The political consequences of local electoral systems: Democratic change and the politics of differential citizenship in South Africa

Comparative Politics

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2001, Pages 295-313

  Munro, William A ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040790119     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422405     Document Type: Review

References (69)

1. Guillermo O'Donnell, "On the State, Democratization and Some Conceptual Problems: A Latin American View with Glances at Some Postcommunist Countries," World Development, 21 (1993), esp. 1359-61.
2. Scott Mainwaring, "Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1991), 34, 38-39. Also, Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon, 1986); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Barry Ames, "The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election," American Political Science Review, 88 (1994).
3. Scott Mainwaring, "Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1991), 34, 38-39. Also, Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon, 1986); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Barry Ames, "The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election," American Political Science Review, 88 (1994).
4. Scott Mainwaring, "Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1991), 34, 38-39. Also, Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon, 1986); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Barry Ames, "The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election," American Political Science Review, 88 (1994).
5. Scott Mainwaring, "Politicians, Parties, and Electoral Systems: Brazil in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1991), 34, 38-39. Also, Bernard Grofman and Arend Lijphart, eds., Electoral Laws and Their Political Consequences (New York: Agathon, 1986); Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995); Barry Ames, "The Reverse Coattails Effect: Local Party Organization in the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election," American Political Science Review, 88 (1994).
6. See David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), ch. 7; John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1993); Charles Tilly, ed., Citizenship, Identity and Social History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
7. See David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), ch. 7; John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1993); Charles Tilly, ed., Citizenship, Identity and Social History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
8. See David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1989), ch. 7; John Keane, ed., Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1993); Charles Tilly, ed., Citizenship, Identity and Social History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
9. See Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 7.
10. Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro, "South Africa's Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order," Politics and Society, 23 (1995).
11. Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro, "South Africa's Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order," Politics and Society, 23 (1995).
12. Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies: Constitutional Design and Electoral Dynamics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Donald Horowitz, A Democratic South Africa? Constitutional Engineering in a Divided Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro, "South Africa's Negotiated Transition: Democracy, Opposition and the New Constitutional Order," Politics and Society, 23 (1995).
13. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. x, 39.
14. See John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics, 22 (April 1990); Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990).
15. See John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics, 22 (April 1990); Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990).
16. See John Higley and Richard Gunther, eds., Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Southern Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992); Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics, 22 (April 1990); Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990).
17. Alfred Stepan, "Paths towards Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations," in Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
18. Alfred Stepan, "Paths towards Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations," in Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986); Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
19. Jonathan Fox, "The Difficult Transition from Clientelism to Citizenship: Lessons from Mexico," World Politics, 46 (1994), 152.
20. Stepan, p. 80.
21. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Challenges to Democratization in Brazil," World Policy Journal, 5 (1988), 288.
22. For a slightly narrower concept, see Fox, pp. 151-52. See also Arend Lijphart, "Self-Determination versus Pre-Determination of Ethnic Minorities in Power-Sharing Systems," in Will Kymlicka, ed., The Rights of Minority Cultures (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), esp. pp. 280-86.
23. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Keane, ed.; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1978).
24. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Stephens, and John Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992); Keane, ed.; Charles Tilly, From Mobilization to Revolution (Reading: Addison-Wesley, 1978).
25. See Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), esp. chs. 8 and 9; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens; Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society, 23 (1995); Fox.
26. See Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), esp. chs. 8 and 9; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens; Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society, 23 (1995); Fox.
27. See Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement: Social Movements, Collective Action and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), esp. chs. 8 and 9; Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens; Ruth Berins Collier and David Collier, Shaping the Political Arena: Critical Junctures, the Labor Movement, and Regime Dynamics in Latin America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991); Glenn Adler and Eddie Webster, "Challenging Transition Theory: The Labor Movement, Radical Reform, and Transition to Democracy in South Africa," Politics and Society, 23 (1995); Fox.
28. Sven Steinmo and Kathleen Thelen, "Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics," in Sven Steinmo, Kathleen Thelen, and John Longstreth, eds., Structuring Politics: Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 27.
29. See Higley and Gunther, eds., p. 23; Przeworski, p. 12.
30. David Kaplan, "The South African State: The Origins of a Racially Exclusive Democracy," Insurgent Sociologist, 10 (1980); Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
31. David Kaplan, "The South African State: The Origins of a Racially Exclusive Democracy," Insurgent Sociologist, 10 (1980); Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
32. See Gerhard Mare and Georgina Hamilton, An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the Politics of Loyal Resistance (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987); Roger Southall, "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise," African Affairs, 80 (1981); Paul Forsyth, "The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief M. G. Buthelezi, 1951-1991," South African Historical Journal, 26 (1992); Patrick Harries, "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History," History and Theory, 32 (1993); Gerhard Mare, Brothers Born of Warrior Blood: Politics and Ethnicity in South Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992).
33. See Gerhard Mare and Georgina Hamilton, An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the Politics of Loyal Resistance (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987); Roger Southall, "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise," African Affairs, 80 (1981); Paul Forsyth, "The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief M. G. Buthelezi, 1951-1991," South African Historical Journal, 26 (1992); Patrick Harries, "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History," History and Theory, 32 (1993); Gerhard Mare, Brothers Born of Warrior Blood: Politics and Ethnicity in South Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992).
34. See Gerhard Mare and Georgina Hamilton, An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the Politics of Loyal Resistance (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987); Roger Southall, "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise," African Affairs, 80 (1981); Paul Forsyth, "The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief M. G. Buthelezi, 1951-1991," South African Historical Journal, 26 (1992); Patrick Harries, "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History," History and Theory, 32 (1993); Gerhard Mare, Brothers Born of Warrior Blood: Politics and Ethnicity in South Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992).
35. See Gerhard Mare and Georgina Hamilton, An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the Politics of Loyal Resistance (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987); Roger Southall, "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise," African Affairs, 80 (1981); Paul Forsyth, "The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief M. G. Buthelezi, 1951-1991," South African Historical Journal, 26 (1992); Patrick Harries, "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History," History and Theory, 32 (1993); Gerhard Mare, Brothers Born of Warrior Blood: Politics and Ethnicity in South Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992).
36. See Gerhard Mare and Georgina Hamilton, An Appetite for Power: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the Politics of Loyal Resistance (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1987); Roger Southall, "Buthelezi, Inkatha and the Politics of Compromise," African Affairs, 80 (1981); Paul Forsyth, "The Past in the Service of the Present: The Political Use of History by Chief M. G. Buthelezi, 1951-1991," South African Historical Journal, 26 (1992); Patrick Harries, "Imagery, Symbolism and Tradition in a South African Bantustan: Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Inkatha, and Zulu History," History and Theory, 32 (1993); Gerhard Mare, Brothers Born of Warrior Blood: Politics and Ethnicity in South Africa (Johannesburg: Ravan Press, 1992).
37. See Paulus Zulu, "The Rural Crisis: Authority Structures and Their Role in Development," in Hermann Giliomee and Lawrence Schlemmer, eds., Up against the Fences: Poverty, Passes and Privilege in South Africa (Cape Town: David Philip, 1985); Alistair McIntosh, "Rethinking Chieftaincy and the Future of Rural Local Government: A Preliminary Investigation," Transformation, 13 (1990).
38. See Paulus Zulu, "The Rural Crisis: Authority Structures and Their Role in Development," in Hermann Giliomee and Lawrence Schlemmer, eds., Up against the Fences: Poverty, Passes and Privilege in South Africa (Cape Town: David Philip, 1985); Alistair McIntosh, "Rethinking Chieftaincy and the Future of Rural Local Government: A Preliminary Investigation," Transformation, 13 (1990).
39. T. Maloka and D. Gordon, "Chieftainship, Civil Society and the Political Transition in South Africa," Critical Sociology, 22 (1996); L. Ntsebeza, "Rural Local Government in Post-Apartheid South Africa," African Sociological Review, 2 (1988); Weekly Mail and Guardian, Oct. 3, 1997, Sept. 4, 1998, Dec. 9, 1998.
40. T. Maloka and D. Gordon, "Chieftainship, Civil Society and the Political Transition in South Africa," Critical Sociology, 22 (1996); L. Ntsebeza, "Rural Local Government in Post-Apartheid South Africa," African Sociological Review, 2 (1988); Weekly Mail and Guardian, Oct. 3, 1997, Sept. 4, 1998, Dec. 9, 1998.
41. T. Maloka and D. Gordon, "Chieftainship, Civil Society and the Political Transition in South Africa," Critical Sociology, 22 (1996); L. Ntsebeza, "Rural Local Government in Post-Apartheid South Africa," African Sociological Review, 2 (1988); Weekly Mail and Guardian, Oct. 3, 1997, Sept. 4, 1998, Dec. 9, 1998.
42. Mangosuthu Buthelezi, "A Bird's Eye View of the Historical and Political Divides between the IFP and the ANC," KwaZulu-Natal Briefing, 6 (Durban: Helen Suzman Foundation, 1996), 16 and passim; IFP, Green Paper, Oct. 3, 1995.
43. Mangosuthu Buthelezi, "A Bird's Eye View of the Historical and Political Divides between the IFP and the ANC," KwaZulu-Natal Briefing, 6 (Durban: Helen Suzman Foundation, 1996), 16 and passim; IFP, Green Paper, Oct. 3, 1995.
44. For wider social complexities of the conflict, see Anthony Minnaar, ed., Patterns of Violence: Case Studies of Conflict in Natal (Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1992); Matthew Kentridge, An Unofficial War: Inside the Conflict in Pietermaritzburg (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990).
45. For wider social complexities of the conflict, see Anthony Minnaar, ed., Patterns of Violence: Case Studies of Conflict in Natal (Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, 1992); Matthew Kentridge, An Unofficial War: Inside the Conflict in Pietermaritzburg (Cape Town: David Philip, 1990).
46. Craig Charney, "Vigilantes, Clientelism, and the South African State," Transformation, 16 (1991).
47. R. W. Johnson and L. Schlemmer, eds., Launching Democracy in South Africa: The First Open Election, April 1994 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), ch. 12.
48. GNU, White Paper on the Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994); ANC, The Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994).
49. GNU, White Paper on the Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994); ANC, The Reconstruction and Development Programme (1994).
50. Mainwaring, p. 27.
51. A. Johnston and R. W. Johnson, "The Local Elections in Kwazulu-Natal: 26 June 1996," African Affairs, 96 (1997), 387-89.
52. See, for instance, the contributions to KwaZulu-Natal Briefing, 3 (August 1996).
53. IFP local government MEC, Peter Miller, in Weekly Mail and Guardian, July 4, 1996.
54. Midnet Workshop on Rural Local Government, Pietermaritzburg, August, 21, 1996.
55. McIntosh, pp. 28, 40.
56. Quoted in Weekly Mail and Guardian, April 26, 1996, p. 15.
57. KwaZulu-Natal Briefing, 7 (May 1997), 17.
58. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980); Raymond Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
59. John Gaventa, Power and Powerlessness: Quiescence and Rebellion in an Appalachian Valley (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1980); Raymond Geuss, The Idea of a Critical Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
60. See Guy Hermet, Richard Rose, Alain Rouquié, eds., Elections without Choice (New York: Macmillan, 1978); Fred Hayward, ed., Elections in Independent Africa (Boulder: Westview, 1987).
61. See Guy Hermet, Richard Rose, Alain Rouquié, eds., Elections without Choice (New York: Macmillan, 1978); Fred Hayward, ed., Elections in Independent Africa (Boulder: Westview, 1987).
62. On neopatrimonial African regimes, see Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993); Catherine Boone, Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
63. On neopatrimonial African regimes, see Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993); Catherine Boone, Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930-1985 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
64. See Miles Kahler, "Orthodoxy and Its Alternatives: Explaining Approaches to Stabilization and Adjustment," in Joan Nelson, ed., Economic Crisis and Policy Choice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990).
65. Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina," World Politics, 49 (1997); Mick Moore, "Leading the Left to the Right: Populist Coalitions and Economic Reform," World Development, 25 (1997).
66. Edward Gibson, "The Populist Road to Market Reform: Policy and Electoral Coalitions in Mexico and Argentina," World Politics, 49 (1997); Mick Moore, "Leading the Left to the Right: Populist Coalitions and Economic Reform," World Development, 25 (1997).
67. GNU, Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macro-Economic Strategy (1996).
68. Przeworski, p. 12.
69. Angelique Haugerud, The Culture of Politics in Modern Kenya (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), p. 53.