Grizzly Ursus arctos and black bear U. americanus densities in the interior mountains of North America

Wildlife Biology

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 31-48

  Mowat, Garth ^a   Heard, Douglas C ^b   Seip, Dale R ^c   Poole, Kim G ^a   Stenhouse, Gord ^d   Paetkau, David W ^e  

^a Aurora Wildlife Research   (Canada)

^b BC Min Water Land and Air Protect   (Canada)

^c RESEARCH BRANCH   (Canada)

^d Alberta Sustainable Resource Development   (Canada)

^e WILDLIFE GENETICS INTERNATIONAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Carrying capacity; Closure; Ecosystems; Movements; Population size; Ursus americanus; Ursus arctos

Indexed keywords

ONCORHYNCHUS; URSUS AMERICANUS; URSUS ARCTOS;

EID: 16244375259     PISSN: 09096396     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[31:GUAABB]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Bailey, R.G. 1997: Ecoregions of North America. - United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
2. Banci, V. 1991: Updated status report on the grizzly bear in Canada. - Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, 171 pp.
3. Boulanger, J. & Krebs, C.J. 1996: Robustness of capture-recapture estimators to sample biases in a cyclic snowshoe hare population. - Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 530-542.
4. Boulanger, J. & McLellan, B.N. 2001: Closure violation bias in DNA based mark-recapture population estimates of grizzly bears. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 79: 642-651.
5. Boulanger, J., White, G.C., McLellan, B.N., Woods, J., Proctor, M. & Himmer, S. 2002: A meta-analysis of grizzly bear DNA mark-recapture projects in British Columbia, Canada. - Ursus 13: 137-152.
6. Boutin, S. 1984: Home range size and methods of estimating snowshoe hare densities. - Acta Zoologica Fennica 171: 275-278.
7. Chao, A. 1989: Estimating animal abundance with capture frequency data. - Biometrics 29: 79-100.
8. Chao, A. & Jeng, S.L. 1992: Estimating population size for capture-recapture data when capture probabilities vary by time and individual animal. - Biometrics 48: 201-212.
9. Ciarniello, L.M., Paczkowski, J., Heard, D., Ross, I. & Seip, D. 2001: Parsnip grizzly bear population and habitat project, 2000 progress report. - Unpublished report for Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Chetwynd, British Columbia, Canada, 56 pp. Available at http://web.unbc.ca/parsnip-grizzly/ progress.htm
10. Demarchi, D.A., Marsh, R.D., Harcombe, A.P. & Lea, E.C. 1990: The Environment. - In: Campbell, R.W., Dawe, N.K., McTaggart-Cowan, I., Cooper, J.M., Kaiser G.W. & McNall, M.C.E. (Eds.); The Birds of British Columbia. Volume 1. Royal British Columbia Museum, pp 55-144.
11. Dice, L.R. 1938: Some census methods for mammals. - Journal of Wildlife Management 2: 119-130.
12. Eberhardt, L.L. 1990: Using radio-telemetry for mark-recapture studies with edge effect. - Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 259-271.
13. Ennis, S. & Gallagher, T.F. 1994: PCR based sex determination assay in cattle based on the bovine Amelogenin Locus. - Animal Genetics 25: 425-427.
14. Franklin, S.E., Stenhouse, G.B., Hansen, M.J., Popplewell, C.C., Dechka, J.A. & Peddle, D.R. 2001: An integrated decision tree approach (ISTA) to mapping landcover using satellite remote sensing in support of grizzly bear habitat analysis in the Alberta yellowhead ecosystem. - Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing 27: 579-592.
15. Fuhr, B. & Demarchi, D.A. 1990: A methodology for grizzly bear habitat assessment in British Columbia. - B.C. Ministry of Environment, Wildlife Bulletin No. B-67, Victoria, B.C., Canada, 28 pp.
16. Garshelis, D.L. 1992: Mark-recapture density estimation for animals with large home ranges. - In: McCullough, D.R. & Barren, R.H. (Eds.); Wildlife 2001: populations. Elsevier Press Science, London, pp. 1098-1111.
17. Hamer, D. & Herrero, S. 1987: Grizzly bear food and habitat in the Front Ranges of Banff National Park, Alberta. - International Conference on Bear Research and Management 7: 199-214.
18. Hamer, D., Herrero, S. & Brady, K. 1991: Food and habitat used by grizzly bears along the continental divide in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. - Canadian Field Naturalist 105: 325-329.
19. Hilderbrand, G.V., Farley, S.D., Robbins, C.T., Hanley, T.A., Titus, K. & Servheen, C. 1996: Use of stable isotopes to determine the diets of living and extinct bears. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 2080-2088.
20. Hilderbrand, G.V., Schwartz, C.C., Robbins, C.T., Jacoby, M.E., Hanley, T.A., Arthur, S.M. & Servheen, C. 1999: The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 77: 132-138.
21. Jacoby, M.E., Hilderbrand, G.V., Servheen, C., Schwartz, C.C., Arthur, S.M., Hanley, T.A., Robbins, C.T. & Michener, R. 1999: Trophic relations of brown and black bears in several western North American ecosystems. - Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 921-929.
22. Jonkel, C.J. & Cowan, I.M. 1971: The black bear in the spruce-fir forest. - Wildlife Monographs No. 27, 57 pp.
23. Kendall, W.L. 1999: Robustness of closed capture-recapture methods to violations of the closure assumption. - Ecology 80: 2517-2525.
24. Kenward, R.E., Marcström, V. & Karlbom, M. 1981: Goshawk winter ecology in Swedish pheasant habitats. - Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 397-408.
25. Kolenosky, G.B. & Strathearn, S.M. 1987: Black bear. - In: Novak, M., Baker, J.A., Obbard, M.E. & Malloch, B. (Eds.); Wild furbearer management and conservation in North America. Ontario Trappers Association, North Bay, Ontario, Canada, pp. 443-454.
26. LeFranc, M.N., Moss, M.B., Patnode, K.A. & Sugg, W.C. (Eds.) 1987: Grizzly bear compendium. - Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, Washington, D.C., USA, 540 pp.
27. Mace, R.D. & Waller, J.S. 1998: Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. - Conservation Biology 12: 1005-1016.
28. MacHutchon, A.G., Himmer, S. & Bryden, C.A. 1993: Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study: Final Report. - Ministry of Environment, Lands, and Parks. Report No. R-25, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, 105 pp.
29. Manning, T., Edge, W.D. & Wolff, J.O. 1995: Evaluating population-size estimators: an empirical approach. - Journal of Mammalogy 76: 1149-1158.
30. Martinka, C.J. 1974: Population characteristics of grizzly bears in Glacier National Park, Montana. - Journal of Mammalogy 55: 21-29.
31. Mattson, D.J. & Reinhart, D.P. 1995: Influences of cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki) on behaviour and reproduction of Yellowstone grizzly bears (Ursus arctos), 1975-1989. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 2072-2079.
32. McLellan, B.N. 1989: Dynamics of a grizzly bear population during a period of industrial resource extraction. I. Density and age-sex composition. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 1856-1860.
33. McLellan, B.N., Hovey, F.W., Mace, R.D., Woods, J.G., Camey, D.W., Gibeau, M.L., Wakkinen, W.L. & Kasworm, W.F. 1999: Rates and causes of mortality of grizzly bears in the interior mountains of British Columbia, Alberta, Montana, Washington, and Idaho. - Journal of Wildlife Management 63: 911-920.
34. Miller, S.D., White, G.C., Sellers, R.A., Reynolds, H.V., Schoen, J.W., Titus, K., Barnes, V.G., Jr., Smith, R.B., Nelson, R.R., Ballard, W.B. & Schwartz, C.C. 1997: Brown and black bear density estimation in Alaska using radiotelemetry and replicated mark-resight techniques. - Wildlife Monograph 133, 55 pp.
35. Mowat, G. & Strobeck, C. 2000: Estimating population size of grizzly bears using hair capture, DNA profiling, and mark-recapture analysis. - Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 183-193.
36. Nagy, J.A.S. & Haroldson, M.A. 1989: Comparisons of some home range and population parameters among 4 grizzly bear populations in Canada. - International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8: 227-235.
37. Nagy, J.R. & Gunson, J.R. 1990: Management plan for grizzly bears on Alberta. - Wildlife Management Planning Series Number 2, Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, 164 pp.
38. Nielsen, S.E., Boyce, M.S., Stenhouse, G.B. & Munro, R.H.M. 2002: Modeling grizzly bear habitats in the Yellow-head ecosystem: taking autocorrelation seriously. - Ursus 13: 45-56.
39. Otis, D.L., Burnham, K.P., White, G.C. & Andersen, D.P. 1978: Statistical inference from capture data on closed animal populations. - Wildlife Monographs 62, 135 pp.
40. Paetkau, D. 2003: An empirical exploration of data quality in DNA-based population inventories. - Molecular Ecology 12: 1375-1387.
41. Paetkau, D.W. & Strobeck, C. 1996: Mitochondrial DNA and the phylogeography of Newfoundland black bears. - Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 192-196.
42. Paetkau, D.W., Shields, G.F. & Strobeck, C. 1998: Gene flow between insular, coastal and interior populations of brown bears in Alaska. - Molecular Ecology 7: 1283-1292.
43. Pelton, M.R. 1983: Black Bears. - In: Chapman, J.A. & Feldhammer, G.A. (Eds.); Wild mammals of North America: biology, management, economics. John Hopkins university Press, Baltimore, USA, pp. 504-514.
44. Poole, K.G., Mowat, G. & Fear, D.A. 2001: DNA-based population estimate for grizzly bears in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. - Wildlife Biology 7: 65-75.
45. Proctor, M.F., McLellan, B.N. & Strobeck, C. 2002: Population fragmentation of grizzly bears in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. - Ursus 13: 153-160.
46. Schoen, J.W. & Beier, L.R. 1990: Brown bear habitat preferences and relationships to logging and mining in Southeast Alaska. - Research Final Report 4.17, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Anchorage, USA, 90 pp.
47. Schoen, J.W., Flynn, R.W., Suring, L.H., Titus, K. & Beier, L.R. 1994: Habitat-capability model for brown bear in southeast Alaska. - International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9: 327-337.
48. Smallwood, K.S. & Schonewald, C. 1996: Scaling population density and spatial pattern for terrestrial, mammalian carnivores. - Oecologia 105: 329-335.
49. Taberlet, P., Camarra, J-J., Griffin, S., Uhres, E., Hanotte, O., Waits, L.P., Dubois-Paganon, C., Burke, T. & Bouvet, J. 1997: Noninvasive genetic tracking of the endangered Pyrenean brown bear population. - Molecular Ecology 6: 869-876.
50. Taylor, M. (Ed.) 1994: Density-dependent population regulation of black, brown, and polar bears. - International Conference on Bear Research and Management Monograph Series No. 3, 43 pp.
51. Wielgus, R.B. & Bunnell, F.L. 1994: Dynamics of a small, hunted brown bear population in southwestern Alberta, Canada. - Biological Conservation 67: 161-166.
52. Wielgus, R.B., Bunnell, F.L., Wakkinen, W.L. & Zager, P.E. 1994: Population dynamics of Selkirk mountain grizzly bears. - Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 266-272.
53. White, G.C., Andersen, D.R., Burnham, K.P. & Otis, D.L. 1982: Capture-recapture and removal methods for sampling closed populations. - Los Alamos National Laboratory LA-8787-NERP, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA, 235 pp.
54. White, G.C. & Burnham, K.P. 1999: Program MARK: Survival estimation from populations of marked animals. - Bird Study 46 (Suppl.): 120-138.
55. Wiken, E.B. (Compiler) 1986: Terrestrial ecozones of Canada. - Ecological Land Classification Series No. 19. Environment Canada, Hull, Quebec, 26 pp.
56. Wiken, E.B., Gauthier, D., Marshall, I.B., Lawton, K. & Hirvonen, H. 1996: A perspective on Canada's ecosystems: an overview of terrestrial and marine ecozones. - Canadian Council on Ecological Areas, Occasional Paper No. 14, Ottawa, Ontario, 95 pp.
57. Woods, J.G., Paetkau, D., Lewis, D., McLellan, B.N., Proctor, M. & Strobeck, C. 1999: Genetic tagging free ranging black and brown bears. - Wildlife Society Bulletin 27: 616-627.
58. Young, B.F. & Ruff, R.L. 1982: Population dynamics and movements of black bears in east-central Alberta. - Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 845-860.