메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

The Rise and Decline of the Medical Member: Doctors and Parliament in Edwardian and Interwar Britain

Author keywords

British Medical Association; Medical Parliamentary Committee; Medicine and politics; Members of Parliament; Parliamentary Election Committee Fund; Twentieth century medical parliamentarians

Indexed keywords


EID: 1642444991     PISSN: 00075140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2004.0012     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (12)

References (234)
  • 1
    • 0004190526 scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1990) The Physician-legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic , pp. 4
    • Ellis, J.D.1
  • 2
    • 84965344084 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects
    • hereafter BMJ, 3 June-9 December
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1905) Brit. Med. J.
  • 3
    • 85056009622 scopus 로고
    • Doctors and Politics
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1960) Amer. J. Social. , vol.66 , pp. 230-245
    • Glaser, W.A.1
  • 4
    • 1642541345 scopus 로고
    • Doctors in Government
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1957) JAMA , vol.163 , pp. 361-364
  • 5
    • 1642541341 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1944) Aesculapius in Latin America , pp. 383-398
    • Moll, A.A.1
  • 6
    • 0004303701 scopus 로고
    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • At their peak, between 1881 and 1885, sixty-five French physicians accounted for 12 percent of delegates in the legislative assemblies: Jack D. Ellis, The Physician-Legislators of France: Medicine and Politics in the Early French Republic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), p. 4. Unfortunately, there are few comparable historical studies for other countries to enable comparisons. For data on doctors in politics in different countries (which also testifies to the contemporary interest in this professional strategy), see "The Medical Profession Abroad: Institutions, Education, Social and Economic Aspects," Brit. Med. J. (hereafter BMJ), 3 June-9 December 1905. For sociological insights on attitudes of American doctors toward involvement in politics, see William A. Glaser, "Doctors and Politics," Amer. J. Social., 1960-61, 66:230-45. And for an anecdotal selection of some of the "359 physicians who [have been] ... members of the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate," see "Doctors in Government," JAMA, 1957, 163:361-64. See also Aristides A. Moll, Aesculapius in Latin America (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 1944), pp. 383-98; and, for prerevolutionary Russia, Nancy M. Frieden, Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 77-104, 179-99.
    • (1981) Russian Physicians in an Era of Reform and Revolution, 1856-1905 , pp. 77-104
    • Frieden, N.M.1
  • 7
    • 0027347340 scopus 로고
    • Lyon Playfair and the Idea of Progress: Science and Medicine in Victorian Parliamentary Politics
    • ed. Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi)
    • Anne Hardy, "Lyon Playfair and the Idea of Progress: Science and Medicine in Victorian Parliamentary Politics," in Doctors, Politics, and Society, ed. Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), pp. 81-106, at p. 101. There were in fact more than ten medical MPs over this period; in 1887, alone, there were eleven. Cf. J. A. Thomas, The House of Commons, 1906-1911: An Analysis of Its Economic and Social Character (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1958), p. 22, who identifies eight in 1906 and January 1910 and only seven in December 1910.
    • (1993) Doctors, Politics, and Society , pp. 81-106
    • Hardy, A.1
  • 8
    • 0027347340 scopus 로고
    • Cardiff: University of Wales Press
    • Anne Hardy, "Lyon Playfair and the Idea of Progress: Science and Medicine in Victorian Parliamentary Politics," in Doctors, Politics, and Society, ed. Roy Porter and Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993), pp. 81-106, at p. 101. There were in fact more than ten medical MPs over this period; in 1887, alone, there were eleven. Cf. J. A. Thomas, The House of Commons, 1906-1911: An Analysis of Its Economic and Social Character (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1958), p. 22, who identifies eight in 1906 and January 1910 and only seven in December 1910.
    • (1958) The House of Commons, 1906-1911: An Analysis of Its Economic and Social Character , pp. 22
    • Thomas, J.A.1
  • 9
    • 0004248301 scopus 로고
    • London: Kegan Paul
    • Frank Honigsbaum, The Division in British Medicine (London: Kegan Paul, 1979) John Stewart, "The Battle for Health": A Political History of the Socialist Medical Association, 1930-51 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
    • (1979) The Division in British Medicine
    • Honigsbaum, F.1
  • 11
    • 1642581844 scopus 로고
    • The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain
    • ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing)
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1961) The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain , pp. 5-15
    • Poynter, F.N.L.1
  • 12
    • 0004056872 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1965) Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912
    • Brand, J.1
  • 13
    • 85077000049 scopus 로고
    • The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990
    • ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge)
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1992) Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays , pp. 228-247
    • Hart, J.T.1
  • 14
    • 0003899340 scopus 로고
    • Princeton: Princeton University Press
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1986) Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965
    • Fox, D.1
  • 15
    • 0004006537 scopus 로고
    • London: Longman
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1989) The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd Ed.
    • Klein, R.1
  • 16
    • 0003881971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Oxford University Press
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1998) The National Health Service: A Political History
    • Webster, C.1
  • 17
    • 0009732483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Athlone
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1998) Health and the National Health Service
    • Carrier, J.1    Kendall, I.2
  • 18
    • 0003915654 scopus 로고
    • Ithaca: Cornell University Press
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1993) The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy
    • Jacobs, L.R.1
  • 19
    • 1642581847 scopus 로고
    • Westmead, Hampshire: Gower
    • F. N. L. Poynter, "The Influence of Government Legislation on Medical Practice in Britain," in The Evolution of Medical Practice in Britain, ed. idem (London: Pitman Medical Publishing, 1961), pp. 5-15; Jeanne Brand, Doctors and the State: The British Medical Profession and Government Action in Public Health, 1870-1912 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1965); Julian Tudor Hart, "The British Medical Journal, General Practitioners and the State 1840-1990," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum et al. (London: Routledge, 1992), pp. 228-47; Daniel Fox, Health Policies, Health Politics: The British and American Experience, 1911-1965 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986); Rudolf Klein, The Politics of the National Health Service, 2nd ed. (London: Longman, 1989); Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998); John Carrier and Ian Kendall, Health and the National Health Service (London: Athlone, 1998); Lawrence R. Jacobs, The Health of Nations: Public Opinion and the Making of American and British Health Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Stephen Ingles and P. Tether, Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75 (Westmead, Hampshire: Gower, 1981).
    • (1981) Parliament and Health Policy: The Role of MPs, 1970-75
    • Ingles, S.1    Tether, P.2
  • 21
    • 1642581849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Included among the seventy-two successful candidates are three who were not medically qualified but who acted prominently on behalf of medical (especially BMA) interests: the educationalist Sir Henry Craik, the zoologist Sir John G. Kerr, and the pharmacist Hugh Linstead.
  • 22
    • 1642541340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Between 1945 and 1979, a total of only twenty-eight doctors were elected to the Commons.
  • 24
    • 0040666700 scopus 로고
    • The Members of Parliament
    • ed. S. A. Walkland (Oxford: Clarendon)
    • Forty-eight percent of Conservative MPs and 18.6 percent of Labour MPs elected between 1922 and 1935 were from the professional classes: see Michael Rush, "The Members of Parliament," in The House of Commons in the Twentieth Century, ed. S. A. Walkland (Oxford: Clarendon, 1979), pp. 87, 114. Among Conservative MPs, professionals rose from fifty-two (for the 1918-35 period) to sixty-one in 1945; among Labour, the rise over the same period was from twenty-five to forty-nine.
    • (1979) The House of Commons in the Twentieth Century , pp. 87
    • Rush, M.1
  • 26
    • 1642541330 scopus 로고
    • Der Arzt als Erzieher seines Volkes
    • Robert Gaupp, "Der Arzt als Erzieher seines Volkes," Blätter für Volksgesundheitspflege, 1919, 19: 77-80, cited in Paul Lerner, Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and the Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), chap. 7: "Dictatorship of the Psychopaths."
    • (1919) Blätter für Volksgesundheitspflege , vol.19 , pp. 77-80
    • Gaupp, R.1
  • 27
    • 1642541335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ithaca: Cornell University Press, chap. 7: "Dictatorship of the Psychopaths."
    • Robert Gaupp, "Der Arzt als Erzieher seines Volkes," Blätter für Volksgesundheitspflege, 1919, 19: 77-80, cited in Paul Lerner, Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and the Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003), chap. 7: "Dictatorship of the Psychopaths."
    • (2003) Hysterical Men: War, Psychiatry, and the Politics of Trauma in Germany, 1890-1930
    • Lerner, P.1
  • 28
    • 1642500510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Not until after 1964 was it feasible to enter Parliament without personal wealth, financial backing, or other employment. See Rush, "Members of Parliament" (n. 9), p. 85; "Juventus," "Representation of the Profession in Parliament," Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 290. In 1918, MPs were paid £400; this rose to £600 in 1937 and to £1,000 in 1947.
    • Members of Parliament , vol.9 , pp. 85
    • Rush1
  • 29
    • 1642500511 scopus 로고
    • Representation of the Profession in Parliament
    • "Juventus", 16 October
    • Not until after 1964 was it feasible to enter Parliament without personal wealth, financial backing, or other employment. See Rush, "Members of Parliament" (n. 9), p. 85; "Juventus," "Representation of the Profession in Parliament," Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 290. In 1918, MPs were paid £400; this rose to £600 in 1937 and to £1,000 in 1947.
    • (1918) Med. Press , pp. 290
  • 30
    • 40549119694 scopus 로고
    • London: Hale
    • Henry Morris-Jones, Doctor in the Whip's Room (London: Hale, 1955), p. 163. Stephen Taylor, a medical MP from 1945 to 1950, recollected that "I should have enjoyed parliament much more if I had not been continuously worried about money. I have never been so poorly paid before or since" (Stephen Taylor, A Natural History of Everyday Life: A Biographical Guide for Would-Be Doctors of Society [London: BMJ, 1988], p. 47).
    • (1955) Doctor in the Whip's Room , pp. 163
    • Morris-Jones, H.1
  • 31
    • 1642459505 scopus 로고
    • [London: BMJ]
    • Henry Morris-Jones, Doctor in the Whip's Room (London: Hale, 1955), p. 163. Stephen Taylor, a medical MP from 1945 to 1950, recollected that "I should have enjoyed parliament much more if I had not been continuously worried about money. I have never been so poorly paid before or since" (Stephen Taylor, A Natural History of Everyday Life: A Biographical Guide for Would-Be Doctors of Society [London: BMJ, 1988], p. 47).
    • (1988) A Natural History of Everyday Life: A Biographical Guide for Would-be Doctors of Society , pp. 47
    • Taylor, S.1
  • 32
    • 1642581850 scopus 로고
    • London: C. Johnson
    • Alfred Cox, Among the Doctors (London: C. Johnson, 1950), p. 62.
    • (1950) Among the Doctors , pp. 62
    • Cox, A.1
  • 34
    • 1642500505 scopus 로고
    • 21 August
    • Punch's mockery was noted in BMJ, 21 August 1909, p. 500.
    • (1909) BMJ , pp. 500
  • 36
    • 1642459508 scopus 로고
    • London: Williams and Norgate
    • Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London, vol. 4, 1826-1925 (London: RCPL, 1955), p. 246; Robert Farquharson, The House of Commons from Within (London: Williams and Norgate, 1912).
    • (1912) The House of Commons from Within
    • Farquharson, R.1
  • 38
    • 1642500507 scopus 로고
    • 23 August
    • See, for example, Lancet, 23 August 1879, p. 283.
    • (1879) Lancet , pp. 283
  • 39
    • 0347807707 scopus 로고
    • London: Heinemann
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • (1959) Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association , pp. 53-54
    • Vaughan, P.1
  • 40
    • 0039623402 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, chap. 4
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • (1990) Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990
    • Bartrip, P.1
  • 41
    • 0002536536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: BMJ
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • (1996) Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 , pp. 124-129
    • Bartrip, P.1
  • 42
    • 1642581845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • House of Commons from Within , vol.17
    • Farquharson1
  • 43
    • 1642459506 scopus 로고
    • Lewes: Falmer Press
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • (1983) The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925
    • Griggs, C.1
  • 44
    • 1642500446 scopus 로고
    • Brighton: Falmer Press
    • Paul Vaughan, Doctor's Commons: A Short History of the British Medical Association (London: Heinemann, 1959), pp. 53-54; Peter Bartrip, Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal, 1840-1990 (Oxford: BMJ and Clarendon Press, 1990), chap. 4; idem, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1832-1966 (London: BMJ, 1996), pp. 124-29; Farquharson, House of Commons from Within (n. 17). On the politics of the Teachers' Union, see Clive Griggs, The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1983); Hilda Kean, Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930 (Brighton: Falmer Press, 1990).
    • (1990) Challenging the State? The Socialist and Feminist Educational Experience, 1900-1930
    • Kean, H.1
  • 45
    • 1642541337 scopus 로고
    • Matters Referred to Divisions: Medico-Political Committee
    • 1 January
    • See "Matters Referred to Divisions: Medico-Political Committee," BMJ Suppl., 1 January 1910, pp. 1-2.
    • (1910) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 1-2
  • 46
    • 1642541336 scopus 로고
    • Vaccination in the Commons
    • 15 September
    • See "Vaccination in the Commons," Med. Press & Circular, 15 September 1886, pp. 216-17. The defeat was all the more humiliating because Ernest Hart headed the BMA's Parliamentary Bills Committee on Vaccination; see BMJ, 3 July 1880, pp. 1-6. In general, the scope for the medical profession to pursue state medicine on their own terms was increasingly circumscribed in late nineteenth-century Britain. See Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 84-85; Christopher Hamlin, "State Medicine in Great Britain," in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), p. 151.
    • (1886) Med. Press & Circular , pp. 216-217
  • 47
    • 1642500502 scopus 로고
    • 3 July
    • See "Vaccination in the Commons," Med. Press & Circular, 15 September 1886, pp. 216-17. The defeat was all the more humiliating because Ernest Hart headed the BMA's Parliamentary Bills Committee on Vaccination; see BMJ, 3 July 1880, pp. 1-6. In general, the scope for the medical profession to pursue state medicine on their own terms was increasingly circumscribed in late nineteenth-century Britain. See Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 84-85; Christopher Hamlin, "State Medicine in Great Britain," in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), p. 151.
    • (1880) BMJ , pp. 1-6
  • 48
    • 0003502793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • London: Routledge
    • See "Vaccination in the Commons," Med. Press & Circular, 15 September 1886, pp. 216-17. The defeat was all the more humiliating because Ernest Hart headed the BMA's Parliamentary Bills Committee on Vaccination; see BMJ, 3 July 1880, pp. 1-6. In general, the scope for the medical profession to pursue state medicine on their own terms was increasingly circumscribed in late nineteenth-century Britain. See Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 84-85; Christopher Hamlin, "State Medicine in Great Britain," in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), p. 151.
    • (2000) Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd Ed. , pp. 84-85
    • Mort, F.1
  • 49
    • 0037907665 scopus 로고
    • State Medicine in Great Britain
    • ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi)
    • See "Vaccination in the Commons," Med. Press & Circular, 15 September 1886, pp. 216-17. The defeat was all the more humiliating because Ernest Hart headed the BMA's Parliamentary Bills Committee on Vaccination; see BMJ, 3 July 1880, pp. 1-6. In general, the scope for the medical profession to pursue state medicine on their own terms was increasingly circumscribed in late nineteenth-century Britain. See Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-moral Politics in England since 1830, 2nd ed. (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 84-85; Christopher Hamlin, "State Medicine in Great Britain," in The History of Public Health and the Modern State, ed. Dorothy Porter (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1994), p. 151.
    • (1994) The History of Public Health and the Modern State , pp. 151
    • Hamlin, C.1
  • 50
    • 84972211043 scopus 로고
    • The Government and the Profession
    • 5 August
    • "The Government and the Profession," BMJ, 5 August 1905, pp. 291-92.
    • (1905) BMJ , pp. 291-292
  • 52
    • 1642459493 scopus 로고
    • The Power of Unanimity
    • 6 December
    • "The Power of Unanimity," Hospital, 6 December 1902, p. 154, quoting Dr. Gordon Dill of Brighton. Dill was to be the Royal Society of Medicine's representative to the Medical Parliamentary Committee in May 1919: Royal Society of Medicine, Minutes of Council, 15 April 1919, p. 44, RSM Archives (hereafter RSMA), The Library of the Royal Society of Medicine, London.
    • (1902) Hospital , pp. 154
  • 53
    • 1642581842 scopus 로고
    • 15 January
    • BMJ, 15 January 1910, cited in Francis Fremantle, The Doctor's Mandate in Parliament [Chadwick Public Lecture, 24 November 1936] (printed, Keighley: Rydal Press [1936] ), p. 5.
    • (1910) BMJ
  • 54
    • 1642459502 scopus 로고
    • [Chadwick Public Lecture, 24 November] (printed, Keighley: Rydal Press [1936])
    • BMJ, 15 January 1910, cited in Francis Fremantle, The Doctor's Mandate in Parliament [Chadwick Public Lecture, 24 November 1936] (printed, Keighley: Rydal Press [1936] ), p. 5.
    • (1936) The Doctor's Mandate in Parliament , pp. 5
    • Fremantle, F.1
  • 55
    • 1642459500 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession Abroad
    • 3 June, see especially p. 1192
    • "The Medical Profession Abroad," BMJ, 3 June 1905, pp. 1189-92, see especially p. 1192.
    • (1905) BMJ , pp. 1189-1192
  • 56
    • 1642459503 scopus 로고
    • 2 November
    • Victor Horsley quoted in Hospital, 2 November 1901, p. 77. Horsley stood unsuccessfully as Liberal candidate for the University of London parliamentary seat in December 1910. J. B. Lyons, The Citizen Surgeon: A Biography of Sir Victor Horsley, 1857-1916 (London: Peter Dawnay, 1966), pp. 212-17; and Stephen Paget, Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work (London: Constable, 1919), pp. 195-99.
    • (1901) Hospital , pp. 77
    • Horsley, V.1
  • 57
    • 0004460771 scopus 로고
    • London: Peter Dawnay
    • Victor Horsley quoted in Hospital, 2 November 1901, p. 77. Horsley stood unsuccessfully as Liberal candidate for the University of London parliamentary seat in December 1910. J. B. Lyons, The Citizen Surgeon: A Biography of Sir Victor Horsley, 1857-1916 (London: Peter Dawnay, 1966), pp. 212-17; and Stephen Paget, Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work (London: Constable, 1919), pp. 195-99.
    • (1966) The Citizen Surgeon: A Biography of Sir Victor Horsley, 1857-1916 , pp. 212-217
    • Lyons, J.B.1
  • 58
    • 0003424131 scopus 로고
    • London: Constable
    • Victor Horsley quoted in Hospital, 2 November 1901, p. 77. Horsley stood unsuccessfully as Liberal candidate for the University of London parliamentary seat in December 1910. J. B. Lyons, The Citizen Surgeon: A Biography of Sir Victor Horsley, 1857-1916 (London: Peter Dawnay, 1966), pp. 212-17; and Stephen Paget, Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work (London: Constable, 1919), pp. 195-99.
    • (1919) Sir Victor Horsley: A Study of His Life and Work , pp. 195-199
    • Paget, S.1
  • 59
    • 1642500500 scopus 로고
    • The Profession and Politics
    • 21 August, quotation on pp. 499-500
    • Arthur Todd-White, "The Profession and Politics," BMJ, 21 August 1909, pp. 499-500, quotation on pp. 499-500.
    • (1909) BMJ , pp. 499-500
    • Todd-White, A.1
  • 60
    • 1642541333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid., p. 500.
    • BMJ , pp. 500
  • 61
    • 84965218267 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation
    • 15 January
    • Ewen J. Maclean, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 15 January 1910, p. 173. The notion that the laity in the Commons could not fathom medical issues was a standard trope in the rhetoric for more medical representation in Parliament. The surgeon Edward Beadon Turner, who put himself forward for election in 1918, typically had "a very distinct recollection of my attempts to coach a gentleman, distinctly in intellect above the average of the ordinary M.P., on a question of great medical importance, and the horror with which I heard the failure of those attempts" ("Medical Representation in Parliament," BMJ, 30 November 1918, p. 615).
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 173
    • Maclean, E.J.1
  • 62
    • 84965240411 scopus 로고
    • Medical Representation in Parliament
    • 30 November
    • Ewen J. Maclean, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 15 January 1910, p. 173. The notion that the laity in the Commons could not fathom medical issues was a standard trope in the rhetoric for more medical representation in Parliament. The surgeon Edward Beadon Turner, who put himself forward for election in 1918, typically had "a very distinct recollection of my attempts to coach a gentleman, distinctly in intellect above the average of the ordinary M.P., on a question of great medical importance, and the horror with which I heard the failure of those attempts" ("Medical Representation in Parliament," BMJ, 30 November 1918, p. 615).
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 615
  • 63
    • 1642459493 scopus 로고
    • The Power of Unanimity
    • 6 December
    • "The Power of Unanimity," Hospital, 6 December 1902, p. 154.
    • (1902) Hospital , pp. 154
  • 64
    • 84965220016 scopus 로고
    • Compulsory Insurance against Sickness
    • 18 September
    • J. H. Keay, "Compulsory Insurance against Sickness," BMJ, 18 September 1909, p. 820.
    • (1909) BMJ , pp. 820
    • Keay, J.H.1
  • 66
    • 1642459501 scopus 로고
    • London: Left Book Club
    • See Simon Haxey, Tory M.P. (London: Left Book Club, 1939), p. 33.
    • (1939) Tory M.P. , pp. 33
    • Haxey, S.1
  • 67
    • 84965227612 scopus 로고
    • Medical Parliamentary Roll
    • 8 January
    • S. D. Clippingdale (FRCS), "Medical Parliamentary Roll," BMJ, 8 January 1910, pp. 100-102 (with additional information in the issues of 22 January and 5 February, at pp. 233 and 294); F. E. Fremantle, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 8 January 1910, p. 118. See also Alfred Cox to Representatives on feasibility of a Parliamentary Election Fund, 23 May 1918, British Medical Association Archives, Centre for Contemporary Archives, Wellcome Library, London (hereafter BMAA), SA/BMA/H.7, Circulars, 1909-23.
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 100-102
    • Clippingdale, S.D.1
  • 68
    • 1642541328 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation
    • 8 January
    • S. D. Clippingdale (FRCS), "Medical Parliamentary Roll," BMJ, 8 January 1910, pp. 100-102 (with additional information in the issues of 22 January and 5 February, at pp. 233 and 294); F. E. Fremantle, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 8 January 1910, p. 118. See also Alfred Cox to Representatives on feasibility of a Parliamentary Election Fund, 23 May 1918, British Medical Association Archives, Centre for Contemporary Archives, Wellcome Library, London (hereafter BMAA), SA/BMA/H.7, Circulars, 1909-23.
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 118
    • Fremantle, F.E.1
  • 69
    • 1642500504 scopus 로고
    • 22 January
    • Clippingdale acknowledged Fremantle in his further contribution in the BMJ on 22 January 1910, p. 233.
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 233
  • 71
    • 1642459495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • As early as 1904, Fremantle was "qualifying himself to be hereafter an M.P. with sanitary knowledge": Fremantle applied for, but then declined, the Eugenic Fellowship, for which Francis Galton thought him the most suitable of the candidates (Galton to Mr. Hartog [University Academic Registrar], 11 December 1904, University College, London, MS CF/1/5/1659). (My thanks to Joan Leopold for this reference.) His father was the Dean of Ripon and he was heir to an estate in Hertfordshire. His grandfather was first Baron Cottesloe (created 1874). At least two other medical MPs were also a part of the "aristocratic cousinhood" of the House of Commons: Walter Elliot, who was married to the half-sister of Baron Glenconner, and Alfred B. Howitt, who was son-in-law of Baron Marchamley (created 1908). John Moir was married to a cousin of Lord Moynihan.
  • 73
    • 0040348191 scopus 로고
    • London: Macmillan
    • This estimate of election expenses was close to the average around this time: see F. W. S. Craig, ed., British Electoral Facts, 1885-1975 (London: Macmillan, 1976), p. 73. Fremantle was forced to withdraw from the 1910 election because of a clause in the Local Government Act of 1888 that ruled that employees of county councils were ineligible to serve in Parliament.
    • (1976) British Electoral Facts, 1885-1975 , pp. 73
    • Craig, F.W.S.1
  • 76
    • 84967887198 scopus 로고
    • General Election
    • 29 January
    • In addition to the thirteen named in "General Election," BMJ, 29 January 1910, p. 283, was Robert Finlay. Also elected in 1910 was William Gtyn-Jones (1869-1927), the Parliamentary Secretary for the Pharmaceutical Society who was qualified in law, not medicine.
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 283
  • 77
    • 1642500501 scopus 로고
    • 4 November
    • BMJ, 4 November 1922, p. 889; 11 November 1922, p. 945; 8 November 1924, p. 872; 26 March 1927, pp. 589-99.
    • (1922) BMJ , pp. 889
  • 78
    • 1642541329 scopus 로고
    • 11 November
    • BMJ, 4 November 1922, p. 889; 11 November 1922, p. 945; 8 November 1924, p. 872; 26 March 1927, pp. 589-99.
    • (1922) BMJ , pp. 945
  • 79
    • 1642500445 scopus 로고
    • 8 November
    • BMJ, 4 November 1922, p. 889; 11 November 1922, p. 945; 8 November 1924, p. 872; 26 March 1927, pp. 589-99.
    • (1924) BMJ , pp. 872
  • 80
    • 1642500450 scopus 로고
    • 26 March
    • BMJ, 4 November 1922, p. 889; 11 November 1922, p. 945; 8 November 1924, p. 872; 26 March 1927, pp. 589-99.
    • (1927) BMJ , pp. 589-599
  • 81
    • 1642459445 scopus 로고
    • 18 August
    • BMJ, 18 August 1917, pp. 235-36. Cheyne took up his seat in December 1918 but, due to the redistribution of the Scottish universities' seats later that year, was required to be reelected.
    • (1917) BMJ , pp. 235-236
  • 82
    • 1642500449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • introductory remarks to Fremantle
    • See James Crichton-Browne, introductory remarks to Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), p. 19.
    • Doctor's Mandate , vol.26 , pp. 19
    • Crichton-Browne, J.1
  • 83
    • 84902231901 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation
    • 22 January
    • Douglas Stanley, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 22 January 1910, pp. 235-36. See also "The Parliamentary Representation of the Edinburgh and St. Andrews Universities," Lancet, 22 January 1910, p. 269. In the view of Ramsey MacDonald in 1931 (five years before he himself stood successfully for one of the Combined Scottish Universities' seats), the university seats were "materialism at its very worst masquerading under the most sacred guise" (quoted in T. Lloyd Humberstone, University Representation [London: Hutchinson, 1951], p. 117).
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 235-236
    • Stanley, D.1
  • 84
    • 85046181399 scopus 로고
    • The Parliamentary Representation of the Edinburgh and St. Andrews Universities
    • 22 January
    • Douglas Stanley, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 22 January 1910, pp. 235-36. See also "The Parliamentary Representation of the Edinburgh and St. Andrews Universities," Lancet, 22 January 1910, p. 269. In the view of Ramsey MacDonald in 1931 (five years before he himself stood successfully for one of the Combined Scottish Universities' seats), the university seats were "materialism at its very worst masquerading under the most sacred guise" (quoted in T. Lloyd Humberstone, University Representation [London: Hutchinson, 1951], p. 117).
    • (1910) Lancet , pp. 269
  • 85
    • 84902231901 scopus 로고
    • [London: Hutchinson]
    • Douglas Stanley, "The Medical Profession and Parliamentary Representation," BMJ, 22 January 1910, pp. 235-36. See also "The Parliamentary Representation of the Edinburgh and St. Andrews Universities," Lancet, 22 January 1910, p. 269. In the view of Ramsey MacDonald in 1931 (five years before he himself stood successfully for one of the Combined Scottish Universities' seats), the university seats were "materialism at its very worst masquerading under the most sacred guise" (quoted in T. Lloyd Humberstone, University Representation [London: Hutchinson, 1951], p. 117).
    • (1951) University Representation , pp. 117
    • Lloyd Humberstone, T.1
  • 86
    • 1642581734 scopus 로고
    • The State Octopus and the Medical Profession
    • 13 January
    • Alfred Cox to James Kerr, 15 February 1929, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. See also Edmund Cautley, "The State Octopus and the Medical Profession," Lancet, 13 January 1917, pp. 50-54; and cf. William A. Brend, Health and the State (London: Constable, 1917).
    • (1917) Lancet , pp. 50-54
    • Cautley, E.1
  • 87
    • 1642581780 scopus 로고
    • London: Constable
    • Alfred Cox to James Kerr, 15 February 1929, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. See also Edmund Cautley, "The State Octopus and the Medical Profession," Lancet, 13 January 1917, pp. 50-54; and cf. William A. Brend, Health and the State (London: Constable, 1917).
    • (1917) Health and the State
    • Brend, W.A.1
  • 88
    • 0032325066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science, Scientific Management, and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950
    • See Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooter, "Science, Scientific Management, and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950," Hist. Sci., 1998, 36:421-66, on p. 432. Dawson's plans for medical organization, and "Health Centres" in particular, were partly in response to the proposals of socialist doctors. See Stewart, "Battle for Health" (n. 3), p. 20.
    • (1998) Hist. Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 421-466
    • Sturdy, S.1    Cooter, R.2
  • 89
    • 0032325066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooter, "Science, Scientific Management, and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain c. 1870-1950," Hist. Sci., 1998, 36:421-66, on p. 432. Dawson's plans for medical organization, and "Health Centres" in particular, were partly in response to the proposals of socialist doctors. See Stewart, "Battle for Health" (n. 3), p. 20.
    • Battle for Health , vol.3 , pp. 20
    • Stewart1
  • 90
    • 1642541327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In a letter from a Midlands doctor, February 1913, cited in Digby, Evolution (n. 18), p. 311.
    • Evolution , vol.18 , pp. 311
    • Digby1
  • 92
    • 1642581792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Kenneth and Jane Morgan, Portrait of a Progressive: The Political Career of Christopher, Viscount Addison (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980), p. 16. See also Honigsbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60.
    • Division , vol.3 , pp. 60
    • Honigsbaum1
  • 93
    • 1642581779 scopus 로고
    • Ourselves Only
    • 17 May
    • Arthur J. Gedge, "Ourselves Only," Lancet, 17 May 1919, pp. 858-59. The credibility of the BMA was further lowered at this time as a result of their trade-union boycott of the Coventry Dispensary, which resulted in a successful prosecution against the BMA for conspiracy. See "Pratt and Others v. The British Medical Association," Lancet, 19 October 1918, pp. 527-28; Med. Press, 23 October 1918, pp. 295-96.
    • (1919) Lancet , pp. 858-859
    • Gedge, A.J.1
  • 94
    • 1642541260 scopus 로고
    • Pratt and Others v. The British Medical Association
    • 19 October
    • Arthur J. Gedge, "Ourselves Only," Lancet, 17 May 1919, pp. 858-59. The credibility of the BMA was further lowered at this time as a result of their trade-union boycott of the Coventry Dispensary, which resulted in a successful prosecution against the BMA for conspiracy. See "Pratt and Others v. The British Medical Association," Lancet, 19 October 1918, pp. 527-28; Med. Press, 23 October 1918, pp. 295-96.
    • (1918) Lancet , pp. 527-528
  • 95
    • 1642500453 scopus 로고
    • 23 October
    • Arthur J. Gedge, "Ourselves Only," Lancet, 17 May 1919, pp. 858-59. The credibility of the BMA was further lowered at this time as a result of their trade-union boycott of the Coventry Dispensary, which resulted in a successful prosecution against the BMA for conspiracy. See "Pratt and Others v. The British Medical Association," Lancet, 19 October 1918, pp. 527-28; Med. Press, 23 October 1918, pp. 295-96.
    • (1918) Med. Press , pp. 295-296
  • 96
    • 1642541324 scopus 로고
    • 16 August
    • Med. World, 16 August 1918, p. 101.
    • (1918) Med. World , pp. 101
  • 98
    • 84965236647 scopus 로고
    • The Cult of Individualism
    • 13 September
    • E. Rowland Fothergill, "The Cult of Individualism," BMJ, 13 September 1919, pp. 358-59.
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 358-359
    • Rowland Fothergill, E.1
  • 99
    • 1642541266 scopus 로고
    • The Ministry of Health Bill
    • 4 December, quotation on p. 1151
    • "The Ministry of Health Bill" (editorial), Lancet, 4 December 1920, pp. 1151-52, quotation on p. 1151.
    • (1920) Lancet , pp. 1151-1152
  • 100
    • 1642500454 scopus 로고
    • Medical Questions and Parliamentary Candidates
    • 4 December
    • For example, the Royal Medico-Psychological Association (the chairman of whose Parliamentary Committee was medical MP Nathan Raw), the Society of Medical Officers of Health, and the MPU. For the latter's list of questions to prospective MPs, see "Medical Questions and Parliamentary Candidates, " Med. Press, 4 December 1918, p. 427. A later example is the Health Practitioners' Association, which was formed in 1935 specifically to protect unregistered practitioners by lobbying Parliament.
    • (1918) Med. Press , pp. 427
  • 101
    • 1642541261 scopus 로고
    • The Future of the Medical Profession
    • 19 October. See also Alfred Cox to Arthur Henderson, Secretary of the Labour Party, 6 March 1929, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6
    • "Apparent" only, however; the BMA took some comfort in an important publication by the former MPU activist and Labour Party candidate in 1918, Dr. Peter MacDonald, in which it was claimed that the Labour Party had not as yet laid down an authoritative definition of a "State Medical Service": Peter MacDonald, "The Future of the Medical Profession," BMJ, 19 October 1918, pp. 435-36. See also Alfred Cox to Arthur Henderson, Secretary of the Labour Party, 6 March 1929, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 435-436
    • MacDonald, P.1
  • 102
    • 1642500447 scopus 로고
    • 1 January
    • George Mahomed to Cox, 6 January 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Little is known of (Arthur) George Sulieman Mahomed. A self-confessed Tory, he emerges from the correspondence with Cox as astute and canny. According to his entry in the Medical Directory he was the author of a paper on "The State and the Doctor," which I have not been able to trace. There is a reference in the Lancet (1 January 1910, p. 27) to a paper by him on "Atmospheric Electricity" delivered to the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society. He last appears in the Medical Directory in 1944; no obituary has been found. It is likely that he was one of the "several children" of the restless medical enthusiast Frederick H. H. Akber Mahomed, FRCP (1849-84): see Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London, vol. 4, 1826-1925 (London: RCPL, 1955), p. 276.
    • (1910) Lancet , pp. 27
  • 103
    • 1642500455 scopus 로고
    • London: RCPL
    • George Mahomed to Cox, 6 January 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Little is known of (Arthur) George Sulieman Mahomed. A self-confessed Tory, he emerges from the correspondence with Cox as astute and canny. According to his entry in the Medical Directory he was the author of a paper on "The State and the Doctor," which I have not been able to trace. There is a reference in the Lancet (1 January 1910, p. 27) to a paper by him on "Atmospheric Electricity" delivered to the Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Society. He last appears in the Medical Directory in 1944; no obituary has been found. It is likely that he was one of the "several children" of the restless medical enthusiast Frederick H. H. Akber Mahomed, FRCP (1849-84): see Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London, vol. 4, 1826-1925 (London: RCPL, 1955), p. 276.
    • (1955) Lives of the Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Vol. 4, 1826-1925 , vol.4 , pp. 276
  • 104
    • 1642581785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cox to Mahomet [sic], 7 January 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6
    • Cox to Mahomet [sic], 7 January 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6.
  • 105
    • 1642581791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ibid.
    • I b i d.
  • 106
    • 1642541325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cox to Mahomed, 10 January 1918, ibid.
    • Cox to Mahomed, 10 January 1918, ibid.
  • 107
    • 1642541267 scopus 로고
    • 5 October
    • BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 382.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 382
  • 108
    • 1642581840 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cox to Mahomet, 7 January 1918 (n. 61)
    • Cox to Mahomet, 7 January 1918 (n. 61).
  • 109
    • 1642500451 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • printed, copy in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6
    • George Mahomed, "Medical Representation in the New Parliament, Address to the Bournemouth Division of the BMA, 27 February 1918," printed, copy in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Mahomed calculated that 14,000 BMA members subscribing five shillings a year would generate £3,500 for the Fund. Within the Bournemouth Division was Dr. Johnson Smyth, who was also on the BMA Council and who, at the Council meeting of 7 July 1918, resolved that the idea of the Fund be considered. Addison's Bill for the Ministry of Health was introduced, but withdrawn, in November 1918; it was not reintroduced until after the election in December 1918, and not passed until June 1919. See Frank Honigsbaum, The Struggle for the Ministry of Health (London: Social Administration Research Trust, 1970).
    • Medical Representation in the New Parliament, Address to the Bournemouth Division of the BMA, 27 February 1918
    • Mahomed, G.1
  • 110
    • 0348024849 scopus 로고
    • London: Social Administration Research Trust
    • George Mahomed, "Medical Representation in the New Parliament, Address to the Bournemouth Division of the BMA, 27 February 1918," printed, copy in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Mahomed calculated that 14,000 BMA members subscribing five shillings a year would generate £3,500 for the Fund. Within the Bournemouth Division was Dr. Johnson Smyth, who was also on the BMA Council and who, at the Council meeting of 7 July 1918, resolved that the idea of the Fund be considered. Addison's Bill for the Ministry of Health was introduced, but withdrawn, in November 1918; it was not reintroduced until after the election in December 1918, and not passed until June 1919. See Frank Honigsbaum, The Struggle for the Ministry of Health (London: Social Administration Research Trust, 1970).
    • (1970) The Struggle for the Ministry of Health
    • Honigsbaum, F.1
  • 111
    • 1642459438 scopus 로고
    • circular to honorary secretaries of divisions and branches, 23 May, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.7
    • Alfred Cox, "Medical Profession and Parliamentary Candidates," circular to honorary secretaries of divisions and branches, 23 May 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.7.
    • (1918) Medical Profession and Parliamentary Candidates
    • Cox, A.1
  • 113
    • 1642541268 scopus 로고
    • see, e.g., 25 May
    • Ibid. Some impression of the responses from BMA regional branches can be gained from the BMJ Supplements: see, e.g., 25 May 1918, p. 55.
    • (1918) BMJ Supplements , pp. 55
  • 114
    • 1642581776 scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Representation [an address delivered to the Central Division of the British Medical Association, Birmingham, October 3rd 1918]
    • 12 October
    • See printed letter from Cox, 7 September 1918, and N. Bishop Harman, "Parliamentary Representation [an address delivered to the Central Division of the British Medical Association, Birmingham, October 3rd 1918]," BMJ, 12 October 1918, pp. 408-9, in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8, Correspondence of Parliamentary Election Committee (PEC), 1918-29. Recruited to the Committee within the next few months were some of the most seasoned medical politicians within the BMA, as well as the provincial GPs and Liberal candidates A. C. Faquharson and Sir Thomas Flitcroft (the former securing election in December 1918, the latter failing to do so), and the consultant and MP (since July 1917) Sir A. Garrod Thomas, who was asked to chair the new Parliamentary Election Committee.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 408-409
    • Bishop Harman, N.1
  • 115
    • 1642459390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • By 9 December 1918, the Fund contained between £300 and £400; the first Report of the "Medical Representation in Parliament Fund," of June 1919, reported £452 from donations and another £184 from annual subscriptions. By November 1932 the Fund had £1,044. It seems rarely to have exceeded the hundreds of pounds.
  • 116
    • 1642541272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Parliamentary Subcommittee ruled that a medical candidate "should, by his past work and experience, have proved his knowledge of, and loyalty to, the interests of the profession as expressed through the British Medical Association" (Harman, "Parliamentary Representation" [n. 69], p. 409). Applicants for funding were asked four questions during interviews, the wrong reply to any of which would disqualify them: "1. Do you favour socialisation or municipalisation of the voluntary hospitals? 2. Are you in favour of any form of legislation which will go in the direction of making the medical profession into a whole-time state salaried medical service? 3. If you are not in favour of this will you do your best inside the councils of the Labour Party to persuade them not to introduce such legislation? 4. If such legislation is introduced by the Labour Party could you promise (a) to vote against it or (b) refrain from voting?" See, for example, Alfred Cox to James Kerr, 26 March 1921, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6.
    • Parliamentary Representation , vol.69 , pp. 409
    • Harman1
  • 117
    • 1642581787 scopus 로고
    • 16 November, and 23 November 1918, p. 589, respectively
    • Macdonald, who stood unsuccessfully for one of the three Scottish University seats, was rejected by the PEC committee because he was closely associated with the MPU, which was regarded as "positively hostile to the [BM] Association" (Minutes of PEC, 5 March 1919, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8). Another candidate for funding from the PEC was Capt. Donald Campbell (RAMC), who was adopted by the Paddington branch of the National Federation of Discharged and Demobilised Soldiers and Sailors to contest North Paddington. The views of Macdonald and Kynaston are expressed in the BMJ: 16 November 1918, p. 558, and 23 November 1918, p. 589, respectively.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 558
  • 118
    • 1642581789 scopus 로고
    • Medical Representation in Parliament and the B.M.A.
    • 30 October
    • "Medical Representation in Parliament and the B.M.A.," Mid. Press, 30 October 1918, p. 326.
    • (1918) Mid. Press , pp. 326
  • 119
    • 1642541296 scopus 로고
    • 5 October
    • BMA activist N. Bishop Harman was derided at a meeting in 1918 when he claimed that the BMA represented some 23,000 medical men (BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 381). In March 1918, Cox confessed that "the number of members [of the
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 381
  • 120
    • 1642581839 scopus 로고
    • 21 December
    • BMA activist N. Bishop Harman was derided at a meeting in 1918 when he claimed that the BMA represented some 23,000 medical men (BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 381). In March 1918, Cox confessed that "the number of members [of the BMA] in Great Britain and Ireland is nearly 15,000" (Cox to Mahomed, 5 March 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6). Cf. BMJ, 21 December 1918, p. 691, which claimed that the membership was "about half the medical practitioners of the UK; and Bartrip, Themselves Writ Large (n. 20), p. 193.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 691
  • 121
    • 1642581835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • BMA activist N. Bishop Harman was derided at a meeting in 1918 when he claimed that the BMA represented some 23,000 medical men (BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 381). In March 1918, Cox confessed that "the number of members [of the BMA] in Great Britain and Ireland is nearly 15,000" (Cox to Mahomed, 5 March 1918, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6). Cf. BMJ, 21 December 1918, p. 691, which claimed that the membership was "about half the medical practitioners of the UK; and Bartrip, Themselves Writ Large (n. 20), p. 193.
    • Themselves Writ Large , vol.20 , pp. 193
    • Bartrip1
  • 123
    • 1642541324 scopus 로고
    • 16 August
    • According to Med. World, 16 August 1918, p. 101, Morris had been asked to stand for the University of London seat; Cheyne admitted that he had resigned from the BMA "some years ago on account of its tendency to trade unionism" (BMJ, 8 February 1919, p. 160).
    • (1918) Med. World , pp. 101
  • 124
    • 1642541326 scopus 로고
    • 8 February
    • According to Med. World, 16 August 1918, p. 101, Morris had been asked to stand for the University of London seat; Cheyne admitted that he had resigned from the BMA "some years ago on account of its tendency to trade unionism" (BMJ, 8 February 1919, p. 160).
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 160
  • 125
    • 84975923845 scopus 로고
    • The Future of the Medical Profession under a National Health Ministry, Discussion at the Royal Society of Medicine
    • 15 June
    • At meetings on the future of the medical profession under "a national health ministry" in June 1918, Cheyne suggested that "for the present the profession should confine itself to advocating a Ministry of Health" ("The Future of the Medical Profession under a National Health Ministry, Discussion at the Royal Society of Medicine," BMJ, 15 June 1918, p. 673). See also "Minute of the Conference held at the Royal College of Physicians on Friday, the 1st November, 1918, on the proposed legislation to establish a Ministry of Health," RSMA. As appreciated by the medical correspondent to the Times, "The truth is that Dr. Addison is in a very strong position. The medical profession is not" (26 May 1919, p. 17). GPs were generally more concerned about the proposed Ministry than consultants, fearful that under it they would lose the capital they had invested in their practices; they also distrusted medical members of the House of Commons, who they believed came largely from the consultant class and had never been in touch with the needs of the GP: see Sidney Matthews, "The Future of the Medical Profession," BMJ, 20 July 1918, p. 72.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 673
  • 126
    • 84975923543 scopus 로고
    • The Future of the Medical Profession
    • 20 July
    • "The Need for Medical Advice in Parliament," BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 381. On the Steinway Hall meeting, see also "Medicine and the State," BMJ, 5 October 1918, p. 382; Honisgbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 72
    • Matthews, S.1
  • 127
    • 1642459441 scopus 로고
    • 16 October
    • Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 278; see also Med. Press, 18 December 1918, p. 455; and "The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2. The origins of the MPC were clearly suspect, as Cheyne admitted at a public meeting of the MPC in May 1919, stating that "the objections which he had heard to the Medical Parliamentary Committee were mostly directed against its origins" (BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579). The Royal Society of Medicine, when invited by Morris to send a delegate to the Steinway Hall meeting, resolved that "it is not desirable that the Society should take any part in such a movement" (RSM, Minutes of Council, 15 October 1918, p. 6, RSMA).
    • (1918) Med. Press , pp. 278
  • 128
    • 1642541320 scopus 로고
    • 18 December
    • Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 278; see also Med. Press, 18 December 1918, p. 455; and "The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2. The origins of the MPC were clearly suspect, as Cheyne admitted at a public meeting of the MPC in May 1919, stating that "the objections which he had heard to the Medical Parliamentary Committee were mostly directed against its origins" (BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579). The Royal Society of Medicine, when invited by Morris to send a delegate to the Steinway Hall meeting, resolved that "it is not desirable that the Society should take any part in such a movement" (RSM, Minutes of Council, 15 October 1918, p. 6, RSMA).
    • (1918) Med. Press , pp. 455
  • 129
    • 50749094241 scopus 로고
    • The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee
    • 10 May
    • Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 278; see also Med. Press, 18 December 1918, p. 455; and "The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2. The origins of the MPC were clearly suspect, as Cheyne admitted at a public meeting of the MPC in May 1919, stating that "the objections which he had heard to the Medical Parliamentary Committee were mostly directed against its origins" (BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579). The Royal Society of Medicine, when invited by Morris to send a delegate to the Steinway Hall meeting, resolved that "it is not desirable that the Society should take any part in such a movement" (RSM, Minutes of Council, 15 October 1918, p. 6, RSMA).
    • (1919) Lancet , pp. 801-802
  • 130
    • 1642581820 scopus 로고
    • 10 May
    • Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 278; see also Med. Press, 18 December 1918, p. 455; and "The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2. The origins of the MPC were clearly suspect, as Cheyne admitted at a public meeting of the MPC in May 1919, stating that "the objections which he had heard to the Medical Parliamentary Committee were mostly directed against its origins" (BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579). The Royal Society of Medicine, when invited by Morris to send a delegate to the Steinway Hall meeting, resolved that "it is not desirable that the Society should take any part in such a movement" (RSM, Minutes of Council, 15 October 1918, p. 6, RSMA).
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 579
  • 131
    • 1642581838 scopus 로고
    • 15 October, RSMA
    • Med. Press, 16 October 1918, p. 278; see also Med. Press, 18 December 1918, p. 455; and "The Progress of the Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2. The origins of the MPC were clearly suspect, as Cheyne admitted at a public meeting of the MPC in May 1919, stating that "the objections which he had heard to the Medical Parliamentary Committee were mostly directed against its origins" (BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579). The Royal Society of Medicine, when invited by Morris to send a delegate to the Steinway Hall meeting, resolved that "it is not desirable that the Society should take any part in such a movement" (RSM, Minutes of Council, 15 October 1918, p. 6, RSMA).
    • (1918) RSM, Minutes of Council , pp. 6
  • 132
    • 1642581837 scopus 로고
    • 25 September
    • Med. Press, 25 September 1919, p. 239. Different ways in which the MPC might operate were laid out in "The Medical Parliamentary Committee," signed "One Voice," December 1918, printed, in RSMA.
    • (1919) Med. Press , pp. 239
  • 133
    • 50749084045 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Parliamentary Committee
    • 23 November
    • "The Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 23 November 1918, p. 712. See also "Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 7 December 1918, p. 786.
    • (1918) Lancet , pp. 712
  • 134
    • 85045177099 scopus 로고
    • Medical Parliamentary Committee
    • 7 December
    • "The Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 23 November 1918, p. 712. See also "Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 7 December 1918, p. 786.
    • (1918) Lancet , pp. 786
  • 135
    • 50749084045 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Parliamentary Committee
    • 23 November
    • "The Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 23 November 1918, p. 712. The secretary of the Sheffield Branch of the BMA went further, declaring that along with the teaching profession, the medical profession transcended both capitalist and nationalist interests: Pub. Health, April 1918, p. 84.
    • (1918) Lancet , pp. 712
  • 136
    • 1642541270 scopus 로고
    • April
    • "The Medical Parliamentary Committee," Lancet, 23 November 1918, p. 712. The secretary of the Sheffield Branch of the BMA went further, declaring that along with the teaching profession, the medical profession transcended both capitalist and nationalist interests: Pub. Health, April 1918, p. 84.
    • (1918) Pub. Health , pp. 84
  • 137
    • 50749104764 scopus 로고
    • Medical Parliamentary Committee: An Important Conference
    • 10 May
    • "Medical Parliamentary Committee," MS 993, Archives of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, London. The College resolved not to send a representative to the meetings of 2 May and 11 July 1919. See also "Medical Parliamentary Committee: An Important Conference," Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11.
    • (1919) Lancet , pp. 808-811
  • 138
    • 1642581786 scopus 로고
    • The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee
    • printed, in RSMA, 17 February, RSMA
    • See "The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee," printed, in RSMA; RSM, Minutes of Council, 17 February 1920, p. 43, RSMA; Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11; 19 July 1919, pp. 113, 121-23; BMJ, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2; 17 May 1919, p. 858. When Moynihan, in May 1918, had been approached by the BMA as "a suitable candidate for Parliament," he declined the offer: Parliamentary Election Committee Minutes, 1918-19, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8.
    • (1920) RSM, Minutes of Council , pp. 43
  • 139
    • 1642581782 scopus 로고
    • 10 May
    • See "The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee," printed, in RSMA; RSM, Minutes of Council, 17 February 1920, p. 43, RSMA; Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11; 19 July 1919, pp. 113, 121-23; BMJ, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2; 17 May 1919, p. 858. When Moynihan, in May 1918, had been approached by the BMA as "a suitable candidate for Parliament," he declined the offer: Parliamentary Election Committee Minutes, 1918-19, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8.
    • (1919) Lancet , pp. 808-811
  • 140
    • 1642500452 scopus 로고
    • 19 July
    • See "The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee," printed, in RSMA; RSM, Minutes of Council, 17 February 1920, p. 43, RSMA; Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11; 19 July 1919, pp. 113, 121-23; BMJ, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2; 17 May 1919, p. 858. When Moynihan, in May 1918, had been approached by the BMA as "a suitable candidate for Parliament," he declined the offer: Parliamentary Election Committee Minutes, 1918-19, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8.
    • (1919) Lancet , pp. 113
  • 141
    • 1642541216 scopus 로고
    • 10 May
    • See "The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee," printed, in RSMA; RSM, Minutes of Council, 17 February 1920, p. 43, RSMA; Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11; 19 July 1919, pp. 113, 121-23; BMJ, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2; 17 May 1919, p. 858. When Moynihan, in May 1918, had been approached by the BMA as "a suitable candidate for Parliament," he declined the offer: Parliamentary Election Committee Minutes, 1918-19, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8.
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 801-802
  • 142
    • 1642459492 scopus 로고
    • 17 May
    • See "The British Federation of Medical and Allied Societies (To be Incorporated) Late Medical Parliamentary Committee," printed, in RSMA; RSM, Minutes of Council, 17 February 1920, p. 43, RSMA; Lancet, 10 May 1919, pp. 808-11; 19 July 1919, pp. 113, 121-23; BMJ, 10 May 1919, pp. 801-2; 17 May 1919, p. 858. When Moynihan, in May 1918, had been approached by the BMA as "a suitable candidate for Parliament," he declined the offer: Parliamentary Election Committee Minutes, 1918-19, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.8.
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 858
  • 143
    • 1642581792 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Honigsbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60. In 1922 the Royal Society of Medicine refused any longer to contribute to the funds of the Federation, and in January 1923 formally withdrew from it: RSM, Minutes of Council, 20 December 1921; 19 December 1922; 16 January 1923, RSMA.
    • Division , vol.3 , pp. 60
    • Honigsbaum1
  • 144
    • 1642459444 scopus 로고
    • 20 December
    • Honigsbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60. In 1922 the Royal Society of Medicine refused any longer to contribute to the funds of the Federation, and in January 1923 formally withdrew from it: RSM, Minutes of Council, 20 December 1921; 19 December 1922; 16 January 1923, RSMA.
    • (1921) RSM, Minutes of Council
  • 145
    • 1642459442 scopus 로고
    • 19 December
    • Honigsbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60. In 1922 the Royal Society of Medicine refused any longer to contribute to the funds of the Federation, and in January 1923 formally withdrew from it: RSM, Minutes of Council, 20 December 1921; 19 December 1922; 16 January 1923, RSMA.
    • (1922) RSM, Minutes of Council
  • 146
    • 1642581794 scopus 로고
    • 16 January, RSMA
    • Honigsbaum, Division (n. 3), p. 60. In 1922 the Royal Society of Medicine refused any longer to contribute to the funds of the Federation, and in January 1923 formally withdrew from it: RSM, Minutes of Council, 20 December 1921; 19 December 1922; 16 January 1923, RSMA.
    • (1923) RSM, Minutes of Council
  • 147
    • 1642541319 scopus 로고
    • 5 January
    • BMJ Suppl., 5 January 1929, p. 5.
    • (1929) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 5
  • 148
    • 1642581836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), pp. 11-13; Fenner Brockway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London: Allen & Unwin, 1949), p. 150; Morris-Jones, Doctor in the Whip's Room (n. 13), p. 160. On the rapport with the BMA, see the correspondence between Cox and Fremantle in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. The MPC was reconstituted in 1960; see MPU Minutes, 10 February 1960, letter from Dr. Dixon Mabon, MP, MPU Archives, Modern Records Centre, Warwick University (hereafter MPUA).
    • Doctor's Mandate , vol.26 , pp. 11-13
    • Fremantle1
  • 149
    • 0347004704 scopus 로고
    • London: Allen & Unwin
    • Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), pp. 11-13; Fenner Brockway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London: Allen & Unwin, 1949), p. 150; Morris-Jones, Doctor in the Whip's Room (n. 13), p. 160. On the rapport with the BMA, see the correspondence between Cox and Fremantle in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. The MPC was reconstituted in 1960; see MPU Minutes, 10 February 1960, letter from Dr. Dixon Mabon, MP, MPU Archives, Modern Records Centre, Warwick University (hereafter MPUA).
    • (1949) Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter , pp. 150
    • Brockway, F.1
  • 150
    • 1642500459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), pp. 11-13; Fenner Brockway, Bermondsey Story: The Life of Alfred Salter (London: Allen & Unwin, 1949), p. 150; Morris-Jones, Doctor in the Whip's Room (n. 13), p. 160. On the rapport with the BMA, see the correspondence between Cox and Fremantle in BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. The MPC was reconstituted in 1960; see MPU Minutes, 10 February 1960, letter from Dr. Dixon Mabon, MP, MPU Archives, Modern Records Centre, Warwick University (hereafter MPUA).
    • Doctor in the Whip's Room , vol.13 , pp. 160
    • Morris-Jones1
  • 151
    • 1642459490 scopus 로고
    • November, printed circular, BMAA, SA/BMA/C.79. See also Alfred Cox to Henry Brackenbury, 8 March 1927, on reasons for winding up the Fund: BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5
    • BMA, "Medical Representation in Parliament Fund," November 1923, printed circular, BMAA, SA/BMA/C.79. See also Alfred Cox to Henry Brackenbury, 8 March 1927, on reasons for winding up the Fund: BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5.
    • (1923) Medical Representation in Parliament Fund
  • 152
    • 1642500460 scopus 로고
    • 23 June
    • G. C. Anderson to John Moir, 19 May 1939, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Conservative candidate J. L. Moir in 1939 appears to have been the last person to apply for support from the Fund. After 1945 another Parliamentary Representation Fund was set up by the BMA (BMJ Suppl., 23 June 1945, p. 121), but it received equally poor support from members and its funds were rarely used. See J. D. Stewart, British Pressure Groups: Their Role in Relation to the House of Commons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), pp. 171-72.
    • (1945) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 121
  • 153
    • 1642581784 scopus 로고
    • Oxford: Clarendon Press
    • G. C. Anderson to John Moir, 19 May 1939, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.6. Conservative candidate J. L. Moir in 1939 appears to have been the last person to apply for support from the Fund. After 1945 another Parliamentary Representation Fund was set up by the BMA (BMJ Suppl., 23 June 1945, p. 121), but it received equally poor support from members and its funds were rarely used. See J. D. Stewart, British Pressure Groups: Their Role in Relation to the House of Commons (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1958), pp. 171-72.
    • (1958) British Pressure Groups: Their Role in Relation to the House of Commons , pp. 171-172
    • Stewart, J.D.1
  • 154
    • 1642541274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See letters of Sommerville Hastings and H. B. Morgan to PEC: BMAA, SMA/BMA/H.5 and H.6
    • See letters of Sommerville Hastings and H. B. Morgan to PEC: BMAA, SMA/BMA/H.5 and H.6.
  • 156
    • 1642459446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See correspondence between H. B. W. Morgan and BMA, 7 December 1938 and 20 January 1939, BMAA, SA/BMA/C.79
    • See correspondence between H. B. W. Morgan and BMA, 7 December 1938 and 20 January 1939, BMAA, SA/BMA/C.79; "Canvassing of patients by medical practitioners on behalf of candidates at elections," extract from BMA Ethical Committee Meetings, 9 May 1939, ibid.
  • 157
    • 1642500458 scopus 로고
    • Canvassing of patients by medical practitioners on behalf of candidates at elections
    • 9 May, ibid
    • See correspondence between H. B. W. Morgan and BMA, 7 December 1938 and 20 January 1939, BMAA, SA/BMA/C.79; "Canvassing of patients by medical practitioners on behalf of candidates at elections," extract from BMA Ethical Committee Meetings, 9 May 1939, ibid.
    • (1939) BMA Ethical Committee Meetings
  • 158
    • 1642581795 scopus 로고
    • 22 December
    • Dr. Fothergill, BMJ Suppl., 22 December 1928, p. 268. His view was challenged by those keen to solicit medical MPs.
    • (1928) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 268
    • Fothergill1
  • 159
    • 1642581796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The MPU's "Political Objects Fund" granted £300 to support Edward Gregg's candidacy in 1925: MPU Minutes, 12 November 1925, MPUA
    • The MPU's "Political Objects Fund" granted £300 to support Edward Gregg's candidacy in 1925: MPU Minutes, 12 November 1925, MPUA.
  • 160
    • 1642581834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • MPU Minutes, 6 July 1938. Although on 8 March 1939 the MPU Executive resolved to give £200 to the election campaign for their then-President, Leslie Heffernan, the money was to be raised by each Council member contributing £20, repayable at 5 percent interest.
  • 161
    • 84965362200 scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Representation of the Medical Profession
    • 10 May
    • The resolution for a parliamentary agent was made by the BMA's Medico-Parliamentary Committee on 2 January 1937, estimating the cost of the agent at between £70 and £100 per annum. The BMA executive agreed to this on 22 May 1937. Fremantle wrote to BMA Secretary G. C. Anderson on 25 August 1937 commending the idea and hoping that the agent would "co-operate with the Parliamentary Medical Committee by constant personal contacts with the Chairman and Secretary" (BMAA, SA/BMA/C.90). The agent - Messrs Sharpe, Pritchard and Co. - was active for the next ten years, charged with examining all bills introduced into both houses of Parliament with an eye to those affecting medicine, and engaging in promoting or opposing private bills: see BMAA, SA/BMA/C.90, Minutes of Committee, 1937-46, "Parliamentary Agents"; and SA/BMA/F.125, "Private Bills in Parliament, 1937-46." Except for the "increasing medical representation in Parliament," the job description for the Parliamentary Agent was essentially that of the Parliamentary Medical Committee as initially proposed by Cheyne in 1918: see "Parliamentary Representation of the Medical Profession," BMJ, 10 May 1919, p. 579.
    • (1919) BMJ , pp. 579
  • 162
    • 1642500463 scopus 로고
    • Representation of Medical Opinion in Parliament
    • 22 December
    • "Representation of Medical Opinion in Parliament," BMJ Suppl., 22 December 1928, pp. 268-69. The Parliamentary Elections Committee reviewed the situation and "explored the possibility of the appointment of a suitable medical practitioner elected to Parliament to a salaried post on the staff of the Association" (ibid.).
    • (1928) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 268-269
  • 163
    • 1642500463 scopus 로고
    • Representation of Medical Opinion in Parliament
    • "Representation of Medical Opinion in Parliament," BMJ Suppl., 22 December 1928, pp. 268-69. The Parliamentary Elections Committee reviewed the situation and "explored the possibility of the appointment of a suitable medical practitioner elected to Parliament to a salaried post on the staff of the Association" (ibid.).
    • (1928) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 268-269
  • 164
    • 1642581816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • MPU Executive Minutes, 10 June 1942 (on the MPU's hiring of its "agent," see 6 July 1938, 26 July 1940), MPUA. Groves, whose closest connection with the medical profession was his presidency of West Ham Society for the Welfare of the Blind, was succeeded in 1945 by Dr. Richard Clitherow, Labour MP for Edge Hill, Liverpool, from 1945 until his death in 1947. Clitherow, a pharmacist, began medical studies in 1941 before undertaking law in 1945.
  • 165
    • 1642459491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morris-Jones claims to have refused a top-up to his salary "from a medical organization because I wanted complete independence" (Doctor in the Whip's Room [n. 13], p. 163).
    • Doctor in the Whip's Room , vol.13 , pp. 163
  • 166
    • 1642581795 scopus 로고
    • 29 December
    • BMJ Suppl., 29 December 1928, p. 268; ibid., 5 January 1929, p. 5.
    • (1928) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 268
  • 167
    • 1642541319 scopus 로고
    • 5 January
    • BMJ Suppl., 29 December 1928, p. 268; ibid., 5 January 1929, p. 5.
    • (1929) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 5
  • 168
    • 1642500497 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Farquhar Buzzard to Charles Hill, 4 February 1937, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. Buzzard had been invited by the BMA to apply for support for his candidature.
  • 169
    • 84965356670 scopus 로고
    • Need for Medical Advice in Parliament
    • 5 October, quotation on p. 381
    • MUP member and Labour candidate John Kynaston, at the Steinway Hall meeting: "Need for Medical Advice in Parliament," BMJ, 5 October 1918, pp. 379-81, quotation on p. 381.
    • (1918) BMJ , pp. 379-381
  • 170
    • 85046326672 scopus 로고
    • The Medical Man in Parliament
    • 18 August
    • "The Medical Man in Parliament," Lancet, 18 August 1917, p. 247.
    • (1917) Lancet , pp. 247
  • 171
    • 1642459445 scopus 로고
    • 18 August
    • BMJ, 18 August 1917, pp. 235-36.
    • (1917) BMJ , pp. 235-236
  • 172
    • 1642459440 scopus 로고
    • 19 July
    • For Dr. Gavin Clark, for instance, medicine had become remote; by the time he unsuccessfully contested a seat for Labour in Glasgow in 1918 (aged seventy-two) he had behind him a well-earned reputation as a socialist, pacifist, and campaigner for female suffrage: Lancet, 19 July 1930, p. 168; BMJ, 19 July 1930, pp. 126-27. Joseph Hunter surprised his friends when, in 1926, aged fifty-one, he gave up his lucrative general practice in Dumfries for a post with the Land and Nation League, and then, three years later, stood successfully as Liberal MP for Dumfries; he eventually succeeded to the Scottish Liberal Whip: obituary, BMJ, 3 August 1935, p. 235. Percy McDougall, who qualified in 1894, similarly had a passion for the land-reform ideas of Henry George, but he was compelled to remain in general practice in Fallowfield, Manchester, after failing to win over the electorate in 1933 (at a by-election) and at the general election of 1935, when he stood as an Independent on the ticket "land monopoly the great disease in the body politic" (Lancet, 9 November 1935, p. 1092). For Rivers's involvment, see Richard Slobodin, W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" (rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1997), pp. 79-81.
    • (1930) Lancet , pp. 168
  • 173
    • 1642581828 scopus 로고
    • 19 July
    • For Dr. Gavin Clark, for instance, medicine had become remote; by the time he unsuccessfully contested a seat for Labour in Glasgow in 1918 (aged seventy-two) he had behind him a well-earned reputation as a socialist, pacifist, and campaigner for female suffrage: Lancet, 19 July 1930, p. 168; BMJ, 19 July 1930, pp. 126-27. Joseph Hunter surprised his friends when, in 1926, aged fifty-one, he gave up his lucrative general practice in Dumfries for a post with the Land and Nation League, and then, three years later, stood successfully as Liberal MP for Dumfries; he eventually succeeded to the Scottish Liberal Whip: obituary, BMJ, 3 August 1935, p. 235. Percy McDougall, who qualified in 1894, similarly had a passion for the land-reform ideas of Henry George, but he was compelled to remain in general practice in Fallowfield, Manchester, after failing to win over the electorate in 1933 (at a by-election) and at the general election of 1935, when he stood as an Independent on the ticket "land monopoly the great disease in the body politic" (Lancet, 9 November 1935, p. 1092). For Rivers's involvment, see Richard Slobodin, W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" (rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1997), pp. 79-81.
    • (1930) BMJ , pp. 126-127
  • 174
    • 1642500495 scopus 로고
    • 3 August
    • For Dr. Gavin Clark, for instance, medicine had become remote; by the time he unsuccessfully contested a seat for Labour in Glasgow in 1918 (aged seventy-two) he had behind him a well-earned reputation as a socialist, pacifist, and campaigner for female suffrage: Lancet, 19 July 1930, p. 168; BMJ, 19 July 1930, pp. 126-27. Joseph Hunter surprised his friends when, in 1926, aged fifty-one, he gave up his lucrative general practice in Dumfries for a post with the Land and Nation League, and then, three years later, stood successfully as Liberal MP for Dumfries; he eventually succeeded to the Scottish Liberal Whip: obituary, BMJ, 3 August 1935, p. 235. Percy McDougall, who qualified in 1894, similarly had a passion for the land-reform ideas of Henry George, but he was compelled to remain in general practice in Fallowfield, Manchester, after failing to win over the electorate in 1933 (at a by-election) and at the general election of 1935, when he stood as an Independent on the ticket "land monopoly the great disease in the body politic" (Lancet, 9 November 1935, p. 1092). For Rivers's involvment, see Richard Slobodin, W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" (rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1997), pp. 79-81.
    • (1935) BMJ , pp. 235
  • 175
    • 1642581739 scopus 로고
    • 9 November
    • For Dr. Gavin Clark, for instance, medicine had become remote; by the time he unsuccessfully contested a seat for Labour in Glasgow in 1918 (aged seventy-two) he had behind him a well-earned reputation as a socialist, pacifist, and campaigner for female suffrage: Lancet, 19 July 1930, p. 168; BMJ, 19 July 1930, pp. 126-27. Joseph Hunter surprised his friends when, in 1926, aged fifty-one, he gave up his lucrative general practice in Dumfries for a post with the Land and Nation League, and then, three years later, stood successfully as Liberal MP for Dumfries; he eventually succeeded to the Scottish Liberal Whip: obituary, BMJ, 3 August 1935, p. 235. Percy McDougall, who qualified in 1894, similarly had a passion for the land-reform ideas of Henry George, but he was compelled to remain in general practice in Fallowfield, Manchester, after failing to win over the electorate in 1933 (at a by-election) and at the general election of 1935, when he stood as an Independent on the ticket "land monopoly the great disease in the body politic" (Lancet, 9 November 1935, p. 1092). For Rivers's involvment, see Richard Slobodin, W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" (rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1997), pp. 79-81.
    • (1935) Lancet , pp. 1092
  • 176
    • 1642581831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton
    • For Dr. Gavin Clark, for instance, medicine had become remote; by the time he unsuccessfully contested a seat for Labour in Glasgow in 1918 (aged seventy-two) he had behind him a well-earned reputation as a socialist, pacifist, and campaigner for female suffrage: Lancet, 19 July 1930, p. 168; BMJ, 19 July 1930, pp. 126-27. Joseph Hunter surprised his friends when, in 1926, aged fifty-one, he gave up his lucrative general practice in Dumfries for a post with the Land and Nation League, and then, three years later, stood successfully as Liberal MP for Dumfries; he eventually succeeded to the Scottish Liberal Whip: obituary, BMJ, 3 August 1935, p. 235. Percy McDougall, who qualified in 1894, similarly had a passion for the land-reform ideas of Henry George, but he was compelled to remain in general practice in Fallowfield, Manchester, after failing to win over the electorate in 1933 (at a by-election) and at the general election of 1935, when he stood as an Independent on the ticket "land monopoly the great disease in the body politic" (Lancet, 9 November 1935, p. 1092). For Rivers's involvment, see Richard Slobodin, W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" (rev. ed., Thrupp, Stroud, U.K.: Sutton, 1997), pp. 79-81.
    • (1997) W. H. R. Rivers, Pioneer Anthropologist, Psychiatrist of "The Ghost Road" , pp. 79-81
    • Slobodin, R.1
  • 177
    • 1642581833 scopus 로고
    • Obituary, 1 April
    • Obituary, BMJ, l April 1939, p. 699.
    • (1939) BMJ , pp. 699
  • 178
    • 1642459473 scopus 로고
    • 6 March
    • BMJ, 6 March 1937, p. 533; Hansard, vol. 181, 12 March 1925, cols. 1709-10.
    • (1937) BMJ , pp. 533
  • 179
    • 1642500496 scopus 로고
    • 12 March, cols. 1709-10
    • BMJ, 6 March 1937, p. 533; Hansard, vol. 181, 12 March 1925, cols. 1709-10.
    • (1925) Hansard , vol.181
  • 181
    • 1642581817 scopus 로고
    • Obituary, 31 October
    • Obituary, BMJ, 31 October 1936, p. 901.
    • (1936) BMJ , pp. 901
  • 182
    • 1642581819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brockway, Bermondsey Story (n. 87), p. 150. Stephen Taylor simply found the Commons "boring" and much preferred the Lords, where "bombast is not appreciated ... [and] the adversarial element is much reduced" (Taylor, Natural History of Everyday Life [n. 13], pp. 47, 54).
    • Bermondsey Story , vol.87 , pp. 150
    • Brockway1
  • 183
    • 1642500485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brockway, Bermondsey Story (n. 87), p. 150. Stephen Taylor simply found the Commons "boring" and much preferred the Lords, where "bombast is not appreciated ... [and] the adversarial element is much reduced" (Taylor, Natural History of Everyday Life [n. 13], pp. 47, 54).
    • Natural History of Everyday Life , vol.13 , pp. 47
    • Taylor1
  • 184
    • 1642541311 scopus 로고
    • London: C. Johnson
    • See Donald McIntosh Johnson, A Doctor in Parliament (London: C. Johnson, 1958); idem, A Doctor Returns (London: C. Johnson, 1956); idem, A Doctor Regrets (London: C. Johnson, 1949).
    • (1958) A Doctor in Parliament
    • Johnson, D.M.1
  • 185
    • 1642459483 scopus 로고
    • London: C. Johnson
    • See Donald McIntosh Johnson, A Doctor in Parliament (London: C. Johnson, 1958); idem, A Doctor Returns (London: C. Johnson, 1956); idem, A Doctor Regrets (London: C. Johnson, 1949).
    • (1956) A Doctor Returns
    • Johnson, D.M.1
  • 186
    • 1642581830 scopus 로고
    • London: C. Johnson
    • See Donald McIntosh Johnson, A Doctor in Parliament (London: C. Johnson, 1958); idem, A Doctor Returns (London: C. Johnson, 1956); idem, A Doctor Regrets (London: C. Johnson, 1949).
    • (1949) A Doctor Regrets
    • Johnson, D.M.1
  • 187
    • 1642581790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thomas Watts of Manchester continued to do consulting after becoming an MP in 1922, but this was made possible by his brother and partner continuing to run the successful family practice. Until driven to exhaustion in 1929, Alfred Salter carried on his extensive and diverse general practice in Bermondsey (Brockway, Bermondsey Story [n. 87], pp. 113, 127, 143, 148), and H. B. W. Morgan continued as one of the physicians to "Labour's Own" Manor House Hospital in London. Dr. H. C. Boyde of Stratford promised his BMA interviewers in 1938 that he would continue as a GP if elected and "would make this clear to the Labour Party" (BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5).
    • Bermondsey Story , vol.87 , pp. 113
    • Brockway1
  • 188
    • 1642581778 scopus 로고
    • 10 January
    • See obituary in BMJ, 10 January 1953, p. 106; Hugh Wansey Bayly, Triple Challenge.... A Doctor's Memoirs of the Years 1914 to 1929 (London: Hutchinson, 1934), p. 244.
    • (1953) BMJ , pp. 106
  • 190
  • 191
    • 1642581788 scopus 로고
    • Obituary, 27 April
    • Obituary, BMJ, 27 April 1974, p. 230.
    • (1974) BMJ , pp. 230
  • 192
    • 1642541297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Examples include the food scientist John Boyd-Orr, the apothecary J. Dillon, and the pharmacist Hugh Linstead.
  • 193
    • 1642459489 scopus 로고
    • London: John Long
    • Arthur A. Lynch, My Life Story (London: John Long, 1924); BMJ, 7 April 1934, p. 647.
    • (1924) My Life Story
    • Lynch, A.A.1
  • 194
    • 1642459472 scopus 로고
    • 7 April
    • Arthur A. Lynch, My Life Story (London: John Long, 1924); BMJ, 7 April 1934, p. 647.
    • (1934) BMJ , pp. 647
  • 195
    • 1642581793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fremantle to Cox, 10 December 1923, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5
    • Fremantle to Cox, 10 December 1923, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5.
  • 196
    • 1642459486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cox to Fremantle, 8 December 1923, ibid
    • Cox to Fremantle, 8 December 1923, ibid.
  • 197
    • 1642500442 scopus 로고
    • 28 December
    • Lancet, 28 December 1946, p. 963.
    • (1946) Lancet , pp. 963
  • 199
    • 1642581829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Cox to Fremantle, 8 December 1923, BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5. See also Cox to Sir Thomas Watts, MP, 24 January, 19 November, 8 December 1923, SA/BMA/H.6. J. H. Williams (LSA 1902) was indeed of "no particular account," politically speaking: a partner with his son in general practice in Burry Port, Carmarthen, he was also a member of the Middle Temple and a Justice of the Peace. During his parliamentary career, which lasted from November 1922 until his death in February 1936, he frequently spoke in the House on medical issues, but was not watchful of the interests of the medical profession.
  • 200
    • 1642459485 scopus 로고
    • 11 November
    • Spero first stood unsuccessfully as a Liberal for West Leicester in November 1922, aged twenty-eight, campaigning on "consumption caused by shortage of houses and the high price of good food" (Lancet, 11 November 1922, p. 1043). Elected for Stoke Newington the following December, but defeated in October 1924 (having been the only person that year to receive anything from the BMA's Parliamentary Election Fund), in 1925 he joined the Labour Party, and was elected for Fulham West in May 1929.
    • (1922) Lancet , pp. 1043
  • 202
    • 1642541313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theodore Zeldon, France, 1848-1945, vol. 1: Ambition, Love and Politics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 23, quoted in Ellis, Physician-Legislators (n. 1), pp. 9-10.
    • Physician-legislators , vol.1 , pp. 9-10
    • Ellis1
  • 205
    • 1642459481 scopus 로고
    • Ministers of Health - Defend Us?
    • An exception is Sir G. Lenthal Cheatle's "Ministers of Health - Defend Us?" Nineteenth Cent., 1923, 149:30-38, which argued that a Ministry of Health without a medical man in charge was like Hamlet without the Prince. However, Cheatle was the elder brother of the distinguished FRCS, Arthur Henry Cheatle (1866-1929).
    • (1923) Nineteenth Cent. , vol.149 , pp. 30-38
    • Lenthal Cheatle, G.1
  • 206
    • 1642500494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On these features of the Royal College of Surgeons and the General Medical Council, see Bayly, Triple Challenge (n. 113), pp. 297-99, 308-10.
    • Triple Challenge , vol.113 , pp. 297-299
    • Bayly1
  • 207
    • 1642581832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • For the limits this placed on the ability of the BMA to speak for the profession as a whole, see Webster, National Health Service (n. 4).
    • National Health Service , vol.4
    • Webster1
  • 210
    • 1642581795 scopus 로고
    • 22 December
    • See, e.g., BMJ Suppl., 22 December 1928, p. 268; and, on this "false impression," 5 January 1929, p. 5.
    • (1928) BMJ Suppl. , pp. 268
  • 211
    • 1642500480 scopus 로고
    • 5 January
    • See, e.g., BMJ Suppl., 22 December 1928, p. 268; and, on this "false impression," 5 January 1929, p. 5.
    • (1929) False Impression , pp. 5
  • 212
    • 1642541301 scopus 로고
    • The Parliamentary Session
    • 2 November
    • "The Parliamentary Session," BMJ, 2 November 1935, pp. 845-46, at p. 846.
    • (1935) BMJ , pp. 845-846
  • 214
    • 1642459482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • BMA secretary Charles Hill, for example, stood unsuccessfully as an Independent for Cambridge University in 1945, but thereafter successfully campaigned as a "Liberal-Conservative."
  • 215
    • 1642500456 scopus 로고
    • 28 July
    • In July 1945 the BMA reached a membership of 50,000 for the first time (BMJ, 28 July 1945, p. 125), by which date there were 69,003 registered practitioners (Medical Directory, 1946, p. viii).
    • (1945) BMJ , pp. 125
  • 216
    • 1642581593 scopus 로고
    • In July 1945 the BMA reached a membership of 50,000 for the first time (BMJ, 28 July 1945, p. 125), by which date there were 69,003 registered practitioners (Medical Directory, 1946, p. viii).
    • (1946) Medical Directory
  • 217
    • 0025583716 scopus 로고
    • Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service
    • For the BMA correspondence on Haden-Guest, see BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5
    • See Charles Webster, "Conflict and Consensus: Explaining the British Health Service," Twentieth-Cent. Brit. Hist., 1990, 1: 115-51. For the BMA correspondence on Haden-Guest, see BMAA, SA/BMA/H.5.
    • (1990) Twentieth-cent. Brit. Hist. , vol.1 , pp. 115-151
    • Webster, C.1
  • 218
    • 1642581822 scopus 로고
    • 8 January
    • BMJ, 8 January 1910, p. 100.
    • (1910) BMJ , pp. 100
  • 219
    • 1642500484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crichton-Browne, in Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), pp. 19-20. See also Taylor, Natural History of Everyday Life (n. 13), pp. 47, 53-54.
    • Doctor's Mandate , vol.26 , pp. 19-20
    • Fremantle1
  • 220
    • 1642500485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crichton-Browne, in Fremantle, Doctor's Mandate (n. 26), pp. 19-20. See also Taylor, Natural History of Everyday Life (n. 13), pp. 47, 53-54.
    • Natural History of Everyday Life , vol.13 , pp. 47
    • Taylor1
  • 221
    • 1642541302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MPU Minutes, 11 May 1955, MPUA
    • MPU Minutes, 11 May 1955, MPUA.
  • 222
    • 1642459479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Haxey, Tory M.P. (n. 35), p. 84. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (n. 5), p. 77 n. 1, cites the example of Sir Frederick Messer, a Labour MP who was chairman of the Central Health Services Council, a member of the Ministry of Education Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children, VP of the Medical Superintendents Society, and chairman of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society, among many similar positions. Among other MPs with strong medical interests were C. W. Bowerman (who, along with J. R. Clynes, was prominent in the People's League of Health) John Buchan, Sir William Martin Conway, David Ennals, Sir Ian Fraser, Sir John Gorst, F. W. Jowett, Sir Philip Magnus, Eleanor Rathbone, J. F. Rawlinson, and Henry Willink. William Woolcock, prior to becoming Liberal MP for Hackney (1918-22), was secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society; he became chairman of the Committee on Medical Supplies in the House of Commons. William Woolley (Liberal MP for the Spen Valley, 1940-45), parliamentary private secretary to Ernest Brown when Brown was Minister of Health, was also a member of the Pharmaceutical Society.
    • Tory M.P. , vol.35 , pp. 84
    • Haxey1
  • 223
    • 24244481713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See Haxey, Tory M.P. (n. 35), p. 84. Eckstein, Pressure Group Politics (n. 5), p. 77 n. 1, cites the example of Sir Frederick Messer, a Labour MP who was chairman of the Central Health Services Council, a member of the Ministry of Education Advisory Committee on Handicapped Children, VP of the Medical Superintendents Society, and chairman of the Industrial Orthopaedic Society, among many similar positions. Among other MPs with strong medical interests were C. W. Bowerman (who, along with J. R. Clynes, was prominent in the People's League of Health) John Buchan, Sir William Martin Conway, David Ennals, Sir Ian Fraser, Sir John Gorst, F. W. Jowett, Sir Philip Magnus, Eleanor Rathbone, J. F. Rawlinson, and Henry Willink. William Woolcock, prior to becoming Liberal MP for Hackney (1918-22), was secretary of the Pharmaceutical Society; he became chairman of the Committee on Medical Supplies in the House of Commons. William Woolley (Liberal MP for the Spen Valley, 1940-45), parliamentary private secretary to Ernest Brown when Brown was Minister of Health, was also a member of the Pharmaceutical Society.
    • Pressure Group Politics , vol.1-5 , pp. 77
    • Eckstein1
  • 224
    • 1642581821 scopus 로고
    • 15 June
    • For example, in 1929 the BMA clearly hoped that the barrister and lay member of the General Medical Council (and future Minister of Health) Sir Hilton Young would join the MPC: see BMJ editorial, 15 June 1929, p. 1088.
    • (1929) BMJ Editorial , pp. 1088
  • 225
    • 1642581777 scopus 로고
    • Compulsory Treatment of the Injured Worker?
    • Labour MP, 8 December
    • Hubert M. Medland, Labour MP, quoted in "Compulsory Treatment of the Injured Worker?" Lancet, 8 December 1945, p. 756.
    • (1945) Lancet , pp. 756
    • Medland, H.M.1
  • 226
    • 1642541308 scopus 로고
    • 14 August, cols. 1080-83
    • Noel E. Buxton, for example, effectively challenged Cheyne's opposition to bonesetters (Hansard, vol. 97, 14 August 1917, cols. 1080-83); in the tradition of the antivivisectionist stockbroker MP Frederich Banbury, George Lansbury, the future leader of the Labour Party, opposed vaccination (Hansard, vol. 165, 28 June 1923, col. 2623).
    • (1917) Hansard , vol.97
  • 227
    • 1642541312 scopus 로고
    • 28 June, col. 2623
    • Noel E. Buxton, for example, effectively challenged Cheyne's opposition to bonesetters (Hansard, vol. 97, 14 August 1917, cols. 1080-83); in the tradition of the antivivisectionist stockbroker MP Frederich Banbury, George Lansbury, the future leader of the Labour Party, opposed vaccination (Hansard, vol. 165, 28 June 1923, col. 2623).
    • (1923) Hansard , vol.165
  • 228
    • 1642500462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Ph.D. diss., University of East Anglia]
    • "Why should the doctors not give up some of the Act of Parliament Trade Union privileges just as the workers have done?" demanded John Hodge, the Minister of Labour, in correspondence with Lloyd George in March 1917 (House of Lords Record Office, Lloyd George correspondence F/27/5/11, 14 March 1917, cited in Helen Bettinson, "'Lost Souls in the House of Restoration'? British Ex-Servicemen and War Disability Pensions, 1914-1930" [Ph.D. diss., University of East Anglia, 2002], p. 207).
    • (2002) 'Lost Souls in the House of Restoration'? British Ex-Servicemen and War Disability Pensions, 1914-1930 , pp. 207
    • Bettinson, H.1
  • 229
    • 1642459484 scopus 로고
    • 2 December, col. 1175
    • The latter appears in the maiden speech of Dr. William J. O'Donovan: Hansard, vol. 260, 2 December 1931, col. 1175.
    • (1931) Hansard , vol.260
    • O'Donovan, W.J.1
  • 230
    • 1642541305 scopus 로고
    • 8 July, cols. 841-45
    • Hansard, vol. 144, 8 July 1921, cols. 841-45.
    • (1921) Hansard , vol.144
  • 231
    • 1642459401 scopus 로고
    • 30 April, quotation on p. 964
    • Lancet, 30 April 1932, pp. 963-65, quotation on p. 964.
    • (1932) Lancet , pp. 963-965
  • 233
    • 0003522563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
    • For contemporary examples, see Michael Mulkay, The Embryo Research Debate: Science and the Politics of Reproduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Marta Kirejczyk, "Parliamentary Cultures and Human Embryos: The Dutch and British Debates Compared," Soc. Stud. Sci., 1999, 29:889-912.
    • (1997) The Embryo Research Debate: Science and the Politics of Reproduction
    • Mulkay, M.1
  • 234
    • 0033237349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parliamentary Cultures and Human Embryos: The Dutch and British Debates Compared
    • For contemporary examples, see Michael Mulkay, The Embryo Research Debate: Science and the Politics of Reproduction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Marta Kirejczyk, "Parliamentary Cultures and Human Embryos: The Dutch and British Debates Compared," Soc. Stud. Sci., 1999, 29:889-912.
    • (1999) Soc. Stud. Sci. , vol.29 , pp. 889-912
    • Kirejczyk, M.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.