Fluctuations in biosiliceous production and the generation of Early Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events in the Pacific Ocean (Shatsky Rise, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 198)

Paleoceanography

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 1-19

  Robinson, Stuart A ^a   Williams, Trevor ^a   Bown, Paul R ^b  

^a Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cretaceous; Ocean Drilling Program; Oceanic anoxic events

Indexed keywords

ANOXIC CONDITIONS; CRETACEOUS; OCEAN DRILLING PROGRAM; PALEOCEANOGRAPHY; PALEOPRODUCTIVITY; RADIOLARIA;

ALBIA; RADIOLARIA (PROTOZOANS);

EID: 15944396136     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2004PA001010     Document Type: Review

References (137)

1. Anderson, O. R. (1983), Radiolaria, 355 pp., Springer-Verlag, New York.
2. Andrews, J. E., et al. (1975), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 30, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
3. Arthur, M. A. (2003), On the origin of Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events (OAEs): An overview, Eos Trans. AGU, 84(46), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract PP42Cg3-01.
4. Arthur, M. A., and I. Premoli Silva (1982), Development of widespread organic carbon-rich strata in the Mediterranean Tethys, in Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-Rich Facies, edited by S. O. Schlanger and M. B. Cita, pp. 7-54, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
5. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol. 32, edited by E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker, pp. 504-529, AGU, Washington, D. C.
6. Arthur, M. A., S. O. Schlanger, and H. C. Jenkyns (1987), The Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event, II. Palaeoceanographic controls on organic-matter production and preservation, in Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 26, edited by J. Brooks and A. J. Fleet, pp. 401-420, Geol. Soc., London.
7. Arthur, M. A., H. C. Jenkyns, H.-J. Brumsack, and S. O. Schlanger (1990), Stratigraphy, geochemistry, and paleoceanography of organic carbon-rich Cretaceous sequences, in Cretaceous Resources, Events and Rhythms, edited by R. N. Ginsburg and B. Beaudoin, pp. 75-119, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass.
8. Barron, E. J. (1985), Numerical climate modelling, a frontier in petroleum source rock prediction: Results based on Cretaceous simulations, AAPG Bull., 69, 448-459.
9. Barron, E. J., and G. T. Moore (1994), Climate model application in paleoenvironmental analysis, SEPM Short Course 33, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
10. 2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 32, edited by E. T. Sundquist and W. S. Broecker, pp. 546-553, AGU, Washington, D. C.
11. Baudin, F., J.-F. Deconinck, R. F. Sachsenhofer, A. Strasser, and H. Arnaud (1995), Organic geochemistry and clay mineralogy of lower Cretaceous sediments from Allison and Resolution Guyots (Sites 865 and 866), mid-Pacific mountains, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 143, 173-196.
12. Baumgartner, P. O. (1987), Age and genesis of Tethyan Jurassic radiolarites, Eclogae Geol. Helv., 80, 831-879.
13. Beerling, D. J., M. R. Lomas, and D. R. Gröcke (2002), On the nature of methane gas-hydrate dissociation during the Toarcian and Aptian oceanic anoxic events, Am. J. Sci., 302, 28-49.
14. Bishop, J. K. B., T. J. Wood, R. E. Davis, and J. T. Sherman (2004), Robotic observations of enhanced carbon biomass export at 55°S during SOFex, Science, 304, 417-420.
15. Bode, G. W. (1975), Carbon and carbonate analyses, Leg 32, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 32, 561-562.
16. Bralower, T. J., W. V. Sliter, M. A. Arthur, R. M. Leckie, D. Allard, and S. O. Schlanger (1993). Dysoxic/anoxic episodes in the Aptian-Albian (Early Cretaceous), in The Mesozoic Pacific: Geology, Tectonics, and Volcanism, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 77, edited by M. S. Pringle et al., pp. 5-37, AGU, Washington, D. C.
17. Bralower, T. J., M. A. Arthur, R. M. Leckie, W. V. Sliter, D. J. Allard, and S. O. Schlanger (1994), Timing and paleoceanography of oceanic dysoxia/anoxia in the late Barremian to early Aptian (Early Cretaceous), Palaios, 9, 335-369.
18. Bralower, T. J., R. M. Leckie, W. V. Sliter, and H. R. Thierstein (1995), An integrated Cretaceous microfossil biostratigraphy, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, Spec. Publ. SEPM Soc. Sediment. Geol., vol. 54, edited by W. A. Berggren et al., pp. 65-70, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
19. Bralower, T. J., P. D. Fullagar, C. K. Paull, G. S. Dwyer, and R. M. Leckie (1997), Mid-Cretaceous strontium-isotope stratigraphy of deep-sea sections, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 109, 1421-1442.
20. Bralower, T. J., et al. (2002), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports [CD-ROM], vol. 198, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
21. Bréhéret, J.-G. (1985a), Indices d'un événement anoxique étendu à la Téthys alpine, à l'Albien inférieur (événement Paquier), C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris Sér 2, 300, 355-358.
22. Bréhéret, J.-G. (1985b), Sedimentologie et diagenese de la matiere organique contenue dans le niveau Paquier, couche repere de l'Albien inferieur vocontien, C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris Sér. 2, 301, 1151-1156.
23. Bréhéret, J.-G. (1988), Épisodes de sedimentation riche en matière organique dans les marnes bleues d'âge aptien et albien de la partie pélagique du basin vocontien, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr. Ser. 8, 4, 349-356.
24. Broecker, W. S., and T. S. Peng (1982), Tracers in the Sea, LDGO Press, Palisades, N. Y.
25. Buesseler, K. O., J. E. Andrews, S. M. Pike, and M. A. Charette (2004), The effects of iron fertilization on carbon sequestration in the Southern Ocean, Science, 304, 414-417.
26. Burkle, L. H. (1998), Marine diatoms, in Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology, 2nd ed., edited by B. U. Haq and A. Boersma, pp. 245-266, Elsevier Sci., New York.
27. Channell, J. E. T., E. Erba, M. Nakanishi, and K. Tamaki (1995), Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous time scales and oceanic magnetic anomaly block models, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, Spec. Publ. SEPM Soc. Sediment. Geol., vol. 54, edited by W. A. Berggren et al., pp. 51-63, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
28. Coale, K. H., S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, K. S. Johnson, and R. T. Barber (1996a), Control of community growth and export production by upwelled iron in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 379, 621-624.
29. Coale, K. H., et al. (1996b), A massive phytoplankton bloom induced by an ecosystem-scale iron fertilization experiment in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Nature, 383, 495-501.
30. Coale, K. H., et al. (2004), Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: Carbon cycling in high- and low-Si waters, Science, 304, 408-414.
31. Coccioni, A., O. Nesci, M. Tramontana, F. C. Wezel, and E. Moretti (1987), Descrizione di un livello-guida "Radiolaritico-bituminoso ittiolitico" alla base delle marne a fucoidi nell' Appennino umbro-marchigiano, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., 106, 183-192.
32. Coccioni, R., R. Franchi, O. Nesci, F.-C. Wezel, F. Battistini, and P. Pallechi (1989), Stratigraphy and mineralogy of the Selli Level (early Aptian) at the base of the Marne a Fucoidi in the Umbro-Marchean Appenines (Italy), in Cretaceous of the Western Tethys, Proceedings of the 3rd International Cretaceous Symposium, edited by J. Wiedmann and T. Birkelund, pp. 563-584, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, Germany.
33. Coccioni, R., E. Erba, and I. Premoli-Silva (1992), Barremian-Aptian calcareous plankton biostratigraphy from the Gorgo Cerbara section (Marche, central Italy) and implications for plankton evolution, Cretaceous Res., 13, 517-537.
34. 2 fugacity in response to in situ iron fertilization, Nature, 383, 511-513.
35. Dean, W. E., G. E. Claypool, and J. Thiede (1981), Origin of organic-carbon-rich mid-Cretaceous limestones, Mid-Pacific Mountains and Southern Hess Rise, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 62, 877-890.
36. De Wever, P. (1994), Radiolarians and radiolarites, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Sér 2, 319, 513-526.
37. De Wever, P., and F. Baudin (1996), Palaeogeography of radiolarite and organic-rich deposits in Mesozoic Tethys, Geol. Rundsch., 85, 310-326.
38. Erba, E. (1992), Middle Cretaceous calcareous nannofossils from the western Pacific (Leg 129), Evidence for paleoequaterial crossings, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 129, 189-201.
39. Erba, E. (1994), Nannofossils and superplumes: The early Aptian "nannoconid crisis," Paleoceanography, 9, 483-501.
40. 2, and anoxia, Paleoceanography, 19, PA1008, doi:10.1029/2003PA000884.
41. Erbacher, J., and J. Thurow (1997), Influence of oceanic anoxic events on the evolution of mid-Cretaceous radiolaria in the North Atlantic and western Tethys, Mar. Micropaleontol., 30, 139-158.
42. Erbacher, J., J. Thurow, and R. Littke (1996), Evolution patterns of radiolaria and organic matter variations: A new approach to identify sea-level changes in mid-Cretaceous pelagic environments, Geology, 24 499-502.
43. Erbacher, J., W. Gerth, G. Schmiedl, and C. Hemleben (1998), Benthic foraminiferal assemblages of late Aptian-early Albian black shale intervals in the Vocontian Basin, SE France, Cretaceous Res., 19, 805-826.
44. Erbacher, J., C. Hemleben, B. T. Huber, and M. Markey (1999), Correlating environmental changes during the early Albian oceanic anoxic event 1B using benthic foraminiferal paleocology, Mar. Micropaleontol., 38, 7-28.
45. Erbacher, J., B. T. Huber, R. D. Norris, and M. Markey (2001), Increased thermohaline stratificiation as a possible cause for an oceanic anoxic event in the Cretaceous period, Nature, 409, 325-327.
46. Ewing, M., T. Saito, J. Ewing, and L. H. Burckle (1966), Lower Cretaceous sediments from the northwest Pacific, Science, 152, 751-755.
47. Fischer, A. G., et al. (1971), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 6, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
48. Force, E. R. (1984), A relation among geomagnetic reversals, seafloor spreading rate, paleoclimate, and black shales, Eos Trans. AGU, 65 18-19.
49. Gersonde, R., and D. M. Harwood (1990), Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea), Part 1, Vegetative cells, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 113, 365-402.
50. Gradstein, F. M., F. P. Agterberg, J. G. Ogg, J. Hardenbol, P. van Veen, J. Thierry, and Z. Huang (1995), A Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous time scale, in Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation, Spec. Publ. SEPM Soc. Sediment. Geol., vol. 54, edited by W. A, Berggren et al., pp. 95-126, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
51. Harper, H. E., Jr., and A. H. Knoll (1975), Silica, diatoms, and Cenozoic radiolarian evolution, Geology, 3, 175-177.
52. Harwood, D. M., and R. Gersonde (1990), Lower Cretaceous diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea), part 2, Resting spores, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 113, 403-426.
53. Heath, G. R., et al. (1985), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 86, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
54. Herrle, J. O., J. Pross, O. Friedrich, and C. Hemleben (2003a), Short-term environmental changes in the Cretaceous Tethyan Ocean: Micropalaeontological evidence from the early Albian oceanic anoxic event 1b, Terra Nova, 15, 14-19.
55. Herrle, J. O., J. Pross, O. Friedrich, P. Kößler, and C. Hemleben (2003b), Forcing mechanisms for mid-Cretaceous black shale formation: Evidence from the upper Aptian and lower Albian of the Vocontian Basin (SE France), Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 190, 399-426.
56. Herrle, J. O., P. Kößler, O. Friedrich, H. Erlenkeuser, and C. Hemleben (2004), High-resolution carbon isotope records of the Aptian to lower Albian from SE France and the Mazagan Plateau (DSDP Site 545), A stratigraphic tool for paleoceanographic and paleobiologic reconstruction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 218, 149-161.
57. Jackson, P. D., D. G. Gunn, R. C. Flint, D. Beamish, P. I. Meldrum, M. A. Lovell, P. K. Harvey, and A. Peyton (1997), A non-contacting resistivity imaging method for characterizing whole round core while in its liner, in Developments in Petrophysics, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. vol. 122, edited by M. A. Lovell and P. K. Harvey, pp, 1-10, Geol. Soc., London.
58. Jackson, P. D., P. K. Harvey, M. A. Lovell, D. A. Gunn, C. G. Williams, and R. C. Flint (1998), Measurement scale and formation heterogeneity: Effects on the integration of resistivity data, in Core-Log Integration, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., vol. 136, edited by P. K. Harvey and M. A. Lovell, pp. 261-272, Geol. Soc., London.
59. Jahren, A. H., N. C. Arens, G. Sarmiento, J. Guerrero, and R. Amundson (2001), Terrestrial record of methane hydrate dissociation in the Early Cretaceous, Geology, 29, 159-162.
60. Jenkyns, H. C. (1976), Sediments and sedimentary history of the Manihiki Plateau, South Pacific Ocean, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 33, 873-890.
61. Jenkyns, H. C. (1980), Cretaceous anoxic events: From continents to oceans, J. Geol. Soc. London, 137, 171-188.
62. Jenkyns, H. C. (1985), The early Toarcian and Cenomanian-Turonian anoxic events in Europe: Comparison and contrasts, Geol. Rundsch., 74, 505-518.
63. Jenkyns, H. C. (1995), Carbon-isotope stratigraphy and paleoceanographic significance of the Lower Cretaceous shallow-water carbonates of resolution Guyot, mid-Pacific mountains, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 143, 99-104.
64. Jenkyns, H. C. (1999), Mesozoic anoxic events and palaeoclimate, Zentrallbl. Geol. Palaontol. Teil 1, 1997, 943-949.
65. Jenkyns, H. C. (2003), Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 361, 1885-1916.
66. Jenkyns, H. C., and S. O. Schlanger (1981), Significance of plant remains in redeposited Aptian sediments, Hole 642A, Nauru Basin, to Cretaceous oceanic-oxygenation models, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 61, 557-562.
67. Jenkyns, H. C., and P. A. Wilson (1999), Stratigraphy, paleoceanography, and evolution of Cretaceous Pacific Guyots: Relics from a greenhouse earth, Am. J. Sci., 299, 341-392.
68. Jenkyns, H. C., and E. L. Winterer (1982), Palaeoceanography of Mesozoic ribbon radiolarites, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 60, 351-375.
69. Jenkyns, H. C., D. R. Gröcke, and S. P. Hesselbo (2001), Nitrogen isotope evidence for water mass denitification during the early Toarcian (Jurassic) oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 16, 593-603.
70. Jones, C. E., and H. C. Jenkyns (2001), Seawater strontium isotopes, oceanic anoxic events, and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Jurassic and Cretaceous, Am. J. Sci., 301, 112-149.
71. Kauffman, E. G. (1976), Deep-sea Cretaceous macrofossils: Hole 317A, Manihiki Plateau, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 33, 503-528.
72. Keene, J. B. (1975), Cherts and porcellanites from the North Pacific, DSDP Leg 32, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 32, 429-507.
73. Kennedy, W. J., A. S. Gale, P. R. Bown, M. Caron, R. J. Davey, D. Gröcke, and D. S. Wray (2000), Integrated stratigraphy across the Aptian-Albian boundary in the Marnes Bleues, at the Col de Pré-Guittard, Arnayon (Drôme), and at Tartonne (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), France: A candidate global boundary stratotype section and boundary point for the base of the Albian stage, Cretaceous Res., 21, 591-720.
74. Kroenke, L. W., et al. (1991), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 130, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
75. Kuhnt, W., J. P. Herbin, J. Thurow, and J. Wiedmann (1990), Distribution of Cenomanian - Turonian organic facies in the western Mediterranean and along the adjacent Atlantic margin, in Deposition of Organic Facies, AAPG Stud. Geol., vol. 30, edited by A. Y. Hue, pp. 133-160, Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
76. Kuypers, M. M. M., P. Blokker, E. C. Hopmans, H. Kinkel, R. D. Pancost, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté (2002), Archaeal remains dominate marine organic matter from the early Albian oceanic anoxic event 1b, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 185, 211-234.
77. 2-fixing cyanobacteria supplied nutrient N for Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events, Geology, 32, 853-856.
78. Larson, R. L. (1991), Geological consequences of superplumes, Geology, 19, 963-966.
79. Larson, R. L., and E. Erba (1999), Onset of mid-Cretaceous greenhouse in the Barremian-Aptian: Igneous events and the biological, sedimentary, and geochemical responses, Paleoceanography, 14, 663-678.
80. Larson, R. L., et al. (1975), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 32, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
81. Larson, R. L., M. B. Steiner, E. Erba, and Y. Lancelot (1992), Paleolatitudes and tectonic reconstructions of the oldest portion of the Pacific plate: A comparative study, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 129, 615-631.
82. Leckie, R. M. (1984), Mid-Cretaceous planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy off central Morocco, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 79, sites 545 and 547, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 79, 579-620.
83. Leckie, R. M., T. J. Bralower, and R. Cashman (2002), Oceanic anoxic events and plankton evolution: Biotic response to tectonic forcing during the mid-Cretaceous, Paleoceanography, 17(3), 1041, doi:10.1029/2001PA000623.
84. Leinen, M., D. Cwienk, G. R. Heath, P. E. Biscaye, V. Kolla, J. Thiede, and J. P. Dauphin (1986), Distribution of biogenic silica and quartz in recent deep-sea sediments, Geology, 14, 199-203.
85. Lisitzin, A. P. (1972), Sedimentation in the World Ocean, SEPM Spec. Publ., vol. 17, 218 pp., Soc. for Sediment. Geol., Tulsa, Okla.
86. Luciani, V., M. Cobianchi, and H. C. Jenkyns (2004), Albian high-resolution biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy: The Coppa della Nuvola pelagic succession of the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy), Eclogae Geol. Helv., 97, 77-92.
87. Mahoney, J. J., et al. (2001), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports [CD-ROM], vol. 192, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
88. Maliva, R. G., A. H. Knoll, and R. Siever (1989), Secular change in chert distribution: A reflection of evolving biological participation in the silica cycle, Palaios, 4, 519-532.
89. Manabe, S., and K. Bryan (1985), CO2-induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic, implications, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 11,689-11,707.
90. Matter, A., R. G. Douglas, and K. Perch-Nielsen (1975), Fossil preservation, geochemistry, and diagenesis of pelagic carbonates from Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 32, 891-921.
91. McArthur, J. M., R. J. Howarth, and T. R. Bailey (2000), Strontium isotope stratigraphy: LOWESS version 3: Best fit to the marine Sr-isotope curve for 0-509 Ma and accompanying look-up table for deriving numerical age, J. Geol., 109, 155-170.
92. Mélières, F., G. Deroo, and J.-P. Herbin (1981), Organic-matter-rich and hypersiliceous Aptian sediments from western mid-Pacific mountains, Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 62, Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Project, 62, 903-921.
93. 13C stratigraphy through the early Aptian "Livello Selli" of the Alpine Tethys, Paleoceanography, 13, 530-545.
94. Miskell, K. J., G. W. Brass, and C. G. A. Harrison (1985), Global patterns in opal deposition from Late Cretaceous to late Miocene, AAPG Bull., 69, 996-1012.
95. Nakanishi, M., K. Tamaki, and K. Kobayashi (1989), Mesozoic magnetic anomaly lineations and seafloor spreading history of the northwestern Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15,437-15,462.
96. Ogg, J. G., S. M. Karl, and R. J. Behl (1992), Jurassic through Early Cretaceous sedimentation history of the central equatorial Pacific and of sites 800 and 801, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 129 571-613.
97. Pancost, R. D., N. Crawford, S. Magness, A. Turner, H. C. Jenkyns, and J. R. Maxwell (2004), Further evidence for the development of photic-zone euxinic conditions during Mesozoic oceanic anoxic events, J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 353-364.
98. Parrish, J. T., and R. L. Curtis (1982), Atmospheric circulation, upwelling, and organic-rich rocks in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 40, 31-66.
99. Paytan, A. (2003), Tales of black shales: Barite accumulation rates in Cretaceous sediments, in Ocean Drilling Program Highlights, January 2003, edited by K. White and E. Urquhart, p. 11, Jt. Oceanogr. Inst., Washington, D. C. (Available at http://www.oceandrilling.org/ greatest_hits2/)
100. Premoli Silva, I., E. Erba, and M. E. Tornaghi (1989), Paleoenvironmental signals and changes in surface fertility in mid Cretaceous Corg-rich pelagic facies of the Fucoid Marls (central Italy), Geobios Mem. Spec., 11, 225-236.
101. Racki, G., and F. Cordey (2000), Radiolarian palaeoecology and radiolarites: Is the present the key to the past?, Earth Sci. Rev., 52, 83-120.
102. Renz, G. W. (1976), The distribution and ecology of radiolaria in the central Pacific: Plankton and surface sediments, Bull. Scripps Inst. Oceanogr., 22, 1-267.
103. Retallack, G. J. (2001), A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles, Nature, 411, 287-290.
104. Ridgwell, A. J. (2000), Climatic effect of Southern Ocean Fe fertilization: Is the jury still out?, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 1 doi:10.1029/2000GC000120.
105. 2 and depositional environment from stable-isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules (Barremian, Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Beds, England), J. Geol. Soc. London, 159, 215-224.
106. Sager, W. W., and A. A. P. Koppers (2000), Late Cretaceous polar wander of the Pacific Plate: Evidence of a rapid true polar wander event, Science, 287, 455-459.
107. Sager, W. W., D. W. Handschumacher, T. W. C. Hilde, and D. R. Bracey (1988), Tectonic evolution of the northern Pacific Plate and Pacific-Farallon-Izanagi triple junction in the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous (M21-M10), Tectonophysics, 155, 345-364.
108. Sager, W. W., et al. (1993), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 143, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
109. Schlanger, S. O., and R. G. Douglas (1974), The pelagic ooze-chalk-limestone transition and its implications for marine stratigraphy, in Pelagic Sediments: On Land and Under the Sea, Spec. Publ., vol. 1, edited by K. J. Hsü and H. C. Jenkyns, pp. 117-148, Int. Assoc. of Sedimentol.
110. Schlanger, S. O., and H. C. Jenkyns (1976), Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: Causes and consequences, Geol. Mijnbouw, 55, 179-184.
111. Schlanger, S. O., et al. (1976), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 33, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
112. 13C excursion, in Marine Petroleum Source Rocks, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ. vol. 26, edited by J. Brooks and A. J. Fleet, pp. 371-399, Geol. Soc., London.
113. Schlich, R., et al. (1989), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, vol. 120, Ocean Drill. Program, College Station, Tex.
114. Schlumberger Educational Services (1989), Log Interpretation, Principles/Applications, 198 pp., Houston, Tex.
115. Scholle, P. A., and M. A. Arthur (1980), Carbon isotope fluctuations in Cretaceous pelagic limestones: Potential stratigraphic and petroleum exploration tool, AAPG Bull., 64, 67-87.
116. Simoneit, B. R. T., and D. H. Struermer (1982), Organic geochemical indicators for sources of organic matter and paleoenvironmental conditions in Cretaceous oceans, in Nature and Origin of Cretaceous Carbon-Rich Facies, edited by S. O. Schlanger and M. B. Cita, pp. 145-163, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
117. Sinton, C. W., and R. A. Duncan (1997), Potential links between ocean plateau volcanism and global ocean anoxia at the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary, Econ. Geol., 92, 836-842.
118. Sliter, W. V. (1989), Aptian anoxia in the Pacific Basin, Geology, 17 909-912.
119. Sliter, W. V. (1999), Cretaceous planktic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of the Calera Limestone, northern California, USA, J. Foraminiferal Res., 29, 318-339.
120. Tajika, E. (1999), Carbon cycle and climate change during the Cretaceous inferred from a biogeochemical carbon cycle model, Isl. Arc, 8, 293-303.
121. Tarduno, J. A., W. V. Sliter, T. J. Bralower, M. McWilliams, I. Premoli-Silva, and J. G. Ogg (1989), M-sequence reversals recorded in DSDP sediment cores from the western mid-Pacific mountains and Magallen Rise, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 101, 1306-1316.
122. Tarduno, J. A., W. V. Sliter, L. Kroenke, M. Leckie, H. Mayer, J. J. Mahoney, R. Musgrave, M. Storey, and E. L. Winterer (1991), Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mantle plume volcanism, Science, 254, 399-403.
123. Thiede, J., et al. (1981), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 62, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
124. Thurow, J., H.-J. Brumsack, J. Rullkötter, R. Littke, and P. Meyers (1992), The Cenomanian/Turonian boundary event in the Indian Ocean-A key to understand the global picture, in Synthesis of Results From Scientific Drilling in the Indian Ocean, Geophys. Monogr Ser., vol, 20, edited by R. A. Duncan et al., pp. 253-273, AGU, Washington, D. C.
125. Tréguer, P., D. M. Nelson, A. J. Van Bennekom, D. J. DeMaster, A. Leynaert, and B. Quéguiner (1995), The silica balance in the world ocean: A reestimate, Science, 268, 375-379.
126. van der Lingen, G. J., and G. H. Packham (1975), Relationships between diagenesis and physical properties of biogenic sediments of the Ontong-Java Plateau (Sites 288 and 289, Deep Sea Drilling Project), Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., 30, 443-481.
127. Wachs, D., and J. R. Hein (1974), Petrography and diagenesis of Franciscan limestones, J. Sediment. Petrol., 44, 1217-1231.
128. Wachs, D., and J. R. Hein (1975), Franciscan limestones and their environments of deposition, Geology, 3, 29-33.
129. 2 and climate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 65, 3005-3025.
130. Wang, R., and A. Abelmann (2002), Radiolarian responses to paleoceanographic events in the southern South China Sea during the Pleistocene, Mar. Micropaleontol., 46, 25-44.
131. Weissert, H. (1989), C-isotope stratigraphy, a monitor of paleoenvironmental change: A case study from the Early Cretaceous, Surv. Geophys., 10, 1-16.
132. Weissert, H., and A. Lini (1991), Ice age interludes during the time of Cretaceous greenhouse climate?, in Controversies in Modern Geology: Evolution of Geological Theories in Sedimentology, Earth History and Tectonics, edited by D. W. Müller, J. A. McKenzie, and H. Weissert, pp. 173-191, Academic, San Diego, Calif.
133. Weissert, H., A. Lini, K. B. Föllmi, and O. Kuhn (1998), Correlation of Early Cretaceous carbon-isotope stratigraphy and platform drowning events: A possible link?, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 137, 189-203.
134. Wilson, P. A., and R. D. Norris (2001), Warm tropical ocean surface and global anoxia during the mid-Cretaceous period, Nature, 412, 425-429.
135. Wilson, P. A., H. C. Jenkyns, H. Elderfield, and R. L. Larson (1998), The paradox of drowned carbonate platforms and the origin of Cretaceous Pacific guyots, Nature, 392, 889-894.
136. Winterer, E. L., et al. (1973), Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, vol. 17, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C.
137. Wortmann, U. G., J. O. Herrle, and H. Weissert (2004), Altered carbon cycling and coupled changes in Early Cretaceous weathering patterns: Evidence from integrated carbon isotope and sandstone records of the western Tethys, Earth Planet. Sci, Lett., 220, 69-82.