Neuroimaging in Posterior Reversible Encelopathy Syndrome

Journal of Neuroimaging

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 89-96

  Lamy, Catherine ^a   Oppenheim, C ^a   Meder J F ^a   Mas, J L ^a  

^a CENTRE HOSPITALIER SAINTE ANNE   (France)

Author keywords

Hypertensive encephalopathy; Leukoencephalopathy; MRI

Indexed keywords

ALPHA INTERFERON; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CISPLATIN; CONTRAST MEDIUM; CYCLOSPORIN A; CYTARABINE; CYTOKINE; ERYTHROPOIETIN; GADOLINIUM; GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AGENT; TACROLIMUS; VINCRISTINE;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRAIN DISEASE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECLAMPSIA; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERTENSION ENCEPHALOPATHY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NEUROIMAGING; NEURORADIOLOGY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SYNDROME DELINEATION; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA;

BRAIN; BRAIN DAMAGE, CHRONIC; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY; IMAGE ENHANCEMENT; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NEUROLOGIC EXAMINATION; PREGNANCY; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 1642268710     PISSN: 10512284     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1051228403258161     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, et al. A reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996;334:494-500.
2. Casey SO, Sampaio RC, Michel E, Truwit CL. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1199-1206.
3. Friese S, Fetter M, Küker W. Extensive brainstem edema in eclampsia: diffusion-weighted MRI may indicate a favorable prognosis. J Neurol 2000;247:465-466.
4. Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Gonzales RG, Schwamm LH. Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with eclampsia. Stroke 1997;28:1082-1085.
5. Schwartz RB, Mulkern RV, Gudbjartsson H, Jolesz F. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging in hypertensive encephalopathy: clues to pathogenesis. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:859-862.
6. Coley SC, Porter DA, Calamante F, Chong WK, Connelly A. Quantitative MR diffusion mapping and cyclosporine induced neurotoxicity. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1507-1510.
7. Provenzale JM, Petrella JR, Cruz LCH, Wong JC, Engelter S, Barboriak DP. Quantitative assessment of diffusion abnormalities in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1455-1461.
8. Engelter ST, Provenzale JM, Petrella JR. Assessment of vasogenic edema in eclampsia using diffusion imaging. Neuroradiology 2000;42:818-820.
9. Pavlakis SG, Frank Y, Chusid R. Hypertensive encephalopathy, reversible occipitoparietal encephalopathy or reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy: three names for an old syndrome. J Child Neurol 1999;14:277-281.
10. Bakshi R, Bates V, Mechtler L, Kinkel P, Kinkel W. Occipital seizures as the major clinical manifestation of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: magnetic resonance imaging findings. Epilepsia 1998;39:296-299.
11. Keswani SC, Wityk R. Don't throw in the towel! A case of reversible coma. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;73:83-84.
12. Oppenheim C, Galanaud D, Samson Y, et al. Can diffusion-weighted MR imaging help differentiate stroke form stroke-like event in MELAS? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:248-250.
13. Lamy C, Mas JL. Hypertensive encephalopathy. In: Mohr JP, Choi D, Grota JC, Weir B, Wolf PA, eds. Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management. New York: W. B. Saunders; in press.
14. Strandgaard S, Paulson OB. Cerebral autoregulation. Stroke 1984;15:413-415.
15. Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L. Cerebral auto-regulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 1990;2:161-192.
16. Ille O, Woimant F, Pruna A, Corabianu O, Idatte JM, Hagueneau M. Hypertensive encephalopathy after bilateral endarterectomy. Stroke 1995;26:488-491.
17. Covarrubias DJ, Luetmer PH, Campeau NG. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: prognostic utility of quantitative diffusion-weighted MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:1038-1048.
18. Ay H, Buonanno F, Schaefer P, et al. Posterior leukoencephalopathy without severe hypertension. Utility of diffusion-weighted MRI. Neurology 1998;51:1369-1376.
19. Dillon WP, Rowley H. The reversible posterior cerebral edema syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:591.
20. Kassem-Moussa H, Provenzale JM, Petrella JR, Lewis DV. Early diffusion-weighted MR imaging abnormalities in sustained seizure activity. Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1304-1306.
21. Yaffe K, Ferriero D, Barkovitch AJ, Rowley H. Reversible MRI abnormalities following seizures. Neurology 1995;45:104-108.
22. Chester EM, Agamanolis DP, Banker BQ, Victor M. Hypertensive encephalopathy: a clinicopathologic study of 20 cases. Neurology 1978;28:928-939.
23. Richards A, Graham D, Bullock R. Clinicopathological study of neurological complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:416-421.
24. Byrom F. The pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy and its relation to the malignant phase of hypertension: experimental evidence from the hypertensive rat. Lancet 1954;2:201-211.
25. Strangaard S, Jones JV, MacKenzie ET, Graham DI, Farrar JK. The sausage-string pattern in the pial vessels in acute, angiotensin-induced hypertension-vasospasm or vasodilation? Acta Med Scand Suppl 1976;602:9-12.
26. Mukherjee P, McKinstry RC. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: evaluation with diffusion-tensor imaging. Radiology 2001;219:756-765.
27. Koch S, Rabinstein A, Falcone S, Forteza A. Diffusion-weighted imaging shows cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in eclampsia. Am J Neuroradiol 2001;22:1068-1070.
28. Heo K, Park SA, Lee JY, Lee BI, Lee SK. Post-transfusion posterior leukoencephalopathy with cytotoxic and vasogenic edema precipitated by vasospasm. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;15:230-233.
29. Beausang-Linder M, Bill A. Cerebral circulation in acute arterial hypertension-protective effect of sympathetic nervous activity. Physiol Scand 1981;111:193-199.
30. Digre KB, Varner MW, Osborn AG, Crawford S. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in severe preeclampsia vs eclampsia. Arch Neurol 1993;50:399-406.
31. Schwartz RB, Feske SK, Polak JF, et al. Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 2000;217:371-376.
32. Roberts JM, Redman CWG. Pre-eclampsia: more than pregnancy-induced hypertension. Lancet 1993;34:1447-1450.
33. Savvidou MD, Hingorani AD, Tsikas D, Frolich JC, Vallance P, Nicolaides KH. Endothelial dysfunction and raised plasma concentrations of asymmetric dimethylarginine in pregnant women who subsequent develop preeclampsia. Lancet 2003;361:1511-1517.
34. Mas JL, Lamy C. Severe preeclampsia/eclampsia: hypertensive encephalopathy of pregnancy? Cerebrovasc Dis 1998;8:53-58.
35. Ito Y, Arahata Y, Goto Y, et al. Cisplatin neurotoxicity presenting as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:415-417.
36. Wang MC, Escott EJ, Breeze RE. Posterior fossa swelling hydrocephalus resulting from hypertensive encephalopathy: case report and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 1999;44:1325-1327.
37. Sèze Jd, Mastain B, Stojkovic T, et al. Unusual MR findings of the brainstem in arterial hypertension. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:391-394.
38. Oliviero PJ, Restrepo L, Mitchell SA, Tornatore CS, Frankel SR. Reversible tacrolimus-induced neurotoxicity isolated to the brain stem. Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1251-1254.
39. Schwartz RB, Jones KM, Kalina P, et al. Hypertensive encephalopathy: findings on CT, MR imaging and SPECT imaging in 14 cases. Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:379-383.
40. Weingarten K, Barbut D, Filippi C, Zimmerman RD. Acute hypertensive encephalopathy: findings on spin-echo and gradient-echo MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 1994;162:665-670.
41. Schwartz RB, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, et al. Cyclosporine neurotoxicity and its relationship to hypertensive encephalopathy: CT and MR findings in 16 cases. Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:627-631.
42. Trommer B, Homer D, Mikhael M. Cerebral vasospasm and eclampsia. Stroke 1988;19:326-329.
43. Will A, Lewis K, Hinshaw D, et al. Cerebral vasoconstriction in toxemia. Neurology 1987;37:1555-1557.
44. Kaplan P. Reversible hypercalcemic cerebral vasoconstriction with seizures and blindness: paradigm for eclampsia? Clin Electrencephalogr 1998;29:120-123.
45. Voltz R, Rosen FV, Yousry T, Beck J, Hohlfeld R. Reversible encephalopathy with cerebral vasospasm in a Guillain-Barré syndrome patient treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. Neurology 1996;46:250-251.
46. Henderson RD, Rajah T, Nicol AJ, Read SJ. Posterior leukoencephalopathy following intrathecal chemotherapy with MRA-documented vasospasm. Neurology 2003;60:326-328.
47. Ito Y, Niwa H, Iida T, et al. Post-transfusion reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome with cerebral vasoconstriction. Neurology 1997;49:1174-1175.
48. Boughammoura A, Touzé E, Oppenheim C, Trystram D, Mas JL. Reversible angiopathy and encephalopathy after blood transfusion. J Neurol 2003;250:116-118.
49. Singhal AB, Koroshetz W, Caplan LR. Cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes. In: Bogousslavsky J, Caplan LR, eds. Uncommon Causes of stroke. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; 2001:114-123.
50. Oppenheim C, Logak M, Dormont D, et al. Diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and diffusion-weighted sequences. Neuroradiology 2000;42:602-607.
51. Jones BV, Egelhoff JC, Patterson RJ. Hypertensive encephalopathy in children. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:101-106.
52. Sengar AR, Gupta RK, Dhanuka AK, Roy R, Das K. MR imaging, MR angiography, and MR spectroscopy of the brain in eclampsia. Am J Neuroradiol 1997;18:1485-1490.
53. Russell MT, Nassif AS, Cacayorin ED, Awwad E, Perman W, Dunphy F. Gemcitabine-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: MR imaging and MR spectroscopy findings. Magn Reson Imaging 2001;19:129-132.
54. Eichler FS, Wang P, Wityk RJ, Beauchamp NJ, Barker PB. Diffuse metabolic abnormalities in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Am J Neuroradiol 2002;23:833-837.
55. Sheth TN, Ichise M, Kucharczyk W. Brain perfusion imaging in asymptomatic patients receiving cyclosporin. Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:853-856.
56. Primavera A, Audenino D, Mavilio N, Cocito L. Reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome in systemic lupus and vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60:534-537
57. Vora J, Cooper J, Thomas JP. Polyarteritis nodosa presenting with hypertensive encephalopathy. Br J Clin Pract 1992;46:144-145.
58. Kaplan NM. Primary aldosteronism with malignant hypertension. N Engl J Med 1963;269:1282-1286.
59. Kupferschmidt H, Bont A, Schnorf H, et al. Transient cortical blindness and bioccipital brain lesions in two patients with acute intermittent porphyria. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:598-600.
60. Popp MB, Friedberg DL, MacMillan BG. Clinical characteristics of hypertension in burned children. Ann Surg 1980;191:473-478.
61. Sofer S, Gueron M. Vasodilatation and hypertensive encephalopathy following scorpion envenomation in children. Chest 1990;97:118-120.
62. Grewal RP, Miller BL. Cocaine-induced hypertensive encephalopathy. Acta Neurol (Napoli) 1991;13:279-281.
63. Lake CR, Gallant S, Masson E, Miller P. Adverse drugs effects attributed to phenylpropanolamine: a review of 142 case reports. Am J Med 1990;89:195-208.
64. Bakshi R, Shaikh Z, Bates V, Kinkel P. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: brain CT and MRI findings in 12 patients. Neurology 1999;52:1285-1288.
65. Taylor MB, Jackson A, Weller JM. Dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI in reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Br J Radiol 2000;73:438-442.
66. Truwit CL, Denaro CP, Lake JR, DeMarco T. MR imaging of reversible cyclosporin A-induced neurotoxicity. Am J Neuroradiol 1991;12:651-659.
67. Shutter LA, Green JP, Newman NJ, Hooks MA, Gordon RD. Cortical blindness and white matter lesions in a patient receiving FK506 after liver transplantation. Neurology 1993;43:2417-2418.
68. Hurwitz RL, Mahoney DH, Armstrong DL, Browder TM. Reversible encephalopathy and seizures as a result of conventional vincristine administration. Med Pediatr Oncol 1988;16:216-219.
69. Vaughn DJ, Jarvik JG, Hackney D, Peters S, Stadtmauer EA. High-dose cytarabine neurotoxicity: MR findings during the acute phase. Am J Neuroradiol 1993;14:1014-1016.
70. Cooney M, Bradley W, Symko S, Patel S, Groncy P. Hypertensive encephalopathy: complication in children treated for myeloproliferative disorders-report of three cases. Radiology 2000;214:711-716.
71. Shin RK, Stern JW, Janss AJ, Hunter JV, Liu GT. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy during the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Neurology 2001;56:388-391.
72. Karp BI, Yang JC, Khorsand M, Wood R, Merigan TC. Multiple cerebral lesions complicating therapy with interleukin-2. Neurology 1996;47:417-424.
73. Giner V, Fernandez C, Esteban MJ, Galindo MJ, Forner MJ, Redon JG. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy secondary to indinavir-induced hypertensive crisis: a case report. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:465-467.
74. Delanty N, Vaughan C, Frucht S, Stubgen P. Erythropoietin-associated hypertensive posterior leucoencephalopathy. Neurology 1997;49:686-689.
75. Leniger T, Kastrup O, Diener HC. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome induced by granulocyte stimulating factor filgrastim. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;69:280-281.
76. Mathy I, Gille M, Raemdonck FV, Delbecq J, Depre A. Neurological complications of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy: an illustrative case of acute encephalopathy following IVIg therapy and a review of the literature. Acta Neurol Belg 1998;98:347-351.
77. Sticherling C, Berkefeld J, Auch-Schwelk W, Landfermann H. Transient bilateral cortical blindness after coronary angiography. Lancet 1998;351:570.