Automatic processing of facial emotion in schizophrenia with and without affective negative symptoms

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 35-56

  Suslow, Thomas ^a   Droste, Tim ^a   Roestel, Cornelia ^a   Arolt, Volker ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MÜNSTER   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT; ADULT; AFFECT; AGE; ANHEDONIA; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEMOGRAPHY; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYMPTOM; FACIAL EXPRESSION; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE TEST; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; SCALE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS; SCALE FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF POSITIVE SYMPTOMS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 16244380786     PISSN: 13546805     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546800344000318     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Andreasen, N. C. (1982). Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 784-788.
3. Andreasen, N. C. (1984). The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa.
4. Andreasen, N. C. (1989). Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). British Journal of Psychiatry, 755(Suppl. 7), 53-58.
5. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, S., Govender, R., & Pratto, F. (1992). The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 893-912.
6. Bargh, J. A., & Chartrand, T. L. (2000). The mind in the middle. A practical guide to priming and automaticity research. In H. T. Reis & C. M. Judd (Eds.), Handbook of research methods in social and personality psychology (pp. 253-285). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Bartko, J. J., & Carpenter, W. T. (1976). On the methods and theory of reliability. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 163, 307-317.
8. Berenbaum, H., & Oltmanns, T. F. (1992). Emotional experience and expression in schizophrenia and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 37-44.
9. Beringer, J. (1999). Experimental Run Time System. Version 3.28. User's manual. Frankfurt: Beri-Soft.
10. Blanchard, J. J., Mueser, K. T., & Bellack, A. S. (1998). Anhedonia, positive and negative affect, and social functioning in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 413-424.
11. Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Measuring emotion: Behavior, feeling, and physiology. In R. Lane & L. Nadel (Eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion (pp. 242-276). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12. de Leon, J., Canuso, C., White, A. O., & Simpson, G. M. (1994). A pilot effort to determine benztropine equivalents of anticholinergic medications. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 45, 606-607.
13. de Sonneville, L. M. J., Verschoor, C. A., Njiokiktjien, C., Op het Veld, V., Toorertaar, N., & Vranken, M. (2002). Facial identity and facial emotions: Speed, accuracy, and processing strategies in children and adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 200-213.
14. Erwin, R. J., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Skolnick, B., Mawhinney-Hee, M., & Samailis, J. (1992). Facial emotion discrimination: I. Task construction and behavioral findings in normal subjects. Psychiatry Research, 42, 231-240.
15. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., & Kardes, F. R. (1986). On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 229-238.
16. Giner-Sorolla, R., Garcia, M. T., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The automatic evaluation of pictures. Social Cognition, 17, 76-96.
17. Glaser, J. (2003). Reverse priming: Implications for the (Un-)conditionality of automatic evaluation. In J. Musch & K. C. Klauer (Eds.), The psychology of evaluation: Affective processes in cognition and emotion (pp. 87-108). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Glaser, J., & Banaji, M. R. (1999). When fair is foul and foul is fair: Reverse priming in automatic evaluation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 669-687.
19. Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., & Abrams, R. L. (1996). Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273, 1699-1702.
20. Hermans, D., de Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (1994). The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 515-533.
21. Hermans, D., de Houwer, J., & Eelen, P. (2001). A time course analysis of the affective priming effect. Cognition and Emotion, 15, 143-165.
22. Höschel, K., & Irle, E. (2001). Emotional priming of facial affect identification in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 317-327.
23. Klauer, K. C. (1998). Affective priming. European Journal of Social Psychology, 8, 67-103.
24. Klinger, M. R., Burton, P. C., & Pitts, G. S. (2000). Mechanisms of unconscious priming: I. Response competition, not spreading activation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 441-455.
25. Krause, R., Steimer, E., Sänger-Alt, C., & Wagner, G. (1989). Facial expression of schizophrenic patients and their interaction partners. Psychiatry, 52, 1-12.
26. Kring, A. M., Kerr, S. L., Smith, D. A., & Neale, J. M. (1993). Flat affect in schizophrenia does not reflect diminished subjective experience of emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 507-517.
27. Kring, A. M., & Neale, J. M. (1996). Do schizophrenic patients show a disjunctive relationship among expressive, experiential, and psychophysiological components of emotion? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 249-257.
28. Lang, P. J. (1994). The motivational organization of emotion: Affect-reflex connections. In S. H. M. van Goozen, N. E. van de Poll, & J. A. Sergeant (Eds.), Emotions: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 61-93). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
29. Laux, G., Dietmaier, O., & König, W. (2000). Pharmakopsychiatrie. Munich: Urban & Fischer.
30. Loas, G., Noisette, C., Legrand, A., & Boyer, P. (2000). Is anhedonia a specific dimension in chronic schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 495-506.
31. Mandal, M. K., Pandey, R., & Prasad, A. B. (1998). Facial expressions of emotions and schizophrenia: A review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 24, 399-412.
32. Meehl, P. E. (1962). Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 17, 827-838.
33. Meehl, P. E. (1990). Toward an integrated theory of schizotaxia, schizotypy, and schizophrenia. Journal of Personality Disorders, 4, 1-99.
34. Meehl, P. E. (2001). Primary and secondary hypohedonia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 188-193.
35. Muliken, B., Joordens, S., Merikle, P., & Seiffert, A. (1998). Selective attention: A reevaluation of the implications of negative priming. Psychological Review, 105, 203-229.
36. Morris, J. S., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (1998). Conscious and unconscious emotional learning in the human amygdala. Nature, 393, 467-470.
37. Mueser, K. T., Sayers, S. L., Schooler, N. R., Mance, R. M., & Haas, G. L. (1994). A multisite investigation of the reliability of the scale for the assessment of negative symptoms. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1453-1462.
38. Murphy, S. T., & Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.
39. Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P. A. E. G., & deVries, M. W. (2000). Schizophrenia patients are more emotionally active than is assumed based on their behavior. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26, 847-854.
40. Neale, J. M., Blanchard, J. J., Kerr, S., Kring, A. M., & Smith, D. A. (1998). Flat affect in schizophrenia. In W. F. Flack & J. D. Laird (Eds.), Emotions in psychopathology. Theory and research (pp. 323-335). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Neely, J. H. (1991). Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories. In D. Besner & G. W. Humphreys (Eds.), Basic processes in reading. Visual word recognition (pp. 264-336). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
42. Posner, M. I., & Synder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso (Ed.), Information processing and cognition: The Loyola Symposium (pp. 55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43. Rossell, S. L., Shapleske, J., & David, A. S. (2000). Direct and indirect semantic priming with neutral and emotional words in schizophrenia: Relationship to delusions. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 5, 271-292.
44. Sayers, S. L., Curran, P. J., & Mueser, K. T. (1996). Factor structure and construct validity of the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms. Psychological Assessment, 8, 269-280.
45. Scherer, K. R. (2001). Appraisal considered as a process of multilevel sequential checking. In K. R. Scherer, A. Schorr, & T. Johnstone (Eds.), Appraisal processes in emotion. Theory, methods, research (pp. 92-120). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
46. Schlenker, R., Cohen, R., & Hopmann, G. (1995). Affective modulation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245, 309-318.
47. Simpson, G. M., & Angus, J. W. S. (1970). A rating scale for extrapyramidal side effects. Acta Psychiatrics Scandinavica, 46(Suppl. 212), 11-19.
48. Snaith, P. (1993). Anhedonia: A neglected symptom of psychopathology. Psychological Medicine, 23, 957-966.
49. Srivastava, P., & Mandal, M. K. (1990). Proximal spacing to facial affect expressions in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 31, 119-124.
50. Strauss, J. S., Rakfeldt, J., Harding, C. M., & Lieberman, P. (1989). Psychological and social aspects of negative symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155(Suppl. 7), 175-188.
51. Suslow, T., Junghanns, K., Donges, U. S., & Arolt, V. (2001). Alexithymia and automatic processing of verbal and facial stimuli. Cahiers de Psychologie Cognitive, 20, 297-324.
52. Tewes, U. (1991). Hamburg-Wechsler-Intelligenztest für Erwachsene. Bern: Huber.
53. Vrana, S. R., Spence, E. L., & Lang, P. J. (1988). The startle probe response: A new measure of emotion? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 487-491.
54. Wentura, D. (1999). Activation and inhibition of affective information: Evidence for negative priming in the evaluation task. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 65-91.
55. Wentura, D. (2000). Masked priming in the evaluation task: A switch from positive to negative priming due to speed-accuracy instructions. Unpublished manuscript, University of Münster.
56. Whalen, P. J., Rauch, S. L., Etcoff, N. L., McInerney, S. C., Lee, M. B., & Jenike, M. A. (1998). Masked presentations of emotional facial expressions modulate amygdala activity without explicit knowledge. Journal of Neuroscience, 18, 411-418.
57. Wittchen, H. U., Wunderlich, U., Gruschwitz, S., & Zaudig, M. (1997). SKID-1. Strukturiertes Klinisches Interview für DSM-IV. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
58. Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 35, 151-175.
59. Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Evidence for unconscious emotions. In P. Ekman & R. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 293-297). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.