Athens and Jerusalem in the third millennium: Culture, comparison and the evolution of social complexity

Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 247-267

  Joffe, Alexander H ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; SOCIAL HISTORY; SOCIAL STRUCTURE;

ASIA; ATHENS [ATTICA]; ATTICA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; GREECE; ISRAEL; JERUSALEM [ISRAEL]; JERUSALEM [JERUSALEM (DST)]; MIDDLE EAST; SOUTHERN EUROPE; WORLD;

EID: 17044402558     PISSN: 09527648     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1558/jmea.17.2.247.65538     Document Type: Review

References (132)

1. Adams, R.M. 1966 The Evolution of Urban Society. Chicago: Aldine.
2. Akkermans, P.M.M.G., and K. Duistermaat 1997 Of storage and nomads, the late sealings from Late Neolithic Sabi Abyad, Syria. Paléorient 22: 17-44.
3. Alcock, S.E., T.N. D'Altroy, K.D. Morrison and C.M. Sinopli (eds.) 2001 Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Algaze, G. 1993 Expansionary dynamics of some early pristine states. American Anthropologist 95: 304-33.
5. Aruz, J. 1994 Seal imagery and sealing practices in the early Aegean world. In P. Ferioli, E. Fiandra, G.G. Fissore and M. Frangipane (eds.), Archives before Writing, 211-35. Torino: Scriptorium.
6. Baines, J., and N. Yoffee 1998 Order, legitimacy, and wealth in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. In G.M. Feinman and J. Marcus (eds.), Archaic States, 199-260. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
7. Badre, L. 2001 The Bronze Age of Beirut, major results. Aram 13-14: 1,26.
8. Ben-Tor, A. 1978 Cylinder Seats of Third-Millennium Palestine. Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Schools of Oriental Research.
9. Ben-Tor, A. 1985 Glyptic art of third millennium Palestine and its foreign relations. In E. Lipinski (ed.), The Land of Israel: Cross-Roads of Civilization, 1-25. Leuven: Peeters.
10. Ben-Tor, A. 1992 Early Bronze Age dwellings and installations. In A. Kempinski and R. Reich (eds.), The Architecture of Ancient Israel from the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods, 60-67. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
11. Binford, L.R. 1967 Smudge pits and hide smoking: the use of analogy in archaeological reasoning. American Antiquity 32: 1-12.
12. Broodbank, C. 2000 An Island Archaeology of the Early Cyclades. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Butzer, K. 1982 Archaeology as Human Ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
14. Caskey, J.L. 1960 The Early Helladic period in the Argolid. Hesperia 29: 285-303.
15. Caskey, M. 1990 Thoughts on Early Bronze Age hearths. In R. Hägg and G.C. Nordquist (eds.), Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid. Skrifter Utgivna av Svenkska Institutet i Athen 45: 13-21. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athen.
16. Cherry, J.F. 1986 Polities and palaces: some problems in Minoan state formation. In C. Renfrew and J.F. Cherry (eds.), Peer Polity Interaction and Socio-Political Change, 19-46. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
17. Cosmopoulos, M.B. 1991 The Early Bronze 2 in the Aegean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 98. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag.
18. Davis, J.L. 1992 Review of Aegean prehistory I: the islands of the Aegean. American Journal of Archaeology 96: 753-54.
19. de Miroschedji, P. 2002 Tel Yarmut, 1999. Israel Exploration Journal 52: 87-95.
20. de Polignac, F. 1995 Cults, Territory, and the Origins of the Greek City-State. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
21. D'Onofrio, A.-M. 1997 The 7th century in Attica: the basis of political organization. In H.D. Andersen, H.W. Horsnaes, S. Houlby-Nielsen and A. Rathje (eds.), Urbanization in the Mediterranean: the 9th to 6th Centuries BC. Acta Hyperborea 7: 63-88. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
22. Ehrenreich, R.M., C.L. Crumley and J.E. Levy (eds.) 1995 Heterarchy and the Analysis of Complex Societies. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 6. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Society.
23. Eisenstadt, S.N. 1986 The Axial Age breakthroughs-their characteristics and origins. In S.N. Eisenstadt (ed.), The Origins and Diversity of Axial Age Civilizations, 1-25. Albany: State University of New York Press.
24. Ember, M. 1991 The logic of comparative research. Behavior Science Research 25: 217-33.
25. Ember, M. and C.R. Ember 1995 Worldwide cross-cultural studies and the relevance for archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 3: 87-111.
26. Feinman, G.M. 1994 Social boundaries and political change: a comparative view from ancient Mesoamerica. In G. Stein and M.S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity. Monographs in World Archaelogy 18: 225-36. Madison: Prehistory Press.
27. Feinman, G.M., and J. Marcus (eds.) 1998 Archaic States. School of American Research Press: Santa Fe.
28. Felten, F. 1986 Early urban history and architecture of ancient Aigina. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 21-28. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
29. Ferguson, Y. 1991 Chiefdoms to city-states: the Greek experience. In T. Earle (ed.), Chiefdoms: Power, Economy, and Ideology, 169-92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
30. Ferioli, P., and E. Fiandra 1990 The use of clay sealings in administrative practices from the fifth to the first millennium BC in the Orient, Nubia, Egypt, and the Aegean: similarities and differences. In T.G. Palaima, (ed.), Aegean Seals, Sealings and Administration. Aegaeum 5: 221-32. Liège: Université de Liège.
31. Fish, S.K., and P. Fish 1991 Comparative aspects of paradigms for the Neolithic transition in the Levant and the American Southwest. In G.A. Clark (ed.), Perspectives on the Past: Theoretical Biases in Mediterranean Hunter-Gatherer Research, 396-410. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
32. Fried, M.H. 1967 The Evolution of Political Society. New York: Random House.
33. Genz, H. 2003 Cash crop production and storage in the Early Bronze Age southern Levant. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 16: 59-78.
34. Greenberg, M. 1955 The Hab/piru. New Haven: American Oriental Society.
35. Greenberg, R. 1999 Uniformity as ideology in the Early Bronze Age II. In A. Faust and A Maeir (eds.), Material Culture, Society and Ideology: New Directions in the Archaeology of the Land of Israel, 15-30. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University.
36. Greenberg, R. 2000 Changes in ceramic production between Early Bronze Age II and III in northern Israel, based on the pottery of Tel Hazor and Tel Dan. In G. Phillip and D. Baird (eds.), Ceramics and Change in the Early Bronze Age of the Southern Levant. Levantine Archaeology 2: 183-99. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
37. Greenberg, R. 2001 Early Bronze Age II-III seal impressions and the north Canaanite Metallic Ware jar. In S. Wolff (e.), Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 59: 189-98. Chicago: Oriental Institute Press.
38. Greenberg, R. 2003 Discontinuities in rural settlement in Early Bronze Age-Middle Bronze Age I Palestine. In A.R. Maeir, S. Dar and Z. Safrai (eds.), The Rural Landscape of Ancient Israel. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1121: 27-42. Oxford: Archeopress.
39. Greenberg, R., and Porat, N. 1996 A third millennium Levantine pottery production center: typology, petrography and provenance of the Metallic Ware of northern Israel and adjacent regions. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 301: 5-24.
40. Hall, J.M. 1997a Alternative responses with Polis formation: Argos, Mykenai and Tiryns. In H.D. Andersen, H.W. Horsnaes, S. Houlby-Nielsen and A. Rathje (eds.), Urbanization in the Mediterranean: the 9th to 6th Centuries BC. Acta Hyperborea 7: 89-109. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
41. Hall, J.M. 1997b Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Halstead, P. 1988 On redistribution and the origin of Minoan-Mycenaean palatial economies. In E.B. French and K.A. Wardle (eds.), Problems in Greek Prehistory, 519-30. Bristol: Bristol Classical Press.
43. Halstead, P. 1992 Agriculture in the Bronze Age Aegean: towards a model of palatial economy. In B. Wells (ed.), Agriculture in Ancient Greece Skrifter Utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athens 42: 105-16. Stockholm: Svenska Institutet i Athens.
44. Halstead, P. 1993 Banking on livestock: indirect storage in Greek agriculture. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 7: 63-75.
45. Halstead, P. 1994 The north-south divide: regional paths to complexity in prehistoric Greece. In C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds.), Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield Archaeological Monograph 8: 195-219. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications.
46. Halstead, P. 1995 From sharing to hoarding: the Neolithic foundations of Aegean Bronze Age society. In R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier (eds.), Politeia: Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age. Aegaeum 12: 11-21. Liège/Austin: Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique; University of Texas at Austin, Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory.
47. Harris, M. 1968 The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell.
48. Hawkes, C. F. 1954 Archeological theory and method: some suggestions from the Old World. American Anthropologist 56: 155-68.
49. Heath (Wiencke), M.C. 1958 Clay sealings from the House of the Tiles at Lerna. Hesperia 27: 81-120.
50. Hiller, S. 1986 Early and Late Helladic 'Megara', questions of architectural continuity in Bronze Age Greece. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 85-89. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
51. Horden, P., and N. Purcell 2000 The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History. Blackwell: Oxford.
52. Ilan, D. 2002 Mortuary practices in Early Bronze Age Canaan. Near Eastern Archaeology 65: 92-104.
53. Joffe, A.H. 1993 Settlement and Society in the Early Bronze I and II of the Southern Levant: Complementarity and Contradiction in a Small-Scale Complex Society. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 4. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
54. Joffe, A.H. 1998a Alcohol and social complexity in ancient Western Asia. Current Anthropology 39: 297-322.
55. Joffe, A.H. 1998b Disembedded capitals in western Asian perspective. Comparative Studies in Society and History 40: 549-80.
56. Joffe, A.H. 2001 Early Bronze Age seat impressions from the Jezreel Valley and the problem of sealing in the southern Levant. In S. Wolff (ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighboring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 59: 355-75. Chicago: Oriental Institute Press.
57. Joffe, A.H. 2002 The rise of secondary states in the Iron Age Levant. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 45: 425-67.
58. Joffe, A.H. 2003 On the language of complex societies: reply to Michael Heltzer. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 46: 529-33.
59. Johnson, G.A. 1973 Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran. Anthropological Paper 51. Ann Arbor: Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
60. Johnson, G.A. 1982 Organizational structure and scalar stress. In C. Renfrew, M.J. Rowlands and B.A. Segraves (eds.), Theory and Explanation in Archaeology: The Southampton Conference, 389-422. New York: Academic Press.
61. Johnson, G.A. 1989 Dynamics of southwestern prehistory, far outside-looking in. In L.S. Cordell and G.J. Gumerman (eds.), Dynamics of Southwestern Prehistory, 371-89. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
62. Kaplony, P. 2002 The 'En Besor seal impressions-revised. In E.C.M. van den Brink and T. E. Levy (eds.), Egypt and the Levant: Interrelations from the 4th through the Early 3rd Millennium BCE, 450-63. London: Leicester University Press.
63. Kempinski, A. 1992 Fortifications, public buildings, and town planning in the Early Bronze Age. In A. Kempinski and R. Reich (eds.), The Architecture of Ancient Israel, 68-80. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
64. Kilian, K. 1986 The circular building at Tiryns. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 65-71. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
65. Kocka, J. 2003 Comparison and beyond. History and Theory 42: 344.
66. Kohl, P.L. 1987a Sumer and the Indus Valley civilization compared: towards an historical understanding of the evolution of early states. In D. Hakken and H. Lessinger (eds.), Perspectives in US Marxist Anthropology, 81-101. Boulder: Westview Press.
67. Kohl, P.L. 1987b State formation: useful concept or idée fixe? In T.C. Patterson and C.W. Gailey (eds.), Power Relations and State Formation, 27-34. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association.
68. Konsola, D. 1986 Stages of urban transformation in the Early Helladic, period. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 9-19. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
69. Konsola, D. 1990 Settlement size and the beginning of urbanization. In P. Darcque and R. Treuil (eds.), L'Habitat Égéen Preéhistorique. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Supplement 19: 463-71. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard.
70. Liverani, M. 1987 The collapse of the Near Eastern regional system at the end of the Late Bronze Age: the case of Syria. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 66-73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
71. Lustick, I.S. 1996 History, historiography, and political science, multiple historical records and the problem of selection bias. American Political Science Review 90: 605-18.
72. Mace, R., and M. Pagel 1994 The comparative method in anthropology. Current Anthropology 35: 549-64.
73. Manning, S.W. 1994 The emergence of divergence: development and decline on Bronze Age Crete and the Cyclades. In C. Mathers and S. Stoddart (eds.), Development and Decline in the Mediterranean Bronze Age. Sheffield Archaeological Monograph 8: 221-70. Sheffield: J.R. Collis Publications.
74. Manning, S.W. 1995 The Absolute Chronology of the Aegean Early Bronze Age. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
75. Marfoe, L. 1987 Cedar forest to silver mountain: social change and the development of long-distance trade in early Near Eastern societies. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen and K. Kristiansen (eds.), Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World, 25-35. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
76. Mazar, A. 2001 On the significance of the Early Bronze III granary building at Beit Yerah. In S.R. Wolff (ed.), Studies in the Archaeology of Israel and Neighbouring Lands in Memory of Douglas L. Esse. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilizations 59: 447-64. Chicago: Oriental Institute Press.
77. Mazzoni, S. 1985 Giza ed una produzione vascolare di Biblo. In S.F. Bondì, S. Pernigotti, F. Serra and A. Vivian (eds.), Studi In Onore Do Edda Bresciani, 317-38. Pisa: Giardini.
78. Mazzoni, S. 1987 The diffusion of the Palestinian combed jars. In Studies in the History and Archaelogy of Palestine II, 145-58. Aleppo: Aleppo University Press.
79. Mazzoni, S. 1992 Le impronte su giara eblaite e siriane nel Bronzo Antico. Rome: Università Degli Studi Di Roma 'La Sapienza'.
80. Mazzoni, S. 2003 Ebla: crafts and power in an emergent state of third millenium BC Syria. Journal of Mediterranean Archaelogy 16: 145-72.
81. Mee, C. 2001 Nucleation and dispersal in Neolithic and EH Laconia. In K. Branigan (ed.), Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age, 1-14. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
82. Morgan, C. 2001 Ethne, ethnicity, and early Greek States, c. 1200-480. In I. Malkin (ed.), Ancient Perceptions of Greek Ethnicity, 75-112. Washington DC: Center for Hellenic Studies and Harvard University Press.
83. Morgan, C. 2003 Early Greek States beyond the Polis. New York, London: Routledge.
84. Namier, L.B. 1942 Conflicts: Studies in Contemporary History. London: Macmillan.
85. Namier, L.B. 1952 Avenues of History. London: Hamish Hamilton.
86. Nichols, D.L., and T.H. Charlton (eds.) 1997 The Archaelogy of City-States, Cross-Cultural Approaches. Washington DC. Smithsonian Institute Press.
87. Nisbet, R.A. 1969 Social Change and History: Aspects of the Western Theory of Development. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
88. Peregrine, P.N. 2001 Cross-cultural approaches in archaeology. Annual Review of Anthropology 30: 1-18.
89. Philip, G. 1999 Complexity and diversity in the southern Levant during the third millennium BC: the evidence of Khirbet Kerak ware. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 12: 26-57.
90. Philip, G. 2002 Contacts between the 'Uruk' world and the Levant during the fourth millennium BC: evidence and interpretation. In J.N. Postgate (ed.), Artefacts of Complexity: Tracking the Uruk in the Near East 207-35. Warminster: Aris and Phillips.
91. Philip, G. 2003 The Early Bronze Age of the southern Levant: a landscape approach. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 16: 103-32.
92. Pullen, D.J. 1986 A 'House of Tiles' at Zygouries? The function of monumental Early Helladic architecture. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 79-84. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
93. Pullen, D.J. 1994 A lead seal from Tsoungiza, ancient Nemea, and Early Bronze Age Aegean sealing systems. American Journal of Archaeology 98: 35-52.
94. Redman, C.L. 1991 The comparative context of social complexity. In P.L. Crown and W.J. Judge (eds.), Chaco and Hohokam: Prehistoric Regional Systems in the American Southwest, 277-92. Santa Fe: School of American Research Press.
95. Renard, J. 1995 Le Péloponnèse au Bronze Ancien. Liège/ Austin: Université de Liège, Histoire de l'art et archéologie de la Grèce antique; University of Texas at Austin, Program in Aegean Scripts and Prehistory.
96. Renfrew, A.C. 1972 The Emergence of Civilization: The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC. London: Methuen.
97. Richards, J., and M. van Buren (eds.) 2001 Order, Legitimacy, and Wealth in Ancient States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
98. Rosen, A.M. 1995 The social response to environmental change in Early Bronze Age Canaan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 14: 26-44.
99. Rothman, M.S. 1994a Introduction part I. Evolutionary typologies and cultural complexity. In G. Stein and M.S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East, The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity. Monographs in World Archaeology 18: 1-10. Madison: Prehistory Press.
100. Rothman, M.S. 1994b Sealings as a control mechanism in prehistory: Tepe Gawra XI, X and VIII. In G. Stein and M.S. Rothman (eds.), Chiefdoms and Early States in the Near East: The Organizational Dynamics of Complexity. Monographs in World Archaeology 18: 103-20. Madison: Prehistory Press.
101. Rutter, J.B. 1993 Review of Aegean prehistory II: the Prepalatial Bronze Age of the southern and central Greek mainland. American Journal of Archaeology 97: 745-97.
102. Saghieh, M. 1983 Byblos in the Third Millennium BC. London: Aris and Phillips.
103. Sahlins, M. 1960 Evolution: specific and general. In M. Sahlins and E. Service (eds.), Evolution and Culture, 12-44. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
104. Sampson, A. 1986 Architecture and urbanization in Manika, Chalkis. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 47-49. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
105. Sampson, A. 1993 Manika and mainland Greece in Early Helladic III: ceramic evidence for relations with the Aegean and Anatolia. In C. Zerner, P. Zerner and N. Winder (eds.), Wace and Blegen: Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939-1989. Proceedings of the International Conference held at the American School of Classical Studies, Athens, Dec. 2-3, 1989, 159-64. Amsterdam: J.C. Gieben.
106. Sanderson, S.K. 1990 Social Evolutionism: A Critical History. Oxford: Blackwell.
107. Schaub, R.T. 1987 Ceramic vessels as evidence for trade communications during the Early Bronze Age. In A. Hadidi (ed.), Studies in the History and Archaeology of Jordan 3: 247-50. Amman: Department of Antiquities.
108. Service E.R. 1962 Primitive Social Organization: An Evolutionary Perspective. New York: Random House.
109. Shaw, J.W. 1987 The Early Helladic II corridor house: development and form. American ournal of Archaeology 91: 59-79.
110. Shaw, J.W. 1990 The Early Helladic II corridor house: problems and possibilities. In P. Darcque and R. Treuil (eds.), L'Habitat Égéen Preéhistorique. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique, Supplement 19:183-94. Paris: Diffusion de Boccard.
111. Shelley, C. 1999 Multiple analogies in archaeology. Philosophy of Science 66: 579-605.
112. Sherratt, S. 1998 'Sea Peoples' and the economic structure of the late second millennium in the eastern Mediterranean. In S. Gitin, A. Mazar and E. Stern (eds.), Mediterranean Peoples in Transition: Thirteenth to Early Tenth Centuries BCE, 292-313. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society.
113. Skocpol, T. 1979 States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
114. Smith, G.A. 1900 The Historical Geography of the Holy Land. Seventh edn. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
115. Spencer, C.S. 1992 Homology, analogy, and comparative research in archaeology. Behavior Science Review 26: 163-68.
116. Steward, J. 1955 Theory of Culture Change: The Methodology of Multilinear Evolution. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
117. Teissier, B. 1987 Glyptic evidence for a connection between Iran, Syro-Palestine and Egypt in the fourth and third millennia. Iran 25: 27-53.
118. Tilly, C. 1984 Big Structures, Large Processes, Huge Comparisons. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
119. Trigger, B.G. 1989 A History of Archaeological Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
120. Trigger, B.G. 2003 Understanding Early Civilizations: A Comparative Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
121. Tschauner, H. 1994 Archaeological systematics and cultural evolution: retrieving the honour of culture history. Man 29:77-93.
122. Tzavella-Evjen, H. 1985 Lithares: An Early Bronze Age settlement in Boeotia. Los Angeles: Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.
123. Weingarten, J. 1997 Another look at Lerna: an EH IIB trading post? Oxford Journal of Archaeology 16: 147-66.
124. Weingarten, J., J.H. Crouwel, M. Prent and G. Vogelang-Eastwood 1999 Early Helladic sealings from Geraki in Lakonia, Greece. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 18: 357-76.
125. Wiencke, M.H. 1969 Further seats and sealings from Lerna. Hesperia 38: 500-21.
126. Wiencke, M.H. 1986a Building BG at Lerna. In R. Hägg and D. Konsola (eds.), Early Helladic Architecture and Urbanization. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology 76: 41-45. Göteborg: Paul Åströms Förlag.
127. Wiencke, M.H. 1986b Art and the world of the Early Bronze Age. In G. Cadogan (ed.), The End of the Early Bronze Age in the Aegean, 69-92. Leiden: Brill.
128. Wiencke, M.H. 1987 Change in Early Helladic II. American Journal of Archaeology 93: 495-509.
129. Wright, H.T. 1977 Recent research on the origin of the state. Annual Review of Anthropology 6: 379-97.
130. Wright, H.T. 1978 Toward an explanation of the origin of the state. In R. Cohen and E.R. Service (eds.), Origins of the State: The Anthropology of Political Evolution, 49-68. Philadelphia: ISHI.
131. Wright, H.T. 1984 Prestate political formations. In T.K. Earle (ed.), On the Evolution of Complex Societies: Essays in Honor of Harry Hoijer Other Realities 6: 41-77. Malibu: Undena.
132. Yoffee, N. 1993 Too many chiefs? or safe texts for the 90s. In A. Sherratt and N. Yoffee (eds.), Archaeological Theory-Who Sets the Agenda?, 60-78. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.