Use of preventive services by managed care enrollees: An updated perspective

Health Affairs

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 102-116

  Phillips, Kathryn A ^a   Fernyak, Susan ^a   Potosky, Arnold L ^a   Schauffler, Helen Halpin ^a   Egorin, Melanie ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FEMALE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH INSURANCE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; INSURANCE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; PATIENT ATTITUDE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; STANDARD; STATISTICS; UNITED STATES; UTILIZATION REVIEW;

FEMALE; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; INSURANCE COVERAGE; MALE; MANAGED CARE PROGRAMS; PATIENT ACCEPTANCE OF HEALTH CARE; PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICES; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; RESEARCH DESIGN; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1642570657     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.19.1.102     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. R. Miller and H. Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980: A Literature Analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1512-1519; H.S. Luft, "Why Do HMOs Seem to Provide More Health Maintenance Services?" Milbank Quarterly 56, no. 2 (1978): 140-168; and United HealthCare, A Guide to Research on the Effectiveness of Managed Health Care Plans: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Findings since 1990 (Minneapolis: United HealthCare, 1997).
2. R. Miller and H. Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980: A Literature Analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1512-1519; H.S. Luft, "Why Do HMOs Seem to Provide More Health Maintenance Services?" Milbank Quarterly 56, no. 2 (1978): 140-168; and United HealthCare, A Guide to Research on the Effectiveness of Managed Health Care Plans: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Findings since 1990 (Minneapolis: United HealthCare, 1997).
3. R. Miller and H. Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980: A Literature Analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1512-1519; H.S. Luft, "Why Do HMOs Seem to Provide More Health Maintenance Services?" Milbank Quarterly 56, no. 2 (1978): 140-168; and United HealthCare, A Guide to Research on the Effectiveness of Managed Health Care Plans: An Annotated Bibliography of Key Findings since 1990 (Minneapolis: United HealthCare, 1997).
4. Reuters, "Managed Care Coalition Formed to Counter Criticism" (Press Release, 4 September 1998).
5. Miller and Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980." A more recent review by Miller and Luft did not specifically examine preventive services. R.H. Miller and H.S. Luft, "Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?" Health Affairs (Sept/Oct 1997): 7-25.
6. Miller and Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980." A more recent review by Miller and Luft did not specifically examine preventive services. R.H. Miller and H.S. Luft, "Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?" Health Affairs (Sept/Oct 1997): 7-25.
7. InterStudy, InterStudy Competitive Edge 9.1 (Minneapolis: InterStudy, 1998).
8. Health Care Financing Administration, National Summary of Medicaid Managed Care Programs and Enrollment (Baltimore: HCFA, 1997).
9. We use the terms managed care and nonmanaged care to denote plans that have financing or organizational aspects of managed care versus those that do not. However, as we discuss later, managed care is a continuum, and these distinctions are not clear cut.
10. The managed care definitions used in the 1992 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), which was the most commonly used secondary data source among the included studies, include the following: (1) Staff-model: a health maintenance organization (HMO) that delivers health services through a physician group that is controlled by the HMO unit; (2) Group-model: an HMO that contracts with one independent group practice to provide health services; (3) Independent practice association (IPA): an HMO that contracts directly with physicians in independent practices and/or contracts with one or more associations of physicians in an independent practice and/or contracts with one or more multispecialty group practices (but the plan is predominantly organized around solo or single practices); (4) Network: an HMO that contracts with two or more independent group practices, possibly including a staff group, to provide health services (although a network may contain a few solo practices, it is predominantly organized around groups); and (5) Preferred provider organization (PPO): an HMO that contracts with networks or panels of providers (enrollees experience a financial penalty if they choose to get care from a nonaffiliated provider, but the option is available).
11. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Guide to Clinical Preventive Services, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1996).
12. F. Hellinger, "The Effect of Managed Care on Quality: A Review of Recent Evidence," Archives of Internal Medicine 158, no. 8 (1998): 833-841. We included one study that reported both bivariate and multivariate results.
13. Studies with nonsignificant findings may be less likely to be published, and therefore the inclusion of only published studies introduces possible publication bias. However, it is unlikely that this would have influenced our results, because the majority of published studies had nonsignificant findings.
14. Miller and Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980." This paper used the date of the data, not the date of publication, as the inclusion criterion. Therefore, that review included some but not all relevant studies published in 1992, and three studies are included in both reviews.
15. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
16. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
17. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
18. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
19. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
20. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
21. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
22. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
23. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
24. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
25. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
26. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
27. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
28. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
29. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
30. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2
31. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
32. The list of excluded articles is available from Kathryn Phillips at UCSF, 3333 California Street, Room 420, Box 0613, San Francisco, California 94143. Included articles were as follows: A.B. Bernstein, G.B. Thompson, and L.C. Harlan, "Differences in Rates of Cancer Screening by Usual Source of Medical Care: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1991): 196-209; M.L. Brown et al., "The Knowledge and Use of Screening Tests for Colorectal and Prostate Cancer: Data from the 1987 National Health Interview Survey," Preventive Medicine (September 1990): 562-574; R.C. Burack et al., "Patterns of Use of Mammography among Inner-City Detroit Women: Contrasts between a Health Department, HMO, and Private Hospital," Medical Care (April 1993): 322-334; T. Carey, K. Weis, and C. Homer, "Prepaid versus Traditional Medicaid Plans: Effects on Preventive Healthcare," Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 43, no. 11 (1990): 1213-1220; N.C. Dolan et al., "Adherence to Screening Mammography Recommendations in a University General Medicine Clinic," Journal of General Internal Medicine (June 1995): 299-306; N.I. Goldfarb et al., "Impact of a Mandatory Medicaid Case Management Program on Prenatal Care and Birth Outcomes: A Retrospective Analysis," Medical Care (January 1991): 64-71; N.P. Gordon, T.G. Rundall, and L. Parker, "Type of Health Care Coverage and the Likelihood of Being Screened for Cancer," Medical Care (May 1998): 636-645; B. Kirkman-Liff and J.J. Kronenfeld, "Access to Cancer Screening Services for Women," American Journal of Public Health (May 1992): 733-735; J.W. Krieger, F.A. Connell, and J.P. LoGerfo, "Medicaid Prenatal Care: A Comparison of Use and Outcomes in Fee-for-Service and Managed Care," American Journal of Public Health (February 1992): 185-190; K.A. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Health Services Research 33, no. 1 (1998): 29-53; A.L. Potosky et al., "The Association between Health Care Coverage and the Use of Cancer Screening Tests: Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey," Medical Care (March 1998): 257-270; W.A. Ray et al., "Perinatal Outcomes following Implementation of TennCare," Journal of the American Medical Association (28 January 1998): 314-316; S.M. Retchin and B. Brown, "The Quality of Ambulatory Care in Medicare Health Maintenance Organizations," American Journal of Public Health (April 1990): 411-415; G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-forService Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; I.S. Udvarhelyi et al., "Comparison of the Quality of Ambulatory Care for Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Patients," Annals of Internal Medicine (September 1991): 394-400; R.M. Weinick and K.M. Beauregard, "Women's Use of Preventive Screening Services: A Comparison of HMO versus Fee-for-Service Enrollees," Medical Care Research and Review (June 1997): 176-199; D. Wood et al., "Access to Infant Immunizations for Poor, Inner-City Families: What Is the Impact of Managed Care?" Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved 5, no. 2 (1994): 112-123; and J.G. Zapka et al., "Interval Adherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines," Medical Care (August 1991): 697-707.
33. Miller and Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980"; and Miller and Luft, "Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?"
34. Miller and Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980"; and Miller and Luft, "Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?"
35. We included one study that compared IPA plans to PPO/FFS plans. See Gordon et al., "Type of Health Care Coverage."
36. We did not conduct a meta-analysis because the required summary measures ("effect sizes") are less relevant, and studies did not provide data that could feasibly be combined as effect sizes. Two-thirds of the comparisons contrasted managed care to "fee-for-service" plans, although one-third of the comparisons contrasted managed care enrollees to "non-managed care" enrollees such as both FFS enrollees and the uninsured. Most studies used p = .05 as the measure of significance.
37. Analyses were conducted in SPSS using Fisher's exact chi-square test based on Monte Carlo simulation to adjust for small cell sizes.
38. We found similar results using 1989 as the cutoff (p = .004).
39. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Sample Design of the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Household Component, Methodology Report 2 (Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1997).
40. National Committee for Quality Assurance, State of Managed Care Quality Report, online at wwv.ncqa.org/pages/communications/news/sofmcrel.htm (17 May 1999).
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. J.W. Thompson et al., "The NCQA's Quality Compass: Evaluating Managed Care in the United States," Health Affairs (Jan/Feb 1998): 152-158.
44. J. Holahan et al., "Medicaid Managed Care in Thirteen States," Health Affairs (May/June 1998): 43-63; and L. Boss and F. Guckes, "Medicaid Coverage of Screening Tests for Breast and Cervical Cancer," American Journal of Public Health 82, no. 2 (1992): 1383.
45. J. Holahan et al., "Medicaid Managed Care in Thirteen States," Health Affairs (May/June 1998): 43-63; and L. Boss and F. Guckes, "Medicaid Coverage of Screening Tests for Breast and Cervical Cancer," American Journal of Public Health 82, no. 2 (1992): 1383.
46. A. Epstein, "Medicaid Managed Care and High Quality: Can We Have Both?" Journal of the American Medical Association 278, no. 19 (1997): 1617-1622.
47. E. Franey, Health Care Financing Administration, personal communication, 9 September 1998.
48. Phillips et al., "Factors Associated with Women's Adherence."