The demise of one-party politics in Mexican municipal elections

British Journal of Political Science

Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 257-284

  Hiskey, Jonathan ^a   Ganache, Damarys ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 16844372929     PISSN: 00071234     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007123405000141     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. World Bank, World Development Report 1999/2000: Entering the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 43.
2. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 133. See Jonathan Fox, 'The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico', World Politics, 46 (1994), 151-84; and Jonathan Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 105-16, for extensive discussion of the disjuncture between democratization processes at national and subnational levels of government. See Caroline Beer, Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), for a thorough discussion of the significance of subnational electoral competition in Mexico for democratization.
3. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 133. See Jonathan Fox, 'The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico', World Politics, 46 (1994), 151-84; and Jonathan Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 105-16, for extensive discussion of the disjuncture between democratization processes at national and subnational levels of government. See Caroline Beer, Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), for a thorough discussion of the significance of subnational electoral competition in Mexico for democratization.
4. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 133. See Jonathan Fox, 'The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico', World Politics, 46 (1994), 151-84; and Jonathan Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 105-16, for extensive discussion of the disjuncture between democratization processes at national and subnational levels of government. See Caroline Beer, Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), for a thorough discussion of the significance of subnational electoral competition in Mexico for democratization.
5. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 133. See Jonathan Fox, 'The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico', World Politics, 46 (1994), 151-84; and Jonathan Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities', Journal of Democracy, 5 (1994), 105-16, for extensive discussion of the disjuncture between democratization processes at national and subnational levels of government. See Caroline Beer, Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 2003), for a thorough discussion of the significance of subnational electoral competition in Mexico for democratization.
6. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
7. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
8. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
9. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
10. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
11. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
12. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
13. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
14. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
15. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
16. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
17. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
18. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
19. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
20. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on
21. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
22. For one of the more recent treatments of subnational democratization in Mexico, see Wayne A. Cornelius, Todd A. Eisenstadt and Jane Hindley, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1999); see also Tonatiuh Guillén López, Municipios en Transición: Actores Sociales y Nuevas Políticas de Gobierno (Mexico: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte, 1995), for an account of the various experiences of subnational political change occurring in Mexico during the 1990s. Examples of studies on the forces driving local political change in Mexico include Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Jaime Bailón-Corres, Pueblos Indios, Elites y Territorio: Sistemas de Dominio Regional en el Sur de México: Una Historia Política de Oaxaca (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Sociológies, 1999); Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Organization and Institutional Change', in Joe Foweraker and Ann L. Craig, eds, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1990), pp. 45-58; Jane Hindley, 'Indigenous Mobilization, Development, and Democratization in Guerrero: The Nahua People vs. the Tetelcingo Dam', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico; pp. 207-38; Adriana López Monjardin, La Lucha por los Ayuntamientos: Una Utopía Viable (Mexico: D.F.: Siglo XXI, 1986); Merino Mauricio, ed., En Busca de la Democracia Municipal: La Participación Ciudadana en el Gobierno Local Mexicano (Mexico, D.F.: Colegio de México: Centro de Estudios Internacionales, 1994); Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections: The Case of the COCEI in Juchitán', in Arturo Alvarado, ed., Electoral Patterns and Perspectives in Mexico (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1987), pp. 127-60; Jeffrey W. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican: Ethnicity, Militancy, and Democratization in Juchitán, Oaxaca', in Cornelius et al, Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 175-206; and Ligia Tavera-Fenollosa, "The Movimiento de Damnificados: Democratic Transformation of Citizenry and Government in Mexico City', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 107-31. A comprehensive collection of studies on local political change in Mexico is available in the volume edited by Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Joe Foweraker, 'Popular Political Organization and Democratization: A Comparison of Spain and Mexico', in Ian Budge and David McKay, eds, Developing Democracy: Comparative Research in Honour of J. F. P. Blondel (London: Sage, 1994), pp. 18-38, also offers one of the few cross-national analyses of the role of popular organizations in subnational democratization processes in a comparison of social movements in Spain and Mexico. See also Jonathan Fox, The Challenge of Rural Democratization: Perspectives from Latin America and the Phillipines (London: Frank Cass, 1990), for a collection of studies on rural democratization in Latin America and the Philippines. For a study of local democratization processes in Chile and Argentina, see Frederick C. Turner, 'Municipal Government in Argentina and Chile: Democratization Processes and their Causation', in Ilpyong-J. Kim and Jane Shapiro, eds, Establishing Democratic Rule: The Re-emergence of Local Government in Post-Authoritarian Systems (Washington, D.C.: Washington Institute Press, 1993), pp. 235-66. For Brazil, see Lawrence S. Graham, 'Rethinking the Relationship between the Strength of Local Institutions and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Case of Brazil', in Kim and Shapiro, Establishing Democratic Rule, pp. 217-33; and Frances Hagopian, Traditional Politics and Regime Change in Brazil (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
23. This is the frequently used description of the Mexican political regime coined by Peruvian author Mario Vargas Llosa during a 1990 conference in Mexico City. The focus of the conference was on freedom in the twentieth century and in his opening statement Vargas Llosa argued: 'Mexico is the perfect dictatorship, because it is a camouflaged dictatorship. It may not seem to be a dictatorship, but has all of the characteristics of dictatorship: the perpetuation, not of one person, but of an irremovable party, a party that allows sufficient space for criticism, provided such criticism serves to maintain the appearance of a democratic party, but which suppresses by all means, including the worst, whatever criticism may threaten its perpetuation of power.' (Latin American Region Reports, 27 (September, 1990), p. 2.)
24. Because our concern in this article is with the erosion of one-party dominance by the PRI, we use the term 'opposition' to refer to parties and actors competing against the PRI. It should be clear that this usage differs from the convention in fully competitive electoral environments, contexts in which the 'opposition' includes parties and actors challenging incumbent officials, and where the opposition thus changes with each alternation of power.
25. Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities'; Chappell Lawson, 'Mexico's Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexico', Mexican Studies, (2000), 267-88.
26. Fox, 'Latin America's Emerging Local Polities'; Chappell Lawson, 'Mexico's Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexico', Mexican Studies, (2000), 267-88.
27. Jarnie S. Davidson, 'The Politics of Violence on an Indonesian Periphery', Southeast Asia Review, 11 (2003), 59-90.
28. William Munro, 'The Political Consequences of Local Electoral Systems: Democratic Change and the Politics of Differential Citizenship in South Africa', Comparative Politics, 33 (2001), 295-314.
29. See also Pauline Jones Luong, ed., The Transformation of Central Asia: States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2003) for a collection of studies on the continuing problems faced by intransigent subnational political regimes in the states of the former Soviet Union.
30. Richard C. Crook and James Manor, Democracy and Decentralization in South Asia and West Africa (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
31. Victor Popa and Igor Munteanu, 'Local Government Reforms in the Former Soviet Union: Between Hope and Change' (Study by the Institute for Development and Social Initiatives, 2003), p. 27, available at http://unpanl.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan008028.pdf.
32. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
33. Dwight Bunce, Patricia Martin and Gary Bland, Assessment of Civil Society Participation in Local Governance and Recommendations for Future Programming (Washington, D. C: USAID/Mexico, 2001).
34. See Joseph L. Klesner, 'The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico: Electoral Reform, the Rise of Opposition Contestation, and Voter Turnout, 1967-1994' (paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1995); López, Municipios en Transicion; Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos; Mauricio Merino, En Busca de la Democracia Municipal;
35. See Joseph L. Klesner, 'The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico: Electoral Reform, the Rise of Opposition Contestation, and Voter Turnout, 1967-1994' (paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1995); López, Municipios en Transicion; Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos; Mauricio Merino, En Busca de la Democracia Municipal;
36. See Joseph L. Klesner, 'The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico: Electoral Reform, the Rise of Opposition Contestation, and Voter Turnout, 1967-1994' (paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1995); López, Municipios en Transicion; Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos; Mauricio Merino, En Busca de la Democracia Municipal;
37. See Joseph L. Klesner, 'The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico: Electoral Reform, the Rise of Opposition Contestation, and Voter Turnout, 1967-1994' (paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1995); López, Municipios en Transicion; Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos; Mauricio Merino, En Busca de la Democracia Municipal;
38. See Joseph L. Klesner, 'The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico: Electoral Reform, the Rise of Opposition Contestation, and Voter Turnout, 1967-1994' (paper presented at the 1995 Meeting of Latin American Studies Association, Washington, D.C., 1995); López, Municipios en Transicion; Foweraker and Craig, Popular Movements and Political Change in Mexico; Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos; Mauricio Merino, En Busca de la Democracia Municipal;
39. Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican'.
40. See Francis Berry and William D. Berry, 'State Lottery Adoption as Policy Innovation: An Event History Analysis', American Political Science Review, 84 (1990), 395-415.
41. See Benjamin A. Most and Harvey Starr, 'Diffusion, Reinforcement, Geopolitics, and the Spread of War', American Political Science Review, 74 (1980), 932-46.
42. See M. I. Midlarsky, 'Mathematical Models of Instability and a Theory of Diffusion', International Studies Quarterly, 14 (1970), 60-84; M. I. Midlarsky, On War (New York: Free Press, 1975); R. P. Y. Li and W. R. Thompson, "The "Coup Contagious" Hypothesis', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 19 (1975), 63-88.
43. See M. I. Midlarsky, 'Mathematical Models of Instability and a Theory of Diffusion', International Studies Quarterly, 14 (1970), 60-84; M. I. Midlarsky, On War (New York: Free Press, 1975); R. P. Y. Li and W. R. Thompson, "The "Coup Contagious" Hypothesis', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 19 (1975), 63-88.
44. See M. I. Midlarsky, 'Mathematical Models of Instability and a Theory of Diffusion', International Studies Quarterly, 14 (1970), 60-84; M. I. Midlarsky, On War (New York: Free Press, 1975); R. P. Y. Li and W. R. Thompson, "The "Coup Contagious" Hypothesis', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 19 (1975), 63-88.
45. For a general discussion on the distinct approaches to the study of democracy's diffusion, see James E. Bell and Lynn A. Staeheli, 'Discourses of Diffusion and Democratization', Political Geography, 20 (2001), 175-95. See also Harvey Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35 (1991), 356-81; J. O'Loughlin, M. D. Ward, C. L. Lofdahl, J. S. Cohen, D. S. Brown, D. Reilly, K. S. Gleditsch and M. Shin, "The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 88 (1998), 545-74; Daniel Brinks and Michael Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy ' (Department of Government and International Studies Working Paper 99-8, University of Notre Dame, 1999).
46. For a general discussion on the distinct approaches to the study of democracy's diffusion, see James E. Bell and Lynn A. Staeheli, 'Discourses of Diffusion and Democratization', Political Geography, 20 (2001), 175-95. See also Harvey Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35 (1991), 356-81; J. O'Loughlin, M. D. Ward, C. L. Lofdahl, J. S. Cohen, D. S. Brown, D. Reilly, K. S. Gleditsch and M. Shin, "The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 88 (1998), 545-74; Daniel Brinks and Michael Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy ' (Department of Government and International Studies Working Paper 99-8, University of Notre Dame, 1999).
47. For a general discussion on the distinct approaches to the study of democracy's diffusion, see James E. Bell and Lynn A. Staeheli, 'Discourses of Diffusion and Democratization', Political Geography, 20 (2001), 175-95. See also Harvey Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35 (1991), 356-81; J. O'Loughlin, M. D. Ward, C. L. Lofdahl, J. S. Cohen, D. S. Brown, D. Reilly, K. S. Gleditsch and M. Shin, "The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 88 (1998), 545-74; Daniel Brinks and Michael Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy ' (Department of Government and International Studies Working Paper 99-8, University of Notre Dame, 1999).
48. For a general discussion on the distinct approaches to the study of democracy's diffusion, see James E. Bell and Lynn A. Staeheli, 'Discourses of Diffusion and Democratization', Political Geography, 20 (2001), 175-95. See also Harvey Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes: Diffusion Approaches to the Spread of Democracy in the International System', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35 (1991), 356-81; J. O'Loughlin, M. D. Ward, C. L. Lofdahl, J. S. Cohen, D. S. Brown, D. Reilly, K. S. Gleditsch and M. Shin, "The Diffusion of Democracy, 1946-1994', Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 88 (1998), 545-74; Daniel Brinks and Michael Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy ' (Department of Government and International Studies Working Paper 99-8, University of Notre Dame, 1999).
49. An interesting and comprehensive assessment of the impact of context in electoral geography is offered by John Agnew, 'Mapping Politics: How Context Counts in Electoral Geography', Political Geography, 15 (1996), 129-46.
50. Herbert Tingsten, Political Behavior: Studies in Election Statistics (Totowa, N.J.: Bedminster, 1963 [1937]).
51. Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, Citizens, Politics and Social Communication (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
52. Adam Przeworski and Glaucio Scares, "Theories in Search of a Curve: A Contextual Interpretation of Left Vote', American Political Science Review, 65 (1971), 51-69; Kenneth P. Langtón and Ronald Rapoport, 'Social Structure, Social Context and Party Mobilization: Urban Workers in Chile', Comparative Political Studies, 8 (1974), 318-44; Damarys Canache, Jeffery J. Mondak and Annabelle Conroy, 'Politics in Multiparty Context: Multiplicative Specifications, Social Influence, and Electoral Choice', Public Opinion Quarterly, 58 (1994), 509-38.
53. Adam Przeworski and Glaucio Scares, "Theories in Search of a Curve: A Contextual Interpretation of Left Vote', American Political Science Review, 65 (1971), 51-69; Kenneth P. Langtón and Ronald Rapoport, 'Social Structure, Social Context and Party Mobilization: Urban Workers in Chile', Comparative Political Studies, 8 (1974), 318-44; Damarys Canache, Jeffery J. Mondak and Annabelle Conroy, 'Politics in Multiparty Context: Multiplicative Specifications, Social Influence, and Electoral Choice', Public Opinion Quarterly, 58 (1994), 509-38.
54. Adam Przeworski and Glaucio Scares, "Theories in Search of a Curve: A Contextual Interpretation of Left Vote', American Political Science Review, 65 (1971), 51-69; Kenneth P. Langtón and Ronald Rapoport, 'Social Structure, Social Context and Party Mobilization: Urban Workers in Chile', Comparative Political Studies, 8 (1974), 318-44; Damarys Canache, Jeffery J. Mondak and Annabelle Conroy, 'Politics in Multiparty Context: Multiplicative Specifications, Social Influence, and Electoral Choice', Public Opinion Quarterly, 58 (1994), 509-38.
55. Michael Taylor offers an interesting parallel to our work. Taylor studies not subnational democratization, but rather revolution. In doing so, Taylor develops a detailed account regarding the potential importance of social networks and other decidedly subnational units for revolution. See Michael Taylor, 'Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action', in Michael Taylor, ed., Rationality and Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), pp. 63-97.
56. See J. Coleman, E. Katz and H. Mensel, Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966); Ronald S. Burt, 'Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence', American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1987), 1287-335; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1995).
57. See J. Coleman, E. Katz and H. Mensel, Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966); Ronald S. Burt, 'Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence', American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1987), 1287-335; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1995).
58. See J. Coleman, E. Katz and H. Mensel, Medical Innovation: A Diffusion Study (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966); Ronald S. Burt, 'Social Contagion and Innovation: Cohesion versus Structural Equivalence', American Journal of Sociology, 92 (1987), 1287-335; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (Glencoe, Ill.: The Free Press, 1995).
59. Michael Mintrom, 'Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation', American Journal of Political Science, 41 (1997), 738-70.
60. See Brady Baybeck and Robert Huckfeldt, 'Urban Contexts, Spatially Dispersed Networks and the Diffusion of Political Information', Political Geography, 21 (2002), 195-220.
61. See Pamela Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, 'Diffusion Models of Cycles of Protest as a Theory of Social Movements' (paper presented at the Tri-Annual Meetings of the International Sociological Association, 1998). Available in pdf format at http://www.nd.edu/~dmyers/cbsm/vol3/olmy.pdf; Pamela Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, 'How Events Enter the Public Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events', American Journal of Sociology, 105 (199), 38-87.
62. See Pamela Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, 'Diffusion Models of Cycles of Protest as a Theory of Social Movements' (paper presented at the Tri-Annual Meetings of the International Sociological Association, 1998). Available in pdf format at http://www.nd.edu/~dmyers/cbsm/vol3/olmy.pdf; Pamela Oliver and Daniel J. Myers, 'How Events Enter the Public Sphere: Conflict, Location, and Sponsorship in Local Newspaper Coverage of Public Events', American Journal of Sociology, 105 (199), 38-87.
63. Taylor, 'Rationality and Revolutionary Collective Action'.
64. Benjamin and Starr, 'Diffusion, Reinforcement, Geopolitics, and the Spread of War'.
65. Randolph M. Siverson and Harvey Starr, 'Opportunity, Willingness, and the Diffusion of War, 1816-1965', American Political Science Review, 84 (1990), 47-67.
66. Stuart Hill and Donald Rothchild, The Contagion of Political Conflict in Africa and the World', Journal of Conflict Resolution, 30 (1986), 716-35, p. 719.
67. Hill and Rothchild, "The Contagion of Political Conflict in Africa and the World', p. 723.
68. See Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Doh Chull Shin, 'On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research', World Politics, 47 (1994), 135-70.
69. See Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead, eds, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Doh Chull Shin, 'On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research', World Politics, 47 (1994), 135-70.
70. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 287.
71. See Mark J. Gasiorowski, 'Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis', American Political Science Review, 89 (1995), 882-97. See also Brinks and Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy'. Unlike analyses that consider the democratic-undemocratic dichotomy, Brinks and Coppedge examine change in the level of democracy in a nation, with level of democracy measured using Freedom House data. Further, the authors present a selection model so that they can disentangle the occurrence of change in level of democracy from the magnitude of that change. They find that social diffusion (operationalized as the gap in democracy between a nation and its neighbour) does not influence the occurrence of change, but does affect the magnitude of change.
72. See Mark J. Gasiorowski, 'Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change: An Event History Analysis', American Political Science Review, 89 (1995), 882-97. See also Brinks and Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy'. Unlike analyses that consider the democratic-undemocratic dichotomy, Brinks and Coppedge examine change in the level of democracy in a nation, with level of democracy measured using Freedom House data. Further, the authors present a selection model so that they can disentangle the occurrence of change in level of democracy from the magnitude of that change. They find that social diffusion (operationalized as the gap in democracy between a nation and its neighbour) does not influence the occurrence of change, but does affect the magnitude of change.
73. Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes', p. 361.
74. Starr, 'Democratic Dominoes', p. 361.
75. Siverson and Starr, 'Opportunity, Willingness, and the Diffusion of War, 1816-1965', p. 50.
76. Alonso Lujambio, 'Democratization through Federalism? The National Action Party Strategy, 1939-2000', in Kevin J. Middlebrook, ed., Party Politics and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico: National and State-level Analyses of the Partido Acción Nacional (La Jolla: Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2001), pp. 47-94.
77. Rubin, 'State Policies, Leftist Oppositions, and Municipal Elections'.
78. See Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Soledad Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional, la Larga Marcha, 1939-1994: Oposición Leal y Partido de Protesta (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2000);
79. See Jorge Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992) (Zapopán, Jalisco: El Colegio de Jalisco, 1993); Soledad Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional, la Larga Marcha, 1939-1994: Oposición Leal y Partido de Protesta (Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2000);
80. Monjardin, La Lucha par los Ayuntamientos.
81. See Alonso, El Rito Electoral en Jalisco (1940-1992).
82. Przeworski, Democracy and the Market, p. 33.
83. We recognize the significant left-of-centre opposition groups and political parties that made inroads among the southern states during the 1960s and 1970s (see e.g., Rubin, 'Zapotec and Mexican'). The absence, however, of any extensive, formal political organization among these groups prevented the establishment of a long-term leftist electoral alternative for most citizens in this region prior to the PRD's arrival.
84. For the most comprehensive treatments of the development of the PAN, see the first four chapters of Kevin J. Middlebrook, ed., Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); see also Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional.
85. For the most comprehensive treatments of the development of the PAN, see the first four chapters of Kevin J. Middlebrook, ed., Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); see also Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional.
86. It was very common in these states for the PRI candidate to receive close to 100 per cent of the vote in municipal elections.
87. For example, Javier Hurtado, Familias, político, y parentesco: Jalisco 1919-1991 (Guadalajara: Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1993), offers a highly detailed account of the regional scope of certain caciques' control throughout the state's post-Revolution history.
88. Author interview in Cuquío, March 1998.
89. Information on ACCEDE in this section is drawn from interviews with ACCEDE staff by one of the authors in March 1998, as well as from ACCEDE documents provided to the author by ACCEDE staff. For more information, see Jonathan T. Hiskey, 'Does Democracy Matter? Electoral Competition and Local Development in Mexico' (doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1999).
90. At the time of the 1995 local elections in Jalisco, the PRI's governing reputation there had suffered significantly. First and foremost was the country's 1995 economic crisis, one that hit the industrial base of Jalisco particularly hard. In addition, several events prior to 1995 had greatly damaged the governing credibility of the PRI in Jalisco. These included a massive sewer explosion in Guadalajara in 1992 that killed over 200 people and the unsolved assassination of the Archbishop of Guadalajara, Cardinal Juan Jesus Posadas Ocampo, outside the Guadalajara International Airport.
91. We are grateful to an anonymous reviewer for pointing this out, given the subsequent PRI victories in Ixtlahuacan in the 1997 and 2001 municipal elections.
92. Kathleen Bruhn, Taking on Goliath: The Emergence of a New Left Party and the Struggle for Democracy in Mexico (University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997).
93. See Donald J. Mabry, Mexico's Acción Nacional: A Catholic Alternative to Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973), p. 16; Franz von Sauer, The Alienated 'Loyal' Opposition: Mexico's Partido Accion Nacional (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1974).
94. See Donald J. Mabry, Mexico's Acción Nacional: A Catholic Alternative to Revolution (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973), p. 16; Franz von Sauer, The Alienated 'Loyal' Opposition: Mexico's Partido Accion Nacional (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1974).
95. See David Shirk, 'Democratization and Local Party Building: The PAN in Leon, Guanajuato', in Cornelius et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 49-71, for a full account of this election.
96. For more extensive treatments of the PAN's development in both Jalisco and Guanajuato, and for the PAN's rise to power at the state and national level, see Middlebrook, Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America; see also Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional, for the evolution of the PAN between the 1940s and the 1990s.
97. For more extensive treatments of the PAN's development in both Jalisco and Guanajuato, and for the PAN's rise to power at the state and national level, see Middlebrook, Conservative Parties, the Right, and Democracy in Latin America; see also Loaza, El Partido Acción Nacional, for the evolution of the PAN between the 1940s and the 1990s.
98. For a comprehensive account of the emergence of the PRD, see Bruhn, Taking on Goliath. It is also worth noting the historical role of the Cárdenas family in Michoacán politics, beginning with Lazaro Cárdenas, president of Mexico 1934-40 and arguably the most revered Mexican politician in the twentieth century.
99. See Silvia Gómez-Tagle, La Transición Inconclusa: Treinta Años de Elecciones en México (Mexico, D.F.: El Colegio de Mexico, 1997).
100. For overviews of event history analysis, and especially discrete time approaches, see Paul D. Allison, Event History Analysis (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1984).
101. See also Paul D. Allison, 'Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories', Sociological Methodology, 13 (1982), 61-98. A good example of EHA to model social diffusion is provided by Berry and Berry, 'State Lottery Adoption as Policy Innovation', who study the adoption of lotteries by US states in the period 1964-86. Gasiorowski, 'Economic Crisis and Political Regime Change', uses EHA to model regime change, offering a national-level analogue to our subnational analysis. A key difference between our approach and Gasiorowski's is that the possible contributions of social diffusion, or snowball, effects on democratization are central to our analysis. Gasiorowski finds strong evidence of regional demonstration effects on regime change, but his primary focus is intra-state, and especially economic factors. For a different approach to modelling democratic diffusion, see Brinks and Coppedge, 'Patterns of Diffusion in the Third Wave of Democracy'.
102. Observations are in the form of municipality-years. The occurrence of a first opposition win thus is a dichotomous event, making application of logistic regression appropriate. Specifically, the models estimated below are examples of pooled cross-sectional time-series logit. For discussion of the use of logistic regression in discrete-time EHA, see Allison, 'Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories', pp. 72-6.
103. Because multiple time units are pooled for a given municipality, concern perhaps arises that observations should not be treated as if they were independent. This question has been considered by Allison, 'Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories', pp. 81-5;
104. Paul D. Allison and Nicholas Christakis, 'Fixed-Effects Methods for the Analysis of Non-Repeated Events' (unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, 2000);
105. and Jeroen K. Vermunt, Log-Linear Models for Event Histories (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1997).
106. Allison, 'Discrete-Time Methods for the Analysis of Event Histories', p. 84, notes that, as a general matter, 'the possibility of dependence among the time units confers no special disadvantage on discrete-time estimators.' In the case of the present model, the risk that unobserved variation in the hazard rate will be stable over time, and thus lead to correlation in the disturbance term, is minimal. First, our models are well specified, with both time-varying predictors and time-invariant, municipality-specific variables. Secondly, the time period in question was highly fluid, capturing, as we have argued, the transition in Mexico from the subnational dominance of a single party to the existence of multi-party electoral competition. Unfortunately, satisfactory methods to model any possible interdependence among observations do not yet exist. Because our models include some time-invariant predictors, a fixed-effects approach is not possible, as the fixed-effect terms would be perfectly correlated with the time-invariant measures. For discussion of experimental developments in this area
107. see Allison and Christakis, 'Fixed-Effects Methods for the Analysis of Non-Repeated Events'.
108. Because it is often the case that two or more opposition parties compete in an election, there are several alternative ways to specify the prior margin variable. One alternative, for example, is the ratio of the PRI vote margin to the margin of the top opposition party. We explored several such alternatives, but none outperformed the more parsimonious option used here.
109. Neighbours provides a relatively coarse measure of possible social diffusion. The variable is limited because it necessarily counts the contributions of all neighbouring municipalities equally, even though municipalities almost certainly vary in their capacity to foster demonstration effects. For a municipality with four neighbours, for instance, we might expect demonstration effects to be greatest for the neighbour with the largest population or the longest border with the target municipality. Unfortunately, the available empirical measures do not permit us to explore these more specific hypotheses.
110. Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores Socioeconómicos e Indice de Marginación Social 1990 (Mexico: Consejo Nacional de Población, 1993); Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática (INEGI), Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1995); INEGI, Niveles de Bienestar en México (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1993).
111. Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores Socioeconómicos e Indice de Marginación Social 1990 (Mexico: Consejo Nacional de Población, 1993); Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática (INEGI), Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1995); INEGI, Niveles de Bienestar en México (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1993).
112. Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores Socioeconómicos e Indice de Marginación Social 1990 (Mexico: Consejo Nacional de Población, 1993); Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática (INEGI), Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1995); INEGI, Niveles de Bienestar en México (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1993).
113. Consejo Nacional de Población, Indicadores Socioeconómicos e Indice de Marginación Social 1990 (Mexico: Consejo Nacional de Población, 1993); Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografia e Informática (INEGI), Conteo de Población y Vivienda 1995 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1996); INEGI, XI Censo General de Población y Vivienda, 1990 (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1995); INEGI, Niveles de Bienestar en México (Aguascalientes: INEGI, 1993).
114. With many large and multigenerational families, it is common for Mexican households to include multiple wage earners. Were the government's index constructed slightly differently (e.g., a level equal to one minimum wage rather than two), the function of the index in our models - i.e., to differentiate wealthy from poor municipalities - would remain unchanged. Likewise, because the index combines multiple indicators, change to any one component would yield a revised index highly correlated with the present measure.
115. See Seymour Martin Lipset, 'Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy', American Political Science Review, 53 (1950), 69-105; Seymour Martin Lipset, 'The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited', American Sociological Review, 59 (1994), 1-22.
116. See Seymour Martin Lipset, 'Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy', American Political Science Review, 53 (1950), 69-105; Seymour Martin Lipset, 'The Social Requisites of Democracy Revisited', American Sociological Review, 59 (1994), 1-22.
117. See Klesner, The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico' ; Joseph L. Klesner, "The Mexican Midterm Congressional and Gubernatorial Elections of 1997: End of the Hegemonic Party System', Electoral Studies, 16 (1997), 567-75.
118. See Klesner, The Enigma of Electoral Participation in Mexico' ; Joseph L. Klesner, "The Mexican Midterm Congressional and Gubernatorial Elections of 1997: End of the Hegemonic Party System', Electoral Studies, 16 (1997), 567-75.
119. Our models were estimated in Stata. Recalling our discussion of possible interdependence among observations gathered from the same municipalities at different points in time (fn. 59), we re-estimated all models with clustering by municipality and calculation of robust standard errors. The differences versus the standard errors reported here were negligible, and in no instance was inference regarding statistical significance altered.
120. We are grateful to an anonymous reader for suggesting the analyses reported in this section.
121. The horizontal axis in Figure 3 is constructed to range from 0 to 0.7 because over 95 per cent of cases fall within this range. In Guanajuato, it appears that the likelihood of opposition success actually decreases once values of Neighbours exceed 0.4, but this effect is illusory. Guanajuato is the state in which the fewest observations are available, and Neighbours takes on values greater than 0.4 in only a handful of cases, making estimates beyond 0.4 unreliable.
122. See Diamond, Developing Democracy.
123. See Wayne A. Cornelius, 'Subnational Politics and Democratization: Tensions between Center and Periphery in the Mexican Political System', in Cornelius, et al., Subnational Politics and Democratization in Mexico, pp. 3-16, at p. 12
124. With notable exceptions, including Diamond's chapter on the role of subnational democratic institutions in the deepening of democracy and Cornelius, Eisenstadt and Hindley's edited volume on the role of subnational democratization processes in Mexico. As noted earlier, Fox's 1994 article on the importance of local politics for national-level democratization was highly prescient in its identification of subnational elements critical to the broader democratic project taking place in many countries.