Autofluorescence methods in ophthalmology

Journal of Biomedical Optics

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 9-21

  Rovati, Luigi ^a   Docchio, Franco ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MODENA AND REGGIO EMILIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRESCIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Autofluorescence; Natural fluorescence; Ophthalmic diagnostic methods; Ophthalmic instruments

Indexed keywords

AUTOFLUORESCENCE METHODS; FLUOROPHORES;

DISEASES; DRUG PRODUCTS; FLUORESCENCE; LIGHT ABSORPTION; LUMINESCENCE; PATHOLOGY; PHOTONS;

OPHTHALMOLOGY;

FLUORESCENT DYE;

CHEMISTRY; CONFOCAL MICROSCOPY; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EYE; EYE DISEASE; FLUORESCENCE; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; FLUOROMETRY; HUMAN; INSTRUMENTATION; METABOLISM; METHODOLOGY; REVIEW; VISUAL SYSTEM EXAMINATION;

DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES, OPHTHALMOLOGICAL; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; EYE; EYE DISEASES; FLUORESCENCE; FLUORESCENT DYES; FLUOROMETRY; HUMANS; MICROSCOPY, CONFOCAL; MICROSCOPY, FLUORESCENCE;

EID: 1642633836     PISSN: 10833668     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1117/1.1628241     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. L. I. Grossweiner, "Photophysics," in The Science of Photobiology, K. C. Smith Ed., Chap. 1, Plenum, New York (1989).
2. Z. I. Vavilov, "Die fluoreszenzausbeute von farbstofflösungen," Z Phys. 22, 266 (1924).
3. M. Kasha, "Characterization of electronic transitions in complex molecules," Discuss. Faraday Soc. 9, 14 (1950).
4. J. R. Kincaid, in Instrumental Analysis, G. D. Christian and J. E. O'Reilly Eds., Chap. 8, Allyn and Bacon, Boston (1986).
5. H. Du, R. A. Fuh, J. Li, A. Corkan, and J. S. Lindsey, "Photochem-CAD: a computer-aided design and research tool in photochemistry," Photochem. Photobiol. 68, 141-142 (1998).
6. R. B. Kurzel, M. L. Wolbarsht, and B. S. Yamanashi, "Spectral studies on normal and cataractous intact human lenses," Exp. Eye Res. 17, 65-71 (1973).
7. J. A. van Best, J. L. van Delft, and J. E. Keunen, "Long term follow-up of lenticular autofluorescence and transmittance in healthy volunteers," Exp. Eye Res. 66, 117-123 (1998).
8. S. Lerman, J. F. Kuck, J. F. Borkman, and E. Saker, "Induction, acceleration and prevention (in vitro) of a parameter in the ocular lens," Ophthalmic. Res. 8, 213-226 (1976).
9. F. Docchio and L. Biancardi Eds., EUROEYE Atlas of Ocular Fluorophores, Grafica de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal (1995).
10. S. Udenfrend, Fluorescence Assays in Biology and Medicine, Vol. II, Academic Press, New York (1969).
11. S. Granhee and V. M. Monnier, "Mechanism of formation of the Maillard protein cross-link pentosidina. Glucose, fructose and ascorbate as pentosidine precursors," J. Biol. Chem. 266, 11649-11653 (1991).
12. R. Jacobs and D. L. Krohn, "Fluorescence intensity profile of human lens sections," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 20, 117-120 (1981).
13. P. P. Fagerholm, B. T. Philipson, and B. Lindstrom, "Normal human lens - the distribution of proteins," Exp. Eye Res. 33, 615-620 (1981).
14. G. J. H. Bessems, E. Keizer, J. Wollensak, and H. J. Hoenders, "Non-tryptophan fluorescence of crystallins from normal and cataractous human lens," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 28, 1157-1163 (1987).
15. H. J. Hoenders and H. Bloemendal, "Aging of lens proteins,"in Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Eye Lens, H. Bloemendal, Ed., pp. 273-326, Wiley, New York (1981).
16. R. van Heyningen, "The glucoside of 3-hydroxykynurenine and other fluorescent compounds in the human lens," in The Human Lens in Relation to Cataract, pp. 151-168, Ciba Found. Symp. Vol. 19, Elsevier, New York (1973).
17. M. Bando, N. T. Yu, and J. F. R. Kuck, "Fluorophors and chromophors from rat lens crystallins in UV with hydroxykynurenine," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 25, 581-585 (1984).
18. J. A. van Best and E. V. M. J. Kuppens, "Summary of studies on the blue-green autofluorescence and light transmission of the ocular lens," J. Biomed. Opt. 1, 243-250 (1996).
19. N. T. Yu, M. Bando, and J. F. R. Kuck, "Metabolic production of a blue-green fluorophor in lenses of dark-adapted mice and its increase with age," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 24, 1157-1161 (1983).
20. N. T. Yu, D. J. Y. Ho, and J. F. Kuck Jr., "Automated laser-scanning microbeam fluorescence/Raman image analysis of human lenses with multichannel detection: evidence for metabolic production of a green fluorophor," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 85, 103-106 (1988).
21. B. C. Barron, N. T. Yu, and J. F. R. Kuck, "Distribution of a 488 nm excited fluorophor in the equatorial plane of human lens by a laser Raman microprobe: a new concept in fluorescence studies," Exp. Eye Res. 47, 901-904 (1988).
22. F. Docchio, Ed., Introduction to Ocular Fluorometry, Grafica de Coimbra, Coimbra Portugal (1997).
23. R. Cubeddu, F. Docchio, R. Ramponi, and M. Boulton, "Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy of the retinal pigment epithelium: age-related studies," IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 26, 2218-2225 (1990).
24. M. Boulton, F. Docchio, P. Dayhaw-Barker, R. Ramponi, and R. Cubeddu, "Age-related changes in the morphology, absorption and fluorescence of melanosomes and lipofuscin granules of the retinal pigment epithelium," Vision Res. 9, 1291-1303 (1990).
25. R. C. Zeimer, N. P. Blair, and J. G. Cunha-Vaz, "Vitreous fluorophotometry for visual research: 1. Description and evaluation of a new fluorophotometer," Arch. Ophthalmol. 101, 1753-1756 (1983).
26. F. Docchio, "Ocular fluormetry: principle, fluorophores, instrumentation, and clinical applications," Lasers Surg. Med. 9, 515-532 (1989).
27. O. Hockwin, V. Dragomirescu, and H. Laser, "Age-related changes in normal and cataractous human lens density estimated by microden-sitometric image analysis of Scheimpflug photographs," Lens Res. 1, 207-220 (1983).
28. V. Dragomirescu, O. Hockwin, and H. R. Koch, "Development of a new equipment for rotating slit image photography according to Scheimpflug's principle," Interdiscipl. Topics Geront. 13, 118-130 (1978).
29. W. Fink, H. J. Huebscher, and T. Seiler, "Correction of biometric data derived from digital Scheimpflug records," Proc. ARVO IOVS 39, 1033 (1998).
30. O. Hockwin, V. Dragomirescu, H. Laser, A. Wegener, and U. Ecker-skorn, "Measuring lens transparency by Scheimpflug photography of the anterior eye segment: principle, instrumentation and application to clinical and experimental ophthalmology," J. Toxicol. Cut. Ocular Toxicol. 6, 251-271 (1987).
31. S. Lerman and O. Hockwin, "Ultraviolet-visible slit lamp densitography of the human eye," Exp. Eye Res. 33, 587-596 (1981).
32. S. Lerman, "In vivo and in vitro biophysical studies on human cataractogenesis," Lens Res. 3, 137-160 (1986).
33. S. Lerman, "Chemical and physical properties of the normal and aging lens: spectroscopic (UV, fluorescence, phosphorescence, NMR) analyses," Am. J. Optom. Physiol. Opt. 64, 11-22 (1987).
34. K. Kashima, B. L. Trus, M. Unser, M. B. Datiles, and P. A. Edwards, "Aging studies of normal volunteer lens using the Scheimpflug slit lamp camera," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 30 (Suppl.), 164 (1989).
35. O. Hockwin, V. Dragomirescu, and B. Schwarz, "Monitoring lens transparency during in vitro incubation by Scheimpflug photography and densitometric image analysis," Ophthalmic Res. 17, 96-101 (1985).
36. N. Lois, A. S. Halfyard, and A. C. Bird, "Quantitative evaluation of fundus autofluorescence imaged in vivo in eyes with retinal disease," Br. J. Ophthamol. 84, 741-745 (2000).
37. N. M. Haralampus-Grynaviski, L. E. Lamb, J. D. Simon, J. R. Krog-meier, R. C. Dunn, A. Pawlak, M. Rózanowska, T. Sarna, and J. M. Burke, "Probing the spatial dependence of the emission spectrum of single human retinal lipofuscin granules using near-field scanning optical microscopy," Photochem. Photobiol. 74, 364-368 (2001).
38. J. N. Miller, "Stray light in fluorescence spectrometers," in Standards in Fluorescence Spectrometry, J. N. Miller Ed., Chap. 8, Chapman and Hall, London (1981).
39. C. A. Parker and W. T. Rees, "Fluorescence spectrometry. a review," Analyst (Cambridge, U.K.) 87, 83 (1962).
40. C. R. Munnerlyn, J. R. Gray, and D. R. Hennings, "Design considerations for a fluorophotometer for ocular research," Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 222, 209-211 (1985).
41. J. A. Van Best and F. Docchio, "Simple, low-cost, portable corneal fluorometer for detection of the level of diabetic retinopathy," Appl. Opt. 37, 4303-4311 (1998).
42. American National Standards Institute, Safe Use of Lasers ANSI standard Z136.1, ANSI, New York (1993).
43. W. Lohmann, W. Schmehl, P. Bernhardt, H. Wickert, M. Ibrahim, and J. Strobel, "Device for measuring native fluorescence of lenses," J. Biochem. Biophys. Methods 17, 155-158 (1988).
44. W. Lohmann, M. Wunderling, W. Schmehl, J. Strobel, and K. G. Bensch, "Nuclear cataract and ascorbic acid," Naturwissenschaften 73, 266-267 (1986).
45. B. Chu, Laser Light Scattering, Academic Press, New York (1974).
46. L. Rovati, L. Pollonini, and R. R. Ansari, "An integrated instrument for dynamic light scattering and natural fluorescence measurements," Proc. SPIE 4245, 192-198 (2001).
47. Th. R. Stolwijk, J. A. van Best, J. P. Boot, and J. A. Oosterhuis, "Corneal autofluorescence in diabetic and penetrating keratoplasty patients as measured by fluorophotometry," Exp. Eye Res. 51, 403-409 (1990).
48. M. Larsen, B. Kjer, I. Bendtson, P. Dalgaard, and H. Lund-Andersen, "Lens fluorescence in relation to metabolic control of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus," Arch. Ophthalmol. 107, 59-62 (1989).
49. B. R. Master, "Noninvasive redox fluorometry: how light can be used to monitor alterations of corneal mitochondrial function," Curr. Eye Res. 3, 23-26 (1984).
50. V. M. Monnier, V. Vishwanath, K. E. Frank, C. A. Elmets, P. Dauchot, and R. P. Kohn, "Relation between complication of type I diabetes mellitus and collagen-linked fluorescence," N. Engl. J. Med. 314, 403-408 (1986).
51. P. R. Odetti, A. Borboglio, and R. Ronaldi, "Age-related increase of collagen fluorescence in human subcutaneous tissue," Metabolism 41, 655-658 (1992).
52. V. M. Monnier, R. P. Kohn, and A. Cerami, "Accelerated age-related browning of human collagen in diabetes mellitus," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 583-587 (1984).
53. Th. R. Stolwijk, J. A. van Best, J. A. Oosterhuis, and W. Swart, "Corneal autofluorescence: an indicator of diabetic retinopathy," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 33, 92-97 (1992).
54. S. Fantaguzzi, F. Docchio, L. Guarisco, and R. Brancato, "Corneal autofluorescence in diabetic and normal eyes," Int. Ophthalmol. 18, 211-214 (1995).
55. L. Rovati, F. Docchio, C. Azzolini, and Jaap Van Best, "Corneal autofluorescence in presence of diabetic retinopathy," Proc. SPIE 3246, 22-27 (1998).
56. J. Steinke and J. S. Soeldner, "Diabetes mellitus," in Principles of Internal Medicine, G. W. Thorn, R. D. Adams, E. Braunwald, K. J. Isselbacher, and R. G. Petersdorf, Eds., pp. 563-583, McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha, Tokyo (1987).
57. L. Rovati, F. Fankhauser II, F. Docchio, and J. Van Best, "Diabetic retinopathy assessed by dynamic light scattering and corneal autofluorescence," J. Biomed. Opt. 3(3), 357-363 (1998).
58. J. N. Lian and L. J. Chylack, "Change in the protein tertiary structure with non-enzymatic glycosylation of calf alpha crystalline," Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 123, 899-906 (1984).
59. F. T. Fraunfelder, "Drugs used primarily in ophthalmology,"in Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects and Drug Interactions, S. M. Meyer, Ed., pp. 476-477, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA (1989).
60. J. A. M. Ramselaar, J. P. Boot, N. J. van Haeringen, J. A. van Best, and J. A. Oosterhuis, "Corneal epithelial permeability after instillation of ophthalmic solutions containing local anaesthetics and preservatives," Curr. Eye Res. 7, 947-950 (1988).
61. N. L. Burstein, "Preservative alteration of corneal permeability in human and rabbits," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 25, 1453-1457 (1984).
62. E. Kuppens, Th. Stolwijk, J. A. van Best, and de R. Keizer, "Topical timolol, corneal epithelial permeability and autofluorescence in glaucoma by fluorophotometry," Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 232, 215-220 (1994).
63. C. V. Clark, "Autonomic denervation hypersensitivity in the primary glaucomas," Eye 3, 349-354 (1989).
64. K. Jordan, S. R. Perry, P. J. McCormack, and R. N. Downes, "Cho-linergic supersensitivity of the iris in primary open-angle glaucoma, A clinical study," Eye 2, 233-237 (1988).
65. E. J. F. M. de Kruijf, J. P. Boot, L. Laterveer, J. A. van Best, J. A. M. Ramselaar, and J. A. Oosterhuis, "A simple method for determination of corneal epithelial permeability in humans," Curr. Eye Res. 6, 1327-1334 (1987).
66. D. F. Sweeney, A. Vannas, B. A. Holden, T. Tervo, and T. Telaranta, "Evidence for sympathetic neural influence on human corneal epithelial function," Acta Ophthalmol. 63, 215-220 (1985).
67. R. S. Chuck, M. E. Arnoldussen, A. Behrens, P. M. Sweet, G. H. Bearman, and W. S. Grundfest, "Fluorescence-guided laser removal of chemically damaged cornea," J. Cataract Refractive Surg. 28, 1847-1852 (2002).
68. M. N. Ediger, D. W. Hahn, and G. H. Pettit, "Characterization of products of excimer laser ablation of collagen," Proc. SPIE 2393, 106-110 (1995).
69. S. Tuft, R. Al-Dhahir, P. Dyer, and Z. Zehao, "Characterization of the fluorescence spectra produced by excimer laser irradiation of the cornea," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 31, 1512-1518 (1990).
70. J. R. Evans, A. Rauf, A. A. Sayer, R. P. L. Wormald, and C. Cooper, "Age-related nuclear lens opacities are associated with reduced growth before 1 year of age," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 39, 1740-1744 (1998).
71. G. Duncan, I. M. Wormstone, and P. D. Davies, "The aging human lens: structure, growth and physiological behaviour," Br. J. Ophthamol. 81, 818-823 (1997).
72. A. Spector, S. Li, and J. Sigelman, "Age dependent changes in molecular size of lens proteins and their relationship to light scatter," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 13, 795-798 (1974).
73. S. Siik, "Lens autofluorescence in aging and cataractous human lenses. Clinical applicability," Acta Universitatis Ouluensis Medica D 525 (1999).
74. J. Dillon, "UV-B as a pro-aging and pro-cataract factor," Doc. Ophthalmol. 88, 339-344 (1995).
75. U. P. Andley and B. A. Clark, "Generation of oxidants in the near-UV photooxidation of human lens a-crystallin," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 30, 706-713 (1989).
76. S. Zigman, G. Geiss, T. Yulo, and J. Schultz, "Ocular protein alteration by near UV light," Exp. Eye Res. 15, 255-264 (1973).
77. M. Bando and A. Nakajima, "Fluorescence in human lens," Exp. Eye Res. 16, 167 (1973).
78. S. Ishiko, A. Yoshida, F. Mori, T. Abiko, N. Kitaya, S. Konno, and Y. Kato, "Corneal and lens autofluorescence in young insulin-dependent diabetic patients," Ophthalmologica 212, 301-305 (1998).
79. J. C. Bleeker, J. A. van Best, L. Vrij, E. A. van der Velde, and J. A. Oosterhuis, "Autofluorescence of the lens in diabetic and healthy subjects by fluorophotometry," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 27, 791-794 (1986).
80. M. A. Babizhayev, "Lipid fluorophores of the human crystalline lens with cataract," Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 227, 384-391 (1989).
81. G. E. Eldred and M. L. Katz, "Fluorophores of the human retinal pigment epithelium: separation and spectral characteristics," Exp. Eye Res. 47, 71-86 (1988).
82. P. Rakoczy, C. Kennedy, D. Thompson-Wallis, K. Mann, and I. Constable, "Changes in retinal pigment epithelial cell autofluorescence and protein expression associated with phagocytosis of rod outer segments in vitro," Biol. Cell 76, 49-54 (1992).
83. M. Boulton and J. Marshall, "Effects of increasing numbers of phagocytic inclusions on human retinal pigment epithelial cells in culture: a model for aging," Br. J. Ophthamol. 70, 808-815 (1986).
84. D. Bok, "Retinal photoreceptors - pigment epithelium interactions," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 26, 1659-1694 (1985).
85. G. E. Eldred, G. V. Miller, G. V. Stark, and L. Feeney Burns, "Lipofuscin: resolution of discrepant fluorescence data," Science 216, 757-759 (1982).
86. M. Boulton, F. Docchio, R. Cubeddu, R. Ramponi, and P. D. Barker, "Age-related changes in the fluorescence of melanin and lipofuscin granules of retinal pigment epithelium: a time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy study," Photochem. Photobiol. 54, 247-253 (1991).
87. A. von Rückmann, W. F. Fitzke, and A. C. Bird, "Clinical investigation: distribution of pigment epithelium autofluorescence in retinal disease state recorded in vivo and its change over time," Graefe's Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 237, 1-9 (1999).
88. S. E. G. Nilsson and S. Jagell, "Lipofuscin and melanin content of the retinal pigment epithelium in a case of Sjoegren-Larsson syndrome," Br. J. Ophthamol. 71, 224-226 (1987).
89. R. F. Spaide, "Fundus autofluorescence and age-related macular degeneration," Ophthalmology 110, 392-399 (2003).
90. F. C. Delori, M. R. Fleckner, D. G. Goger, J. Weiter, and C. K. Dorey, "Autofluorescence distribution associated with drusen in age-related macular degeneration," Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci. 41, 496-504 (2000).