. T. Hewett and T. Kavanagh), October 2002, Loughborough University, UK, 126-133 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/CandC/CandC.htm); L. Gabora: 'GAS doesn't "turn the engine" when states are sequential or context-dependent', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, 27, (6), 1-20 (Continuing Commentary on D. L. Hull, R. E. Langman and S. S. Glenn: 'A general account of selection: biology, immunology, and behavior', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2001, 24, (3), 511-528).
80. L. Gabora: 'The beer can theory of creativity', in Creative Evolutionary Systems, (ed. P. Bentley and D. Corne), 147-161; 2002, San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kauffman; L. Gabora: 'Toward a theory of creative inklings', in Art, Technology, and Consciousness, (ed. R. Ascott), 159-164; 2000, Bristol, Intellect Books; L. Gabora: 'Cognitive mechanisms underlying the creative process', in Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Creativity and Cogiition, (ed. T. Hewett and T. Kavanagh), October 2002, Loughborough University, UK, 126-133 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/CandC/CandC.htm); L. Gabora: 'GAS doesn't "turn the engine" when states are sequential or context-dependent', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2004, 27, (6), 1-20 (Continuing Commentary on D. L. Hull, R. E. Langman and S. S. Glenn: 'A general account of selection: biology, immunology, and behavior', Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2001, 24, (3), 511-528).
81. A complex Hilbert space is a vector space over the field of complex numbers.
82. A measurement is described by a self-adjoint operator, which is a linear function on the Hilubert space.
83. For mathematical completeness, we mention that this is only the case when the operator has a point spectrum. Measurements described by operators without a point spectrum must be treated in a more sophisticated way. However, this is of no relevance to the points made here.
84. Each state that is not an eigenstate is a superposition state.
85. There are, however, quantum theories that do not involve collapse.
86. Kolmogorov's axioms, and hence Kolmogorovian probability theories, are named after Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, who first formulated the axiomatic system for classical probability theory (see A. N. Kolmogorov: Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung; 1933, Berlin, Springer). The theory had in fact existed since the time of Laplace (Théorie Analytique des Probabilités, 1812) and had been worked out by various mathematicians, but in a rather informal way. It is well known that the probability calculus of quantum mechanics is non-classical, in the sense that it does not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms (A. Wilce: 'Quantum logic and probability theory', in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (ed. E. N. Zalta), Spring 2003 edn, plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2003/entries/qt-quandog).
87. Kolmogorov's axioms, and hence Kolmogorovian probability theories, are named after Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, who first formulated the axiomatic system for classical probability theory (see A. N. Kolmogorov: Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung; 1933, Berlin, Springer). The theory had in fact existed since the time of Laplace (Théorie Analytique des Probabilités, 1812) and had been worked out by various mathematicians, but in a rather informal way. It is well known that the probability calculus of quantum mechanics is non-classical, in the sense that it does not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms (A. Wilce: 'Quantum logic and probability theory', in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (ed. E. N. Zalta), Spring 2003 edn, plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2003/entries/qt-quandog).
88. Kolmogorov's axioms, and hence Kolmogorovian probability theories, are named after Andrei Nikolaevich Kolmogorov, who first formulated the axiomatic system for classical probability theory (see A. N. Kolmogorov: Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitrechnung; 1933, Berlin, Springer). The theory had in fact existed since the time of Laplace (Théorie Analytique des Probabilités, 1812) and had been worked out by various mathematicians, but in a rather informal way. It is well known that the probability calculus of quantum mechanics is non-classical, in the sense that it does not satisfy Kolmogorov's axioms (A. Wilce: 'Quantum logic and probability theory', in Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, (ed. E. N. Zalta), Spring 2003 edn, plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2003/entries/qt-quandog).
89. Yet another possibility is that the non-determinism is ontological, i.e. the universe is intrinsically non-deterministic at bottom. In this case, it can be shown that the mathematical structure necessary to model the situation would be equivalent to the mathematical structure needed to model the situation where the non-determinism arises through lack of knowledge of the context. (For details see D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures, separated physical entities and probability', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1227-1259.) Thus, ontological non-determinism can also be described in this framework.
90. L. Accardi and A. Fedullo: 'On the statistical meaning of complex numbers in quantum mechanics', Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, (7), 161-172; D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210; D. Aerts and S. Aerts: 'Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes', Foundations of Science, 1994, 1, 85-97; I. Pitowsky: 'Quantum probability, quantum logic'; 1989, Berlin, Springer; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'A mathematical setting for inductive reasoning', in Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science III, (ed. C. Hooker); 1976, Dordrecht, Reidel.
91. L. Accardi and A. Fedullo: 'On the statistical meaning of complex numbers in quantum mechanics', Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, (7), 161-172; D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210; D. Aerts and S. Aerts: 'Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes', Foundations of Science, 1994, 1, 85-97; I. Pitowsky: 'Quantum probability, quantum logic'; 1989, Berlin, Springer; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'A mathematical setting for inductive reasoning', in Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science III, (ed. C. Hooker); 1976, Dordrecht, Reidel.
92. L. Accardi and A. Fedullo: 'On the statistical meaning of complex numbers in quantum mechanics', Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, (7), 161-172; D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210; D. Aerts and S. Aerts: 'Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes', Foundations of Science, 1994, 1, 85-97; I. Pitowsky: 'Quantum probability, quantum logic'; 1989, Berlin, Springer; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'A mathematical setting for inductive reasoning', in Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science III, (ed. C. Hooker); 1976, Dordrecht, Reidel.
93. L. Accardi and A. Fedullo: 'On the statistical meaning of complex numbers in quantum mechanics', Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, (7), 161-172; D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210; D. Aerts and S. Aerts: 'Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes', Foundations of Science, 1994, 1, 85-97; I. Pitowsky: 'Quantum probability, quantum logic'; 1989, Berlin, Springer; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'A mathematical setting for inductive reasoning', in Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science III, (ed. C. Hooker); 1976, Dordrecht, Reidel.
94. L. Accardi and A. Fedullo: 'On the statistical meaning of complex numbers in quantum mechanics', Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, (7), 161-172; D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210; D. Aerts and S. Aerts: 'Applications of quantum statistics in psychological studies of decision processes', Foundations of Science, 1994, 1, 85-97; I. Pitowsky: 'Quantum probability, quantum logic'; 1989, Berlin, Springer; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'A mathematical setting for inductive reasoning', in Foundations of Probability Theory, Statistical Inference, and Statistical Theories of Science III, (ed. C. Hooker); 1976, Dordrecht, Reidel.
95. This story has a precedent. The same problem arose in physics in the last century, Classical mechanics could describe situations where the effect of the measurement was negligible, but not situations where the measurement intrinsically influenced the evolution of an entity. This is because it does not provide a way of coping with contextuality (except in the initial conditions or in an ad hoc way, by introducing an additional model of perturbation). Modern classical theories, such as chaos and complexity, though they provide a means of transcending reductionism, still have this limitation.
96. In the SCOP formalism, an entity is described using a state space the algebraic structure of which is given by the set of atoms of a complete lattice (this plays the role of the rays of a complex Hilbert space in quantum mechanics). Measurements ate described by Boolean morphisms on the lattice (which play the role of the self-adjoint operators in quantum mechanics).
97. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
98. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
99. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
100. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
101. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
102. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
103. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
104. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
105. D. Aerts: 'Quantum structures due to fluctuations of the measurement situations', International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 1993, 32, 2207-2220; D. Aerts and T. Durt: 'Quantum, classical, and intermediate, an illustrative example', Foundations of Physics, 1994, 24, 1353-1368; D. Foulis, C. Piron and C. Randall: 'Realism, operationalism and quantum mechanics', Foundations of Physics, 1983, 13, 813-841; D. Foulis and C. Randall: 'What are quantum logics and what ought they to be?', in Current Issues in Quantum Logic, (ed. E. Beltrametti and B. van Fraassen); 1981, New York, NY, Plenum;]. Jauch: Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1968, Reading, MA, Addison-Wesley; G. Mackey: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics-, 1963, Reading, MA, John Benjamin; C. Piron: 'Recent developments in quantum mechanics', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1989, 62, 439-468; C. Piron: Mecanique Quantique; Bases it Applications; 1990, Lausanne, Press Polytechnique de Lausanne; C. Randall and D. Foulis: 'The operational approach to quantum mechanics', in Physical Theories as Logico-Operational Structures, (ed. C. Hooker); 1978, Dordrecht, Reidel.
106. C. Piron: Foundations of Quantum Physics; 1976, Reading, MA, W. A. Benjamin; D. Aerts: 'Classical theories and nonclassical theories as a special case of a more general theory', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1983, 24, 2441-2454.
107. C. Piron: Foundations of Quantum Physics; 1976, Reading, MA, W. A. Benjamin; D. Aerts: 'Classical theories and nonclassical theories as a special case of a more general theory', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1983, 24, 2441-2454.
108. D. Aerts: 'A mechanistic classical laboratory situation violating the Bell inequalities with 2√2, exactly "in the same way" as its violations by the EPR experiments', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1991, 64, 1-23; D. Aerts: 'Example of a macroscopical situation that violates Bell inequalities', Letters al Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, 107-111 (preprint at www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/ aerts/publications/1982ExMacViolBell.pdf); D. Aerts, S. Aerts, J. Broekaert and L. Gabora: 'The violation of Bell inequalities in the macroworld', Foundations of Physics, 2000, 30, 1387-1414.
109. D. Aerts: 'A mechanistic classical laboratory situation violating the Bell inequalities with 2√2, exactly "in the same way" as its violations by the EPR experiments', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1991, 64, 1-23; D. Aerts: 'Example of a macroscopical situation that violates Bell inequalities', Letters al Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, 107-111 (preprint at www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/ aerts/publications/1982ExMacViolBell.pdf); D. Aerts, S. Aerts, J. Broekaert and L. Gabora: 'The violation of Bell inequalities in the macroworld', Foundations of Physics, 2000, 30, 1387-1414.
110. D. Aerts: 'A mechanistic classical laboratory situation violating the Bell inequalities with 2√2, exactly "in the same way" as its violations by the EPR experiments', Helvetica Physica Acta, 1991, 64, 1-23; D. Aerts: 'Example of a macroscopical situation that violates Bell inequalities', Letters al Nuovo Cimento, 1982, 34, 107-111 (preprint at www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/ aerts/publications/1982ExMacViolBell.pdf); D. Aerts, S. Aerts, J. Broekaert and L. Gabora: 'The violation of Bell inequalities in the macroworld', Foundations of Physics, 2000, 30, 1387-1414.
111. D. Aerts: 'A possible explanation for the probabilities of quantum mechanics', Journal of Mathematical Physics, 1986, 27, 202-210.
112. S. Kauffman: Origns of Order, 1993, New York, NY, Oxford University Press.
113. The reason this works is because when polymers interact, the number of different polymers increases exponentially, but the number of reactions by which they can interconvert increases faster than their total number. Thus, as their diversity increases, so does the probability that some subset of the total reaches a critical point where there is a catalytic pathway to every member.
114. T. W. Deacon: 'Self-reproduction and natural selection from reciprocally linked self-organizing processes', in press.
115. We have two copies of each gene, one from each parent. The two copies are sometimes different forms (or alleles) of the gene, in which case we are said to be 'heterozygous' for that gene. By contrast, when the two copies of a gene are of the same form (the same allele), we are said to be 'homozygous' for that gene.
116. S. J. Gould: The Structure of Evolutionary Theory; 2002, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.
117. P. Kitcher: 'Evolutionary theory and the social uses of biology', Biology & Philosophy, 2004, 19, 1-15, 8.
118. C. B. Krimbas: 'On fitness', Biology & Philosophy, 2004, 19, 185-204.
119. E. Sober: 'The two faces of fitness', in Thinking About Evolution, (ed. R. Singh, C. B. Krimbas, D. Paul and J. Beatty), 309-321; 2001, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
120. R. N. Brandon and J. Beatty: 'The propensity interpretation of "fitness" - no interpretation is no substitute", Philosophy of Science, 1984, 51, 342-347; S. Mills and J. Beatty: 'The propensity interpretation of fitness', Philosophy of Science, 1979, 46, 263-286.
121. R. N. Brandon and J. Beatty: 'The propensity interpretation of "fitness" - no interpretation is no substitute", Philosophy of Science, 1984, 51, 342-347; S. Mills and J. Beatty: 'The propensity interpretation of fitness', Philosophy of Science, 1979, 46, 263-286.
122. For in-depth discussion with examples see L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Creative thought' (Note 2).
123. This is outlined in more elaborate detail in L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Distilling the essence of an evolutionary process, and implications for a formal description of culture', in Proceedings of Center for Human Evolution Workshop No. 5: Cultural Evolution, (ed. W. Kistler); 2005, Seattle, WA, Foundation for the Future.
124. L. W. Barsalou: 'Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts', Memory & Cognition, 1982, 10, 82-93; L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism', Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 14, 327-358 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/jetai.pdf); D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 151-175, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402207; D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations II: A Hilbert space representation', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 176-205, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/ 0402205.
125. L. W. Barsalou: 'Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts', Memory & Cognition, 1982, 10, 82-93; L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism', Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 14, 327-358 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/jetai.pdf); D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 151-175, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402207; D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations II: A Hilbert space representation', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 176-205, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/ 0402205.
126. L. W. Barsalou: 'Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts', Memory & Cognition, 1982, 10, 82-93; L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism', Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 14, 327-358 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/jetai.pdf); D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 151-175, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402207; D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations II: A Hilbert space representation', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 176-205, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/ 0402205.
127. L. W. Barsalou: 'Context-independent and context-dependent information in concepts', Memory & Cognition, 1982, 10, 82-93; L. Gabora and D. Aerts: 'Contextualizing concepts using a mathematical generalization of the quantum formalism', Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2002, 14, 327-358 (www.vub.ac.be/CLEA/liane/papers/jetai.pdf); D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations I: The structure of the sets of contexts and properties', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 151-175, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0402207; D. Aerts and L. Gabora: 'A theory of concepts and their combinations II: A Hilbert space representation', Kybernetes, 2005, 34, 176-205, uk.arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/ 0402205.
128. L. Gabora: 'Ideas are not replicators but minds are' (see Note 29).
129. An affordance is a possibility offered by the environment. Thus the presence of food affords the possibil-. ity of eating.
130. For example Bayes's formula for conditional probability is not satisfied.