Does Managed Care Lead to Better or Worse Quality of Care?

Health Affairs

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 1997, Pages 7-25

  Miller, Robert H ^a   Luft, Harold S ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECONOMICS; HEALTH CARE COST; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMAN; MEDICAL FEE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; STANDARD; UNITED STATES;

FEE-FOR-SERVICE PLANS; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HEALTH MAINTENANCE ORGANIZATIONS; HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; PATIENT SATISFACTION; QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0344168075     PISSN: 02782715     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.16.5.7     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. R.H. Miller and H.S. Luft, "Managed Care Plan Performance since 1980: A Literature Analysis," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1512-1519.
2. The two excluded papers were D.G. Clement et al., "Access and Outcomes of Elderly Patients Enrolled in Managed Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1487-1492; and R. Newcomer, S. Preston, and C. Harrington, "Health Plan Satisfaction and Risk of Disenrollment among Social/HMO and Fee-for-Service Recipients," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 144-154.
3. The two excluded papers were D.G. Clement et al., "Access and Outcomes of Elderly Patients Enrolled in Managed Care," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 19 (1994): 1487-1492; and R. Newcomer, S. Preston, and C. Harrington, "Health Plan Satisfaction and Risk of Disenrollment among Social/HMO and Fee-for-Service Recipients," Inquiry (Summer 1996): 144-154.
4. N. Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation on Health and Functional Status of the Medicaid Elderly," Annals of Internal Medicine 120, no. 6 (1994): 506-511.
5. P.W. Shaughnessy, R.E. Schlenker, and D.F. Hittle, "Home Health Care Outcomes under Capitated and Fee-for-Service Payment," Health Care Financing Review (Fall 1994): 187-221; and R.E. Schlenker, P.W. Shaughnessy, and D.F. Hittle, "Patient-Level Cost of Home Health Care under Capitated and Fee-for-Service Payment," Inquiry (Fall 1995): 252-270.
6. P.W. Shaughnessy, R.E. Schlenker, and D.F. Hittle, "Home Health Care Outcomes under Capitated and Fee-for-Service Payment," Health Care Financing Review (Fall 1994): 187-221; and R.E. Schlenker, P.W. Shaughnessy, and D.F. Hittle, "Patient-Level Cost of Home Health Care under Capitated and Fee-for-Service Payment," Inquiry (Fall 1995): 252-270.
7. The following found lower rates: J.E. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care: Satisfaction, Access, and Use," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 1 (1996): 50-55; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" and S.K. Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (1994): 1097-1103. The following found higher rates: S.D. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership in a Health Maintenance Organization on Hospital Admission Rates for Acute Chest Pain," Health Services Research (April 1994): 59-74; and E.H. Yelin, L.A. Criswell, and P.G. Feigenbaum, "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes among Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Group Practice Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1048-1053.
8. The following found lower rates: J.E. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care: Satisfaction, Access, and Use," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 1 (1996): 50-55; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" and S.K. Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (1994): 1097-1103. The following found higher rates: S.D. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership in a Health Maintenance Organization on Hospital Admission Rates for Acute Chest Pain," Health Services Research (April 1994): 59-74; and E.H. Yelin, L.A. Criswell, and P.G. Feigenbaum, "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes among Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Group Practice Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1048-1053.
9. The following found lower rates: J.E. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care: Satisfaction, Access, and Use," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 1 (1996): 50-55; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" and S.K. Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (1994): 1097-1103. The following found higher rates: S.D. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership in a Health Maintenance Organization on Hospital Admission Rates for Acute Chest Pain," Health Services Research (April 1994): 59-74; and E.H. Yelin, L.A. Criswell, and P.G. Feigenbaum, "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes among Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Group Practice Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1048-1053.
10. The following found lower rates: J.E. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care: Satisfaction, Access, and Use," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 1 (1996): 50-55; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" and S.K. Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (1994): 1097-1103. The following found higher rates: S.D. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership in a Health Maintenance Organization on Hospital Admission Rates for Acute Chest Pain," Health Services Research (April 1994): 59-74; and E.H. Yelin, L.A. Criswell, and P.G. Feigenbaum, "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes among Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Group Practice Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1048-1053.
11. The following found lower rates: J.E. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care: Satisfaction, Access, and Use," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 1 (1996): 50-55; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" and S.K. Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis," Hospital and Community Psychiatry 45, no. 11 (1994): 1097-1103. The following found higher rates: S.D. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership in a Health Maintenance Organization on Hospital Admission Rates for Acute Chest Pain," Health Services Research (April 1994): 59-74; and E.H. Yelin, L.A. Criswell, and P.G. Feigenbaum, "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes among Persons with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Group Practice Settings," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1048-1053.
12. Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
13. Pearson et al., "The Impact of Membership."
14. M. Chernew, "The Impact of Non-IPA HMOs on the Number of Hospitals and Hospital Capacity," Inquiry (Summer 1995): 143-154.
15. R.E. Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes," Hospital and Community Psychiatry (November 1994): 1090-1096; and Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes."
16. R.E. Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes," Hospital and Community Psychiatry (November 1994): 1090-1096; and Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes."
17. Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" and D.C. Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay: Implications for Medicare," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1075-1082.
18. Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" and D.C. Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay: Implications for Medicare," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1075-1082.
19. J.C. Robinson, "Decline in Hospital Utilization and Cost Inflation under Managed Care in California," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1060-1064; and B. Experton et al., "A Comparison by Payor/Provider Type of the Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, no. 9 (1996): 1098-1107. The Robinson study showed less rapid expenditure growth.
20. J.C. Robinson, "Decline in Hospital Utilization and Cost Inflation under Managed Care in California," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1060-1064; and B. Experton et al., "A Comparison by Payor/Provider Type of the Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, no. 9 (1996): 1098-1107. The Robinson study showed less rapid expenditure growth.
21. A.D. Tussing and M.A. Wojtowycz, "Health Maintenance Organizations, Independent Practice Associations, and Cesarean Section Rates," Health Services Research (April 1994): 75-93.
22. D.E. King and K. Lahiri, "Socioeconomic Factors and the Odds of Vaginal Birth after Cesarean Delivery," Journal of the American Medical Association 272, no. 7 (1994): 524-529.
23. N.R. Every et al., "Resource Utilization in Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Staff-Model Health Maintenance Organization versus Fee-for-Service Hospitals," Journal of the American College of Cardiology (August 1995): 401-406.
24. K.M. Langa and E.J. Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization in California," The New England Journal of Medicine 329, no. 4 (1993): 1784-1789.
25. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
26. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
27. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
28. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
29. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
30. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
31. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
32. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
33. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
34. S. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients with Hypertension and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Treated by Different Systems and Specialties: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 274, no. 18 (1995): 1436-1444; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" T. Mark and C. Mueller, "Access to Care in HMOs and Traditional Insurance Plans," Health Affairs (Winter 1996): 81-87; J. Mauldron et al., "Rationing or Rationalizing Children's Medical Care: Comparison of a Medicaid HMO with Fee-for-Service Care," American Journal of Public Health (June 1994): 899-904; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" Yelin et al., "Health Care Utilization and Outcomes;" T.S. Carey et al., "The Outcomes and Costs of Care for Acute Low Back Pain among Patients Seen by Primary Care Practitioners, Chiropracters, and Orthopedic Surgeons," The New England Journal of Medicine 333, no. 14 (1995): 913-917; R. Sturm et al., "Mental Health Care Utilization in Prepaid and Fee-for-Service Plans among Depressed Patients in the Medical Outcomes Study," Health Services Research (June 1995): 319-340; R. Sturm, L.S. Meredith, and K.B. Wells, "Provider Choice and Continuity for the Treatment of Depression," Medical Care (July 1996): 723-734; and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
35. Greenfield et al., "Outcomes of Patients."
36. Schlenker et al., "Patient-Level Cost of Home Health Care;" and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
37. Schlenker et al., "Patient-Level Cost of Home Health Care;" and Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults."
38. R.L. Kane et al., "Use of Post-Hospital Care by Medicare Patients," Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 44, no. 3 (1996): 242-250.
39. J.L. Buchanan, A. Leibowitz, and J. Keesey, "Medicaid Health Maintenance Organizations: Can They Reduce Program Spending?" Medical Care 34 (1996): 249-263; Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis;" and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
40. J.L. Buchanan, A. Leibowitz, and J. Keesey, "Medicaid Health Maintenance Organizations: Can They Reduce Program Spending?" Medical Care 34 (1996): 249-263; Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis;" and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
41. J.L. Buchanan, A. Leibowitz, and J. Keesey, "Medicaid Health Maintenance Organizations: Can They Reduce Program Spending?" Medical Care 34 (1996): 249-263; Reed et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: II. Cost-Benefit Analysis;" and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
42. Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults;" and R. Newcomer et al., "Case Mix Controlled Service Use and Expenditures in the Social/Health Maintenance Organization," Journal of Gerontology, Medical Sciences 50A, no. 1 (1995): M35-M44.
43. Experton et al., "Cost of Dying among Frail Older Adults;" and R. Newcomer et al., "Case Mix Controlled Service Use and Expenditures in the Social/Health Maintenance Organization," Journal of Gerontology, Medical Sciences 50A, no. 1 (1995): M35-M44.
44. T.M. Wickizer and P.J. Feldstein, "The Impact of HMO Competition on Private Health Insurance Premiums, 1985-1992," Inquiry (Fall 1995): 241-251.
45. K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; M.H. Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction with Medical Care among HIV-Infected Men," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 14 (1997): 35-43; and Lurie, "The Effects of Capitation."
46. K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; M.H. Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction with Medical Care among HIV-Infected Men," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 14 (1997): 35-43; and Lurie, "The Effects of Capitation."
47. K. Davis et al., "Choice Matters: Enrollees' Views of Their Health Plans," Health Affairs (Summer 1995): 99-112; M.H. Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction with Medical Care among HIV-Infected Men," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 14 (1997): 35-43; and Lurie, "The Effects of Capitation."
48. Davis et al., "Choice Matters."
49. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care."
50. Davis et al., "Choice Matters."
51. Ibid.; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;"
52. Ibid.; Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;"
53. D.G. Safran, A.R. Tarlov, and W.H. Rogers, "Primary Care Performance in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Health Care Systems," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 20 (1994): 1579-1586; and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
54. D.G. Safran, A.R. Tarlov, and W.H. Rogers, "Primary Care Performance in Fee-for-Service and Prepaid Health Care Systems," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 20 (1994): 1579-1586; and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
55. Davis et al., "Choice Matters;" Safran et al., "Primary Care Performance;" G.S. Adler, "Medicare Beneficiaries Rate Their Medical Care: New Data from the MCBS," Health Care Financing Review (Summer 1995): 175-187; Mark and Mueller, "Access to Care;" and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
56. Davis et al., "Choice Matters;" Safran et al., "Primary Care Performance;" G.S. Adler, "Medicare Beneficiaries Rate Their Medical Care: New Data from the MCBS," Health Care Financing Review (Summer 1995): 175-187; Mark and Mueller, "Access to Care;" and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
57. Davis et al., "Choice Matters;" Safran et al., "Primary Care Performance;" G.S. Adler, "Medicare Beneficiaries Rate Their Medical Care: New Data from the MCBS," Health Care Financing Review (Summer 1995): 175-187; Mark and Mueller, "Access to Care;" and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
58. Davis et al., "Choice Matters;" Safran et al., "Primary Care Performance;" G.S. Adler, "Medicare Beneficiaries Rate Their Medical Care: New Data from the MCBS," Health Care Financing Review (Summer 1995): 175-187; Mark and Mueller, "Access to Care;" and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
59. Davis et al., "Choice Matters;" Safran et al., "Primary Care Performance;" G.S. Adler, "Medicare Beneficiaries Rate Their Medical Care: New Data from the MCBS," Health Care Financing Review (Summer 1995): 175-187; Mark and Mueller, "Access to Care;" and Katz et al., "Insurance Type and Satisfaction."
60. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
61. Sisk et al., "Evaluation of Medicaid Managed Care;" and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation."
62. Davis et al., "Choice Matters."
63. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
64. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
65. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
66. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
67. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
68. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
69. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
70. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
71. Studies showing better results were P. Braveman et al., "Insurance-Related Differences in the Risk of Ruptured Appendix," The New England Journal of Medicine 331, no. 7 (1994): 444-449; Angus et al., "The Effect of Managed Care on ICU Length-of-Stay;" G.F. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis for Medicare HMO and Fee-for-Service Enrollees," American Journal of Public Health (October 1994): 1598-1604; and Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation." Studies showing worse results were A. Lee-Feldstein, H. Anton-Culver, and P.J. Feldstein, "Treatment Differences and Other Prognostic Factors Related to Breast Cancer Survival," Journal of the American Medical Association 271, no. 15 (1994): 1163-1168; Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes;" J.E. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes for Elderly and Poor, Chronically Ill Patients Treated in HMO and Fee-for-Service Systems: Results from the Medical Outcomes Study," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1039-1047; K.G. Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes over Time," Health Care Financing Review (Winter 1993): 173-202; and C.S. Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care at the Hospital of Birth on Neonatal Mortality," Journal of the American Medical Association 276, no. 13 (1996): 1054-1059.
72. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes."
73. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
74. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
75. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
76. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
77. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
78. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
79. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
80. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
81. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
82. These five studies were Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Langa and Sussman, "The Effect of Cost-Containment Policies on Rates of Coronary Revascularization;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Phibbs et al., "The Effects of Patient Volume and Level of Care." Studies showing favorable results were S.W. Vernon, V. Heckel, and G.L. Jackson, "Medical Outcomes of Care for Breast Cancer among Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Patients," Clinical Cancer Research 1, no. 2 (1995): 179-184; Lurie et al., "The Effects of Capitation;" Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" and Cole et al., "A Mental Health Capitation Program: I. Patient Outcomes." Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes" showed a pattern of unfavorable HMO results.
83. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/ Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes."
84. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/ Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes."
85. Ware et al., "Differences in Four-Year Health Outcomes;" Manton et al., "Social/ Health Maintenance Organization and Fee-for-Service Health Outcomes;" and Shaughnessy et al., "Home Health Care Outcomes."
86. R.H. Miller, "Competition in the Health System: Good News and Bad News," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 107-120; and L.M. Etheredge, "The Evolution of a New Paradigm: Competitive Purchasing of Health Care" (Paper presented to The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's invitational meeting, "The New Competition: Dynamics Shaping the Health Care Market," Washington, D.C., 9 November 1995).
87. R.H. Miller, "Competition in the Health System: Good News and Bad News," Health Affairs (Summer 1996): 107-120; and L.M. Etheredge, "The Evolution of a New Paradigm: Competitive Purchasing of Health Care" (Paper presented to The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's invitational meeting, "The New Competition: Dynamics Shaping the Health Care Market," Washington, D.C., 9 November 1995).
88. P.B. Ginsburg and J.D. Pickreign, "Tracking Health Care Costs," Health Affairs (Fall 1996): 140-149.
89. Robinson, "Decline in Hospital Utilization and Cost Inflation;" Chernew, "The Impact of Non-IPA HMOs;" and Tussing and Wojtowycz, "Cesarean Section Rates."
90. Robinson, "Decline in Hospital Utilization and Cost Inflation;" Chernew, "The Impact of Non-IPA HMOs;" and Tussing and Wojtowycz, "Cesarean Section Rates."
91. Robinson, "Decline in Hospital Utilization and Cost Inflation;" Chernew, "The Impact of Non-IPA HMOs;" and Tussing and Wojtowycz, "Cesarean Section Rates."
92. Wickizer and Feldstein, "The Impact of HMO Competition."
93. Schlenker et al., "Patient-Level Cost of Home Health Care."
94. S.M. Shortell et al., Remaking Health Care in America: Building Organized Delivery Systems (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1996).
95. Riley et al., "Stage of Cancer at Diagnosis."