Affective Priming

European Review of Social Psychology

Volumn 8, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 67-103

  Klauer, Karl Christoph ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84994681472     PISSN: 10463283     EISSN: 1479277X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14792779643000083     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Anderson, N. H., 1974. “ Information integration theory: A brief survey ”. In Contemporary Developments in Mathematical Psychology, Edited by: Krantz, D. H., Atkinson, R. C., Luce, R. D., and Suppes, P., San Francisco, CA: Freeman.
2. Anderson, J. R., and Bower, G. H., 1973. Human Associative Memory Washington, DC: V. H. Winston.
3. Arnold, M. B., 1960. Emotion and Personality: Psychological Aspects Vol. 1, New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Baddeley, A. D., 1986. Working Memory Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5. Bargh, J. A., 1994. “ The four horsemen of automaticity: Awareness, intention, efficiency, and control in social cognition ”. In Handbook of Social Cognition, Edited by: Wyer, R. S., and Srull, T. K., Vol. 1, 1–40. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, Sh., Govender, R., and Pratto, F., 1992. The generality of the automatic attitude activation effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62: 893–912.
7. Bargh, J. A., Chaiken, Sh., Raymond, P., and Hymes, C., 1996. The automatic evaluation effect: Unconditional automatic attitude activation with a pronunciation task. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 32: 104–128.
8. Bargh, J. A., Litt, J., Pratto, F., and Spielman, L. A., 1989. “ On the preconscious evaluation of social stimuli ”. In Cognition on Individual and Social Contexts, Edited by: Bennett, A. E., and McConkey, K. M., 357–70. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
9. Bellezza, F. S., Greenwald, A. G., and Banaji, M. R., 1986. Words high and low in pleasantness as rated by male and female college students. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 18: 299–303.
10. Bower, G. H., 1991. “ Mood congruity of social judgments ”. In Emotion and Social Judgments, Edited by: Forgas, J., 31–53. Oxford: Pergamon.
11. Carr, Th. H., and Dagenbach, D., 1990. Semantic priming and repetition priming from masked words: Evidence for a center-surround attentional mechanism in perceptual recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16: 341–50.
12. Casaer, S., 1993. Emotional Priming: Evidence from a Lexical Decision Task Poster presented at the Xth General Meeting of the European Association of Experimental Social Psychology Lisbon: Cosmos.
13. Chaiken, S., and Bargh, J. A., 1993. Occurrence versus moderation of the automatic attitude activation effect: Reply to Fazio. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64: 759–65.
14. Clark, H., 1973. The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 12: 335–9.
15. Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., and McClelland, J. L., 1990. On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the Stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97: 332–361.
16. Dagenbach, D., Carr, T. H., and Wilhelmsen, A., 1989. Task-induced strategies and near-threshold priming: Conscious effects on unconscious perception. Journal of Memory and Language, 28: 412–43.
17. de Groot, A. M. B., 1984. Primed lexical decision: Combined effects of the proportion of related prime-target pairs and the stimulus-onset asynchrony of prime and target. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36A: 253–80.
18. de Houwer, J., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P., 1994. Verbal evaluative conditioning with undetected US presentation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32: 629–33.
19. den Heyer, K., 1985. On the nature of the proportion effect in semantic priming. Acta Psychologica, 60: 25–38.
20. den Heyer, K., Briand, K., and Dannenbring, G., 1983. Strategic factors in a lexical decision task: Evidence for automatic and attention-driven processes. Memory & Cognition, 11: 374–81.
21. Devine, P. G., 1989. Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56: 5–18.
22. Dovidio, J. F., Evans, N., and Tyler, R. B., 1986. Racial stereotypes: The contents of their cognitive representations. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22: 22–37.
23. Draine, S. C., and Greenwald, A. G., (in press). Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General.
24. Eriksen, B. A., and Eriksen, C. W., 1974. Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Perception and Psychophysics, 16: 143–9.
25. Fazio, R. H., 1989. “ On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility ”. In Attitude Structure and Function, Edited by: Pratkanis, A. R., Breckler, S. J., and Greenwald, A. G., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26. Fazio, R. H., Sanbonmatsu, D. M., Powell, M. C., and Kardes, F. R., 1986. On the automatic activation of attitudes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50: 229–38.
27. Forgas, J. P., 1994. The role of emotion in social judgments: An introductory review and an Affect Infusion Model (AIM). European Journal of Social Psychology, 24: 1–24.
28. Greenwald, A. G., and Banaji, M. R., 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102: 4–27.
29. Greenwald, A. G., and Draine, S. C., in press. “ Do subliminal stimuli enter the mind unnoticed? Tests with a new method ”. In 25th Carnegie Symposium on Cognition: Scientific Approaches to the Question of Consciousness, Edited by: Cohen, J., and Schooler, J., 83–108. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Greenwald, A. G., Draine, S. C., and Abrams, R. L., 1996. Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science, 273: 1699–1702.
31. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., and Liu, Th. J., 1989. Unconscious processing of dichoptically masked words. Memory & Cognition, 17: 35–47.
32. Greenwald, A. G., Klinger, M. R., and Schuh, E., 1995. Activation by marginally perceptible (“subliminal”) stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 124: 22–42.
33. Greenwald, A. G., and Rosenberg, K. E., 1978. “ Sequential effects of distracting stimuli in a selective attention reaction time task ”. In Attention and Performance, Edited by: Requin, J., Vol. VII, 487–504. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Hager, W., and Hasselhorn, M., 1994. Handbuch deutschsprachiger Wortnormen (Handbook of German word norms) Göttingen: Hogrefe.
35. Hansen, C. F., and Hansen, R. D., 1988. Finding the face in the crowd: An anger superiority effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54: 917–24.
36. Heider, F., 1944. Social perception and phenomenal causality. Psychological Review, 51: 358–78.
37. Heider, F., 1958. The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations New York: Wiley.
38. Hermans, D., 1996. Automatische stimulusevaluatie. Een experimentele analyse van de voorwaarden voor evaluatieve stimulusdiscriminatie aan de hand van het affectieve-primingparadigma (Automatic stimulus evaluation An experimental analysis of the preconditions for evaluative stimulus discrimination using an affective priming paradigm). Unpublished doctoral dissertation: University of Leuven
39. Hermans, D., Baeyens, F., and Eelen, P., 1995. Odours as affective processing context for word evaluation: A case of non-associative cross-modal affective priming Unpublished manuscript
40. Hermans, D., and de Houwer, J., 1994. Affective and subjective familiarity ratings of 740 Dutch words. Psychologica Belgica, 34: 115–39.
41. Hermans, D., de Houwer, J., and Eelen, P., 1994. The affective priming effect: Automatic activation of evaluative information in memory. Cognition and Emotion, 8: 515–33.
42. Hill, A. B., and Kemp-Wheeler, S. M., 1989. The influence of context on lexical decision time for emotional and non-emotional words. Current Psychology: Research and Review, 8: 219–27.
43. Johnson, M. K., and Weisz, C., 1994. “ Comments on unconscious processing: Finding emotion in the cognitive stream ”. In The Heart's Eye, Edited by: Niedenthal, P. M., and Kitayama, Sh., 145–64. New York: Academic Press.
44. Kahneman, D., and Treisman, A., 1984. “ Changing views of attention and auto-maticity ”. In Varieties of Attention, Edited by: Parasuranam, R., and Davis, D. R., 29–61. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
45. Kemp-Wheeler, S. M., and Hill, A. B., 1992. Semantic and emotional priming below objective detection threshold. Cognition and Emotion, 6: 113–28.
46. Klauer, K. C., 1991. Einstellungen: Der Einfluß der affektiven Komponente aufdas kognitive Urteilen (Attitudes: The Influence of the Affective Component on Cognitive Judgments) Göttingen: Hogrefe.
47. Klauer, K. C., Draine, S. C., and Greenwald, A. G., 1997. An unbiased errors-invariables approach to detecting unconscious cognition (manuscript submitted for publication)
48. Klauer, K. C., Roßnagel, C., and Musch, J., 1995. Arbeitsbericht zum Projekt Affektiven Priming (Research report for the project Affective Priming) Unpublished manuscript
49. Klauer, K. C., Roßnagel, C., and Musch, J., 1997. List-context effects in evaluative priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 23: 246–55.
50. Klauer, K. C., and Stern, E., 1992. How attitudes guide memory-based judgments: A two-process model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28: 186–206.
51. Krech, D., Crutchfield, R. S., and Ballachey, E. L., 1962. Individual in Society New York: McGraw-Hill.
52. Krosnick, J. A., Betz, A. L., Jussim, L. J., and Lynn, A. R., 1992. Subliminal conditioning of attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18: 155–62.
53. Lazarus, R. S., 1991. Psychological Stress and the Coping Process New York: McGraw-Hill.
54. Lazarus, R. S., 1991. Emotion and Adaptation New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Logan, G. D., 1980. Attention and automaticity in Stroop and priming tasks: Theory and data. Cognitive Psychology, 12: 523–53.
56. Logan, G. D., and Zbrodoff, N. J., 1979. When it helps to be misled: Facilitative effects of increasing the frequency of conflicting stimuli in a Stroop-like task. Memory and Cognition, 7: 166–74.
57. Logan, G. D., Zbrodoff, N. J., and Williamson, J., 1984. Strategies in the color-word Stroop task. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 22: 135–8.
58. Lord, C. G., Ross, L., and Lepper, M. R., 1979. Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37: 2098–2109.
59. MacLeod, C. M., 1991. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109: 163–203.
60. Mandler, G., 1994. “ Hypermnesia, incubation, and mind-popping: On remembering without really trying ”. In Attention and Performance, XV: Conscious and Nonconscious Information Processing, Edited by: Umiltà, C., and Moscovitch, M., 3–33. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
61. Martin, L., and Levey, A. B., 1978. Evaluative conditioning. Advances in Behavioral Research and Therapy, 1: 57–102.
62. McNamara, T. P., and Altarriba, J., 1988. Depth of spreading activation revisited: semantic mediated priming occurs in lexical decisions. Journal of Memory and Language, 27: 545–59.
63. Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J. L., and Zajonc, R. B., 1995. Additivity of nonconscious affect: Combined effects of priming and exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69: 589–602.
64. Murphy, S. T., and Zajonc, R. B., 1993. Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affective priming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64: 723–39.
65. Neely, J. H., 1977. Semantic priming and retrieval from lexical memory: Roles of inhibitionless spreading activation and limited capacity attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 106: 226–54.
66. Neely, J. H., 1991. “ Semantic priming effects in visual word recognition: A selective review of current findings and theories ”. In Basic Processes in Reading: Visual Word Recognition, Edited by: Besner, D., and Humphreys, G., 264–337. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
67. Neely, J. H., and Keefe, D. E., 1989. “ Semantic context effects on visual word processing: A hybrid prospective/retrospective processing theory ”. In The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory, Edited by: Bower, G. H., Vol. 24, 207–48. New York: Academic Press.
68. Neely, J. H., Keefe, D. E., and Ross, K. L., 1989. Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retrospective semantic matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15: 1003–19.
69. Niedenthal, P. M., 1990. Implicit perception of affective information. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26: 505–27.
70. Nisbett, R. E., and Wilson, T., 1977. The halo effect: Evidence for unconscious alteration of judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35: 250–56.
71. Ortony, A., and Turner, T. J., 1990. What's basic about basic emotions?. Psychological Review, 97: 315–31.
72. Osgood, C. E., and Suci, G. J., 1955. Factor analysis of meaning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 50: 325–38.
73. Osgood, C. E., Suci, G., and Tannenbaum, P. H., 1957. The Measurement of Meaning Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
74. Peeters, G., and Czapinski, J., 1990. “ Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational effects ”. In European Review of Social Psychology, Edited by: Stroebe, W., and Hewstone, M., Vol. 1, 33–60. Chichester: Wiley.
75. Perdue, C. W., Dovidio, J. F., Gurtman, M. B., and Tyler, R. B., 1990. Us and them: Social categorization and the process of intergroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59: 475–86.
76. Posner, M. I., and Snyder, C., 1975. “ Attention and cognitive control ”. In Information Processing and Cognition: The Loyola Symposium, Edited by: Solso, R. L., 55–85. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
77. Pratto, F., 1994. “ Consciousness and automatic evaluation ”. In The Heart's Eye, Edited by: Niedenthal, P. M., and Kitayama, Sh., 115–43. New York: Academic Press.
78. Pratto, F., and John, O. P., 1991. Automatic vigilance: The attention-grabbing power of negative social information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61: 380–91.
79. Ratcliff, R., and McKoon, G., 1981. Automatic and strategic components of priming in recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior, 20 (74): 204–15.
80. Reingold, E. M., and Merikle, P. M., 1988. Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics, 44: 563–75.
81. Roskos-Ewoldsen, D. R., and Fazio, R. H., 1992. On the orienting value of attitudes: Attitude accessibility as a determinant of an object's attraction of visual attention. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63: 198–211.
82. Rothermund, K., Wentura, D., and Bak, P., 1995. Verschiebung valenzbezogener Aufmersamkeitsasymmetrien in Abhängigkeit vom Handlungskontext: Bericht über ein Experiment (Shifts in valnence-related asymmetries in attention as a function of action context: Report of an experiment). Trierer Psychologische Berichte, 22 (4)
83. Scherer, K. R., 1988. “ Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review ”. In Cognitive Perspectives on Emotion and Motivation, Edited by: Hamilton, V., Bower, B. H., and Frijda, H., 89–126. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
84. Shelton, J. R., and Martin, R. C., 1992. How semantic is automatic semantic priming?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18: 1191–1210.
85. Skowronski, J. J., and Carlston, D. E., 1989. Negativity and extremity biases in impression formation: A review of explanations. Psychological Bulletin, 105: 131–42.
86. Smith, M. C., Besner, D., and Myoshi, H., 1994. New limits to automaticity: Context modulates semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20: 104–15.
87. Smith, M. C., Theodor, L., and Franklin, P. E., 1983. The relationship between contextual facilitation and depth of processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 9: 697–712.
88. Staats, A. W., and Staats, C. K., 1958. Attitudes established by classical conditioning. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57: 37–40.
89. Staats, C. K., and Staats, A. W., 1957. Meaning established by classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54: 74–80.
90. Stolz, J. H., and Neely, J. H., 1995. When target degradation does and does not enhance semantic context effects in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 21: 596–611.
91. Wentura, D., 1996. The “meddling-in” of affective information: Evidence for negative priming and implicit judgment tendencies in the affective priming paradigm Unpublished manuscript
92. Wetzel, C. G., Wilson, T. D., and Kort, J., 1981. The halo effect revisited: forewarned is not forearmed. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 17: 427–39.
93. Wyer, R. S., and Srull, T. K., 1980. “ The processing of social stimulus information: A conceptual integration ”. In Person Memory: The Cognitive Basis of Social Perception, Edited by: Hastie, R., Ostrom, T. M., Ebbesen, E. B., Wyer, R. S., Hamilton, D. L., and Carlston, D. E., Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
94. Zajonc, R. B., 1980. Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist, 39: 117–24.
95. Zillig, M., 1928. Einstellung und Aussage (Attitude and Proposition). Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 106: 58–106.