메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1682-1700

Understory vegetation and environment responses to tillage, forest harvesting, and conifer plantation development

Author keywords

Agricultural plowing; Clear cut harvesting; Conifer plantations; Disturbance; Ground scarification; Herbaceous layer; Intensive forest management; Microhabitat; Mixed wood forests; Old fields; Ordination; Stand structure

Indexed keywords

COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; CONIFEROUS FOREST; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FOREST MANAGEMENT; HARVESTING; ORDINATION; SILVICULTURE; STAND STRUCTURE; TILLAGE; UNDERSTORY;

EID: 1642312216     PISSN: 10510761     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/02-5237     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (76)

References (67)
  • 2
    • 0020379014 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of understory biomass in sitka spruce - Western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska
    • Alaback, P. B. 1982. Dynamics of understory biomass in sitka spruce - western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. Ecology 63:1932-1948.
    • (1982) Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 1932-1948
    • Alaback, P.B.1
  • 3
    • 0030618281 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of evergreen and deciduous coniferous plantations on the field layer and seed bank of native woodlands
    • Amezaga, I., and M. Onaindia. 1997. The effect of evergreen and deciduous coniferous plantations on the field layer and seed bank of native woodlands. Ecography 20:308-318.
    • (1997) Ecography , vol.20 , pp. 308-318
    • Amezaga, I.1    Onaindia, M.2
  • 4
    • 0031907342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation in Danish beech forests: The importance of soil, microclimate and management factors, evaluated by variation partitioning
    • Aude, E., and J. E. Lawesson. 1998. Vegetation in Danish beech forests: the importance of soil, microclimate and management factors, evaluated by variation partitioning. Plant Ecology 134:53-65.
    • (1998) Plant Ecology , vol.134 , pp. 53-65
    • Aude, E.1    Lawesson, J.E.2
  • 6
    • 0021556740 scopus 로고
    • Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants
    • Beatty, S. W. 1984. Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants. Ecology 65:1406-1419.
    • (1984) Ecology , vol.65 , pp. 1406-1419
    • Beatty, S.W.1
  • 7
    • 0001091470 scopus 로고
    • Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity, of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada
    • Blais, J. R. 1983. Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity, of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13:539-547.
    • (1983) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.13 , pp. 539-547
    • Blais, J.R.1
  • 8
    • 0031803592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mosaic diversity of field layer vegetation in the natural and exploited forests of Bialowieza
    • Bobiec, A. 1998. The mosaic diversity of field layer vegetation in the natural and exploited forests of Bialowieza. Plant Ecology 136:175-187.
    • (1998) Plant Ecology , vol.136 , pp. 175-187
    • Bobiec, A.1
  • 10
    • 0025638069 scopus 로고
    • The role of litter in an old-field community: Impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance
    • Carson, W. P., and C. J. Peterson. 1990. The role of litter in an old-field community: impact of litter quantity in different seasons on plant species richness and abundance. Oecologia 85:8-13.
    • (1990) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 8-13
    • Carson, W.P.1    Peterson, C.J.2
  • 11
    • 0036872552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are plantations changing the tree species composition of New Brunswick's forests?
    • Erdle, T., and J. Pollard. 2002. Are plantations changing the tree species composition of New Brunswick's forests? Forestry Chronicle 78:812-821.
    • (2002) Forestry Chronicle , vol.78 , pp. 812-821
    • Erdle, T.1    Pollard, J.2
  • 12
    • 0026268827 scopus 로고
    • Plant litter: Its dynamics and effects on plant community structure
    • Facelli, J. M., and S. T. A. Pickett. 1991. Plant litter: its dynamics and effects on plant community structure. Botanical Reviews 57:1-32.
    • (1991) Botanical Reviews , vol.57 , pp. 1-32
    • Facelli, J.M.1    Pickett, S.T.A.2
  • 13
    • 0003517407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy
    • FAO. 1999. State of the world's forests 1999. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.
    • (1999) State of the World's Forests 1999
  • 15
    • 0027139027 scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous layer cover and biomass in a young versus mature stand of central Appalachian hardwood forest
    • Gilliam, F. S., and N. L. Turrill. 1993. Herbaceous layer cover and biomass in a young versus mature stand of central Appalachian hardwood forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:445-450.
    • (1993) Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club , vol.120 , pp. 445-450
    • Gilliam, F.S.1    Turrill, N.L.2
  • 16
    • 0028994991 scopus 로고
    • Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests
    • Gilliam, F. S., N. L. Turrill, and M. B. Adams. 1995. Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests. Ecological Applications 54:947-955.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.54 , pp. 947-955
    • Gilliam, F.S.1    Turrill, N.L.2    Adams, M.B.3
  • 18
    • 0033508141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil seed banks in young, closed-canopy forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Potential contributions to understory reinitiation
    • Halpern, C. B., S. A. Evans, and S. Nielson. 1999. Soil seed banks in young, closed-canopy forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: potential contributions to understory reinitiation. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:922-935.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.77 , pp. 922-935
    • Halpern, C.B.1    Evans, S.A.2    Nielson, S.3
  • 19
    • 0028994987 scopus 로고
    • Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest
    • Halpern, C. B., and T. A. Spies. 1995. Plant species diversity in natural and managed forests of the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 54:913-934.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.54 , pp. 913-934
    • Halpern, C.B.1    Spies, T.A.2
  • 20
    • 0036154123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests
    • Hartley, M. J. 2002. Rationale and methods for conserving biodiversity in plantation forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155:81-95.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.155 , pp. 81-95
    • Hartley, M.J.1
  • 21
    • 0000235091 scopus 로고
    • The development of a flora in even-aged plantations
    • E. D. Ford, D. C. Malcolm, and J. Atterson, editors. The ecology of even-aged forest plantations. Edinburgh, Scotland
    • Hill, M. O. 1978. The development of a flora in even-aged plantations. Pages 175-192 in E. D. Ford, D. C. Malcolm, and J. Atterson, editors. The ecology of even-aged forest plantations. Proceedings of the meeting of Division 1 International Union of Forestry Research Organizations, Edinburgh, Scotland.
    • (1978) Proceedings of the Meeting of Division 1 International Union of Forestry Research Organizations , pp. 175-192
    • Hill, M.O.1
  • 22
    • 0004208719 scopus 로고
    • Primrose Press, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
    • Hinds, H. R. 1986. The flora of New Brunswick. Primrose Press, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
    • (1986) The Flora of New Brunswick
    • Hinds, H.R.1
  • 25
    • 0027140591 scopus 로고
    • The ecological effects of clear-cutting
    • Keenan, R. J., and J. P. Kimmins. 1993. The ecological effects of clear-cutting. Environmental Reviews 1:121-144.
    • (1993) Environmental Reviews , vol.1 , pp. 121-144
    • Keenan, R.J.1    Kimmins, J.P.2
  • 26
    • 0024185559 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the ground flora under plantations on ancient woodland sites
    • Kirby, K. J. 1988. Changes in the ground flora under plantations on ancient woodland sites. Forestry 61:317-338.
    • (1988) Forestry , vol.61 , pp. 317-338
    • Kirby, K.J.1
  • 27
    • 0029790014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential carbon sequestration by afforestation of pasture in the south-central United States
    • Lee, J. J., and R. Dodson. 1996. Potential carbon sequestration by afforestation of pasture in the south-central United States. Agronomy Journal 88:381-384.
    • (1996) Agronomy Journal , vol.88 , pp. 381-384
    • Lee, J.J.1    Dodson, R.2
  • 28
    • 0033508701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Belowground traits of herbaceous species in young coniferous forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington
    • Lezberg, A. L., J. A. Antos, and C. B. Halpern. 1999. Belowground traits of herbaceous species in young coniferous forests of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:936-943.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.77 , pp. 936-943
    • Lezberg, A.L.1    Antos, J.A.2    Halpern, C.B.3
  • 29
    • 0030690956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understory vegetation in fast-growing tree plantations on savanna soils in Congo
    • Loumeto, J. J., and C. Huttel. 1997. Understory vegetation in fast-growing tree plantations on savanna soils in Congo. Forest Ecology and Management 99:65-81.
    • (1997) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.99 , pp. 65-81
    • Loumeto, J.J.1    Huttel, C.2
  • 30
    • 0002296764 scopus 로고
    • Estimating reductions in the diversity of tropical forest species
    • E. O. Wilson and F. M. Peter, editors. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA
    • Lugo, A. E. 1988. Estimating reductions in the diversity of tropical forest species. Pages 58-70 in E. O. Wilson and F. M. Peter, editors. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
    • (1988) Biodiversity , pp. 58-70
    • Lugo, A.E.1
  • 31
    • 0000694544 scopus 로고
    • Changes in understory vegetation with increasing stand age in New Brunswick forests: Species composition, cover, biomass and nutrients
    • MacLean, D. A., and R. W. Wein. 1977. Changes in understory vegetation with increasing stand age in New Brunswick forests: species composition, cover, biomass and nutrients. Canadian Journal of Botany 55:2818-2831.
    • (1977) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.55 , pp. 2818-2831
    • MacLean, D.A.1    Wein, R.W.2
  • 32
    • 0001447215 scopus 로고
    • Plant succession on fallen logs in a virgin spruce-fir forest
    • McCullough, H. A. 1948. Plant succession on fallen logs in a virgin spruce-fir forest. Ecology 294:508-513.
    • (1948) Ecology , vol.294 , pp. 508-513
    • McCullough, H.A.1
  • 34
    • 0001009101 scopus 로고
    • The effects of full-tree and tree-length harvests on natural regeneration
    • McInnis, B. G., and M. R. Roberts. 1994. The effects of full-tree and tree-length harvests on natural regeneration. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 11:131-137.
    • (1994) Northern Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.11 , pp. 131-137
    • McInnis, B.G.1    Roberts, M.R.2
  • 36
    • 0030304351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of understory vegetation and soil fertility in plantations and adjacent natural forests in the Ethiopian highlands
    • Michelsen, A., N. Lisanework, I. Friis, and N. Holst. 1996. Comparisons of understory vegetation and soil fertility in plantations and adjacent natural forests in the Ethiopian highlands. Journal of Applied Ecology 33:627-642.
    • (1996) Journal of Applied Ecology , vol.33 , pp. 627-642
    • Michelsen, A.1    Lisanework, N.2    Friis, I.3    Holst, N.4
  • 37
    • 0001412731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plantation forestry
    • M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Moore, S. E., and H. L. Allen. 1999. Plantation forestry. Pages 400-433 in M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1999) Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 400-433
    • Moore, S.E.1    Allen, H.L.2
  • 38
    • 0003791526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem classification working group, NBDNRE, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
    • NBDNRE (New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy). 1996. An ecological land classification system for New Brunswick. Ecosystem classification working group, NBDNRE, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
    • (1996) An Ecological Land Classification System for New Brunswick
  • 39
    • 0001032248 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation ecology: Theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia
    • Økland, R. H. 1990. Vegetation ecology: theory, methods and applications with reference to Fennoscandia. Sommerfeltia, Supplement 1:1-233.
    • (1990) Sommerfeltia, Supplement , vol.1 , pp. 1-233
    • Oslash1    kland, R.H.2
  • 41
    • 0002427434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species composition
    • M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Palik, B., and R. T. Engstrom. 1999. Species composition. Pages 65-94 in M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1999) Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 65-94
    • Palik, B.1    Engstrom, R.T.2
  • 42
    • 0027332774 scopus 로고
    • Putting things in even better order: The advantages of canonical correspondence analysis
    • Palmer, M. W. 1993. Putting things in even better order: the advantages of canonical correspondence analysis. Ecology 74:2215-2230.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 2215-2230
    • Palmer, M.W.1
  • 43
    • 0028995332 scopus 로고
    • Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site
    • Parrotta, J. A. 1995. Influence of overstory composition on understory colonization by native species in plantations on a degraded tropical site. Journal of Vegetation Science 6: 627-636.
    • (1995) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.6 , pp. 627-636
    • Parrotta, J.A.1
  • 44
    • 0030711668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of overstory composition on understory woody regeneration and species richness in 7-year-old plantations in Costa Rica
    • Powers, J. S., J. P. Haggar, and R. F. Fisher. 1997. The effect of overstory composition on understory woody regeneration and species richness in 7-year-old plantations in Costa Rica. Forest Ecology and Management 99:43-54.
    • (1997) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.99 , pp. 43-54
    • Powers, J.S.1    Haggar, J.P.2    Fisher, R.F.3
  • 45
    • 0030800467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of clearcutting and alternative silvicultural systems on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a coastal montane coniferous forest
    • Prescott, C. E. 1997. Effects of clearcutting and alternative silvicultural systems on rates of decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in a coastal montane coniferous forest. Forest Ecology and Management 95:253-260.
    • (1997) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.95 , pp. 253-260
    • Prescott, C.E.1
  • 46
    • 0031417403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diversity of the understory vascular vegetation in 40-year-old and old-growth forest stands on Vancouver Island, British Columbia
    • Qian, H., K. Klinka, and B. Sivak. 1997. Diversity of the understory vascular vegetation in 40-year-old and old-growth forest stands on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Journal of Vegetation Science 8:773-780.
    • (1997) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.8 , pp. 773-780
    • Qian, H.1    Klinka, K.2    Sivak, B.3
  • 47
    • 0036229562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of forest plantation management on herbaceous-layer composition and diversity
    • Roberts, M. R. 2002. Effects of forest plantation management on herbaceous-layer composition and diversity. Canadian Journal of Botany 80:378-389.
    • (2002) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.80 , pp. 378-389
    • Roberts, M.R.1
  • 48
    • 0028994979 scopus 로고
    • Patterns and mechanisms of plant diversity in forested ecosystems: Implications for forest management
    • Roberts, M. R., and F. S. Gilliam. 1995. Patterns and mechanisms of plant diversity in forested ecosystems: implications for forest management. Ecological Applications 5: 969-977.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.5 , pp. 969-977
    • Roberts, M.R.1    Gilliam, F.S.2
  • 49
    • 0036161833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early response of the herbaceous layer to harvesting in a mixed coniferous-deciduous forest in New Brunswick, Canada
    • Roberts, M. R., and L. Zhu. 2002. Early response of the herbaceous layer to harvesting in a mixed coniferous-deciduous forest in New Brunswick, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 155:17-31.
    • (2002) Forest Ecology and Management , vol.155 , pp. 17-31
    • Roberts, M.R.1    Zhu, L.2
  • 50
    • 0003545786 scopus 로고
    • Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service, Publication Number 1300. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
    • Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service, Publication Number 1300. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
    • (1972) Forest Regions of Canada
    • Rowe, J.S.1
  • 51
    • 0034956113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of forest plantations in the world's future timber supply
    • Sedjo, R. A. 2001. The role of forest plantations in the world's future timber supply. Forestry Chronicle 77:221-225.
    • (2001) Forestry Chronicle , vol.77 , pp. 221-225
    • Sedjo, R.A.1
  • 53
    • 0000575850 scopus 로고
    • The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: Productivity, nutrients, and phytosociology of the herbaceous layer
    • Siccama, T. G., F. H. Bormann, and G. E. Likens. 1970. The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: productivity, nutrients, and phytosociology of the herbaceous layer. Ecological Monographs 40:389-402.
    • (1970) Ecological Monographs , vol.40 , pp. 389-402
    • Siccama, T.G.1    Bormann, F.H.2    Likens, G.E.3
  • 54
    • 0013447060 scopus 로고
    • W.H. Freeman, New York, New York, USA
    • Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1981. Biometry. W.H. Freeman, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1981) Biometry
    • Sokal, R.R.1    Rohlf, F.J.2
  • 55
    • 0024184495 scopus 로고
    • Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington
    • Spies, T. A., J. F. Franklin, and T. B. Thomas. 1988. Coarse woody debris in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Ecology 69:1689-1702.
    • (1988) Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1689-1702
    • Spies, T.A.1    Franklin, J.F.2    Thomas, T.B.3
  • 56
    • 0003629394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • SPSS. 1998. SYSTAT for Windows, version 9. SPSS, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
    • (1998) SYSTAT for Windows, Version 9
  • 57
    • 0000376920 scopus 로고
    • Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland I: Field investigations
    • Sydes, C., and J. P. Grime. 1981. Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland I: field investigations. Journal of Ecology 69:237-248.
    • (1981) Journal of Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 237-248
    • Sydes, C.1    Grime, J.P.2
  • 58
    • 0023516196 scopus 로고
    • Effect of litter layer on natural regeneration of companion tree species in the Korean pine forest
    • Tao, D. L., Z. B. Xu, and X. Li. 1987. Effect of litter layer on natural regeneration of companion tree species in the Korean pine forest. Environmental and Experimental Botany 27:53-66.
    • (1987) Environmental and Experimental Botany , vol.27 , pp. 53-66
    • Tao, D.L.1    Xu, Z.B.2    Li, X.3
  • 60
    • 0001648854 scopus 로고
    • Treefalls and the colonization patterns of temperate forest herbs
    • Thompson, J. N. 1980. Treefalls and the colonization patterns of temperate forest herbs. American Midland Naturalist 104:176-184.
    • (1980) American Midland Naturalist , vol.104 , pp. 176-184
    • Thompson, J.N.1
  • 61
    • 0034758804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manipulation of density of Pseudotsuga menziesii canopies: Preliminary effects on understory vegetation
    • Thysell, D. R., and A. B. Carey. 2001. Manipulation of density of Pseudotsuga menziesii canopies: preliminary effects on understory vegetation. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31:1513-1525.
    • (2001) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.31 , pp. 1513-1525
    • Thysell, D.R.1    Carey, A.B.2
  • 62
    • 0033492761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economics of fossil fuel substitution and wood product sinks when trees are planted to sequester carbon on agricultural lands in western Canada
    • Van Kooten, G. C., E. Krcmar-Nozic, B. Stennes, and R. van Gorkom. 1999. Economics of fossil fuel substitution and wood product sinks when trees are planted to sequester carbon on agricultural lands in western Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29:1669-1678.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.29 , pp. 1669-1678
    • Van Kooten, G.C.1    Krcmar-Nozic, E.2    Stennes, B.3    Van Gorkom, R.4
  • 63
    • 1642307983 scopus 로고
    • Diameter measurement in the line intersect method
    • Van Wagner, C. E., and A. L. Wilson. 1976. Diameter measurement in the line intersect method. Forest Science 22: 230-232.
    • (1976) Forest Science , vol.22 , pp. 230-232
    • Van Wagner, C.E.1    Wilson, A.L.2
  • 64
    • 0000503359 scopus 로고
    • A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste
    • Warren, W. G., and P. F. Olsen. 1964. A line intersect technique for assessing logging waste. Forest Science 10:267-276.
    • (1964) Forest Science , vol.10 , pp. 267-276
    • Warren, W.G.1    Olsen, P.F.2
  • 65
    • 0027796721 scopus 로고
    • Effects of selected forest management practices on environmental parameters related to successional development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska
    • Yarie, J. 1993. Effects of selected forest management practices on environmental parameters related to successional development on the Tanana River floodplain, interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23:1001-1014.
    • (1993) Canadian Journal of Forest Research , vol.23 , pp. 1001-1014
    • Yarie, J.1
  • 67
    • 0003916567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest Management Branch, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
    • Zelazny, V. F., H. Veen, and M. C. Colpitts. 1997. Potential forests of the Fundy Model Forest. Forest Management Branch, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources and Energy, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada.
    • (1997) Potential Forests of the Fundy Model Forest
    • Zelazny, V.F.1    Veen, H.2    Colpitts, M.C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.