Chemotherapy strategies in the treatment of small cell lung cancer

Anti-Cancer Drugs

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2005, Pages 361-372

  Popat, Sanjay ^a,b   O'Brien, Mary ^b  

^a INSTITUTE OF CANCER RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Small cell lung cancer; Treatment

Indexed keywords

AMRUBICIN; ANTIBODY CONJUGATE; CARBOPLATIN; CD56 ANTIBODY; CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GANGLIOSIDE GD3; GEFITINIB; GEMCITABINE; IFOSFAMIDE; IMATINIB; IRINOTECAN; MARIMASTAT; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE INHIBITOR; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY N901; NAVELBINE; OBLIMERSEN; SRL 172; TANOMASTAT; THALIDOMIDE; TOPOTECAN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VACCINE; VINCRISTINE;

ALOPECIA; ARTHRALGIA; BLOOD TOXICITY; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RESISTANCE; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIARRHEA; EVALUATION; HUMAN; LEUKOPENIA; LUNG SMALL CELL CANCER; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; MUSCLE RIGIDITY; MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURY; NAUSEA; NEUROPATHY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RELAPSE; REVIEW; SEPSIS; TERATOGENICITY; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; TREATMENT INDICATION;

ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CARCINOMA, SMALL CELL; CLINICAL TRIALS; HUMANS; LUNG NEOPLASMS;

EID: 15944375520     PISSN: 09594973     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200504000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Wu AH, Henderson BE, Thomas DC, Mack TM. Secular trends in histologic types of lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 77:53-56.
2. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Pechoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:476-484.
3. Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, Lynn M, Krauss S, Durant JR. The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1979; 44:406-413.
4. Smith IE, Evans BD. Carboplatin (JM8) as a single agent and in combination in the treatment of small cell lung cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 1985; 12(suppl A):73-75.
5. Seifter EJ, Ihde DC. Therapy of small cell lung cancer: a perspective on two decades of clinical research. Semin Oncol 1988; 15:278-299.
6. Sierocki JS, Hilaris BS, Hopfan S, Martini N, Barton D, Golbey RB, et al. cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) and VP-16-213: an active induction regimen for small cell carcinoma of the lung. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63:1593-1597.
7. Einhorn LH. Initial therapy with cisplatin plus VP-16 in small-cell lung cancer. Semin Oncol 1986; 13(3 suppl 3):5-9.
8. Hirsch FR, Hansen HH, Hansen M, Osterlind K, Vindelov LL, Dombernowsky P, et al. The superiority of combination chemotherapy including etoposide based on in vivo cell cycle analysis in the treatment of extensive small-cell lung cancer: a randomized trial of 288 consecutive patients. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5:585-591.
9. Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Feld R, Osoba D, Dang P, Deboer G. VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3:1471-1477
10. Sundstrom S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, Aasebo U, Hatlevoll R, et al. Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase iii trial with 5 years' follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:4665-4672.
11. Spiro SG, Souhami RL, Geddes DM, Ash CM, Quinn H, Harper PG, et al. Duration of chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: a Cancer Research Campaign trial. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:578-583.
12. Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Machin D, Stephens RJ. A randomised trial of three or six courses of etoposide cyclophosphamide methotrexate and vincristine or six courses of etoposide and ifosfamide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). I: survival and prognostic factors. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:1150-1156.
13. Bleehen NM, Girling DJ, Machin D, Stephens RJ. A randomised trial of three or six courses of etoposide cyclophosphamide methotrexate and vincristine or six courses of etoposide and ifosfamide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). II: quality of life. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 1993; 68:1157-1166.
14. Maurer LH, Tulloh M, Weiss RB, Blom J, Leone L, Glidewell O, et al. A randomized combined modality trial in small cell carcinoma of the lung: comparison of combination chemotherapy-radiation therapy versus cyclophosphamide-radiation therapy effects of maintenance chemotherapy and prophylactic whole brain irradiation. Cancer 1980; 45:30-39.
15. Cullen M, Morgan D, Gregory W, Robinson M, Cox D, McGivern D, et al. Maintenance chemotherapy for anaplastic small cell carcinoma of the bronchus: a randomized, controlled trial. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1986; 17:157-160.
16. Byrne MJ, van Hazel G, Trotter J, Cameron F, Shepherd J, Cassidy B, et al. Maintenance chemotherapy in limited small cell lung cancer: a randomised controlled clinical trial. Br J Cancer 1989; 60:413-418.
17. Controlled trial of twelve versus six courses of chemotherapy in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer. Report to the Medical Research Council by its Lung Cancer Working Party. Br J Cancer 1989; 59:584-590.
18. Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Abeloff MD, Ruckdeschel JC, Aisner SC, Eggleston JC. A randomized comparison of standard chemotherapy versus alternating chemotherapy and maintenance versus no maintenance therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase III study of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8:230-240.
19. Lebeau B, Chastang C, Allard P, Migueres J, Boita F, Fichet D. Six versus twelve cycles for complete responders to chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer: definitive results of a randomized clinical trial. The 'Petites Cellules' Group. Eur Respir J 1992; 5:286-290.
20. Giaccone G, Dalesio O, McVie GJ, Kirkpatrick A, Postmus PE, Burghouts JT, et al. Maintenance chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: long-term results of a randomized trial. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 1230-1240.
21. Beith JM, Clarke SJ, Woods RL, Bell DR, Levi JA. Long-term follow-up of a randomised trial of combined chemoradiotherapy induction treatment, with and without maintenance chemotherapy in patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Eur J Cancer 1996; 32A:438-443.
22. Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Bureau G, Giner V, Lecomte J, Michel J, et al. Randomized trial comparing induction chemotherapy versus induction chemotherapy followed by maintenance chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer. European Lung Cancer Working Party. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14:2337-2344.
23. Schiller JH, Adak S, Cella D, DeVore III RF, Johnson DH. Topotecan versus observation after cisplatin plus etoposide in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: E7593-a phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19:2114-2122.
24. Hanna NH, Sandier AB, Loehrer Sr PJ, Ansari R, Jung SH, Lane K, et al. Maintenance daily oral etoposide versus no further therapy following induction chemotherapy with etoposide plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group randomized study. Ann Oncol 2002; 13:95-102.
25. Evans WK, Feld R, Murray N, Willan A, Coy P, Osoba D, et al. Superiority of alternating non-cross-resistant chemotherapy in extensive small cell lung cancer. A multicenter, randomized clinical trial by the National Cancer Institute of Canada. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107: 451-458.
26. Einhorn LH, Crawford J, Birch R, Omura G, Johnson DH, Greco FA. Cisplatin plus etoposide consolidation following cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine in limited small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6:451-456.
27. Fukuoka M, Furuse K, Saijo N, Nishiwaki Y, Ikegami H, Tamura T, et al. Randomized trial of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine versus cisplatin and etoposide versus alternation of these regimens in small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1991; 83:855-861.
28. Roth BJ, Johnson DH, Einhorn LH, Schacter LP, Cherng NC, Cohen HJ, et al. Randomized study of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine versus etoposide and cisplatin versus alternation of these two regimens in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 282-291.
29. Furuse K, Fukuoka M, Nishiwaki Y, Kurita Y, Watanabe K, Noda K, et al. Phase III study of intensive weekly chemotherapy with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor versus standard chemotherapy in extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer. The Japan Clinical Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:2126-2132.
30. Murray N, Livingston RB, Shepherd FA, James K, Zee B, Langleben A, et al. Randomized study of CODE versus alternating CAV/EP for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: an Intergroup Study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group and the Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:2300-2308.
31. Cohen MH, Creaven PJ, Fossieck Jr BE, Broder LE, Selawry OS, Johnston AV, et al. Intensive chemotherapy of small cell bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1977; 61:349-354.
32. Dinwoodie WR, Lyman GH, Williams CC, et al. Intensive combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy for small-cell brochogenic carcinoma (SCBC). Proc Am Ass Cancer Res 1981; 22:505.
33. Mehta C, Vogl SE, Farber S, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide (C) in the induction (ind) chemotherapy (ct) of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)-minor improvements in rate of remission and survival. Proc Am Ass Cancer Res 1982; 23:165.
34. Figueredo AT, Hryniuk WM, Strautmanis I, Frank G, Rendell S. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis during high-dose chemotherapy of small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3:54-64.
35. Johnson DH, Einhorn LH, Birch R, Vollmer R, Perez C, Krauss S, et al. A randomized comparison of high-dose versus conventional-dose cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase III trial of the Southeastern Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5:1731-1738.
36. Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP, Riviere A, Monnet I, Chomy P, et al. Initial chemotherapeutic doses and survival in patients with limited small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1993; 329:1848-1852.
37. Ihde DC, Mulshine JL, Kramer BS, Steinberg SM, Linnoila RI, Gazdar AF, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high-dose and standard-dose etoposide and cisplatin chemotherapy in patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12:2022-2034.
38. James LE, Gower NH, Rudd RM, Spiro SG, Harper PG, Trask CW, et al. A randomised trial of low-dose/high-frequency chemotherapy as palliative treatment of poor-prognosis small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer research Campaign trial. Br J Cancer 1996; 73:1563-1568.
39. Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Chevalier T. Initial chemotherapeutic doses and long-term survival in limited small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1281-1282.
40. Steward WP, von Pawel J, Gatzemeier U, Woll P, Thatcher N, Koschel G, et al. Effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and dose intensification of V-ICE chemotherapy in small-cell lung cancer: a prospective randomized study of 300 patients. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 642-650.
41. Thatcher N, Girling DJ, Hopwood P, Sambrook RJ, Qian W, Stephens RJ. Improving survival without reducing quality of life in small-cell lung cancer patients by increasing the dose-intensity of chemotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support: results of a British Medical Research Council Multicenter Randomized Trial. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18:395-404.
42. Sculier JP, Paesmans M, Lecomte J, Van Cutsem O, Lafitte JJ, Berghmans T, et al. A three-arm phase III randomised trial assessing, in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer, accelerated chemotherapy with support of haematological growth factor or oral antibiotics. Br J Cancer 2001; 85:1444-1451.
43. Ardizzoni A, Tjan-Heijnen VC, Postmus PE, Buchholz E, Biesma B, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, et al. Standard versus intensified chemotherapy with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support in small-cell lung cancer: a prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Lung Cancer Group Phase III Trial-08923. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:3947-3955.
44. Thatcher N, Qian W, Girling DJ, et al. Ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide with mid-cycle vincristine (IVE-V) versus standard chemotherapy (C) in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and good performance status (PS): results of an MRC randomized trial (LU21). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003.
45. Smith IE, Evans BD, Harland SJ, Robinson BA, Yarnold JR, Glees JG, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide with autologous bone marrow rescue after conventional chemotherapy in the treatment of small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer Chernother Pharmacol 1985; 14:120-124.
46. Humblet Y, Symann M, Bosly A, Delaunois L, Francis C, Machiels J, et al. Late intensification chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow transplantation in selected small-cell carcinoma of the lung: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5:1864-1873.
47. Lorigan P, Woll P, O'Brien M, Hodgetts M, et al. Randomised phase 3 trial of dose dense ICE chemotherapy versus standard ICE in good prognosis small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:abstr 2490.
48. Cormier Y, Eisenhauer E, Muldal A, Gregg R, Ayoub J, Goss G, et al. Gemcitabine is an active new agent in previously untreated extensive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). A study of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. Ann Oncol 1994; 5:283-285.
49. van dL, I, Smit EF, van Putten JW, Groen HJ, Schlosser NJ, Postmus PE, et al. Single-agent gemcitabine in patients with resistant small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:557-561.
50. Masters GA, Declerck L, Blanke C, Sandler A, DeVore R, Miller K, et al. Phase II trial of gemcitabine in refractory or relapsed small-cell lung cancer: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial 1597. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21:1550-1555.
51. De Marinis F, Migliorino MR, Paoluzzi L, Portalone L, Ariganello O, Cortesi E, et al. Phase I/II trial of gemcitabine plus cisplatin and etoposide in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2003; 39: 331-338.
52. Skarlos DV, Dimopoulos AM, Kosmidis P, Papakostas P, Pavlidis N, Bacoyiannis C, et al. Docetaxel and gemcitabine combination, as first-line treatment, in patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer. A phase II study of the Hellenic Cooperative Oncology Group. Lung Cancer 2003; 41:107-111.
53. James LE, Rudd R, Gower N, Gregory W, Lee SM, Eisen T, et al. A phase III randomized comparison of gemcitabine/carboplatin (GC) with cisplatin/etoposide (PE) in patients with poor prognosis small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002; 21:abstr 1170.
54. Eckardt J, Depierre A, Ardizzoni A, et al. Pooled analysis of topotecan (T) in the second-line treatment of patients (pts) with sensitive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 1997; 16:425a.
55. von Pawel J, Schiller JH, Shepherd FA, Fields SZ, Kleisbauer JP, Chrysson NG, et al. Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17:658-667
56. Eckardt JR, von Pawel J, Hainsworth JD, Corso S, Rinaldi D, Preston A, et al. Single agent oral topotecan (PO) versus intravenous topotecan (IV) in patients (pts) with chemosensitive small cell lung cancer (SCLC). An international phase III study. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:619.
57. Jassem J, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, van Pottelsberghe C, van Glabbeke M, Noseda MA, Ardizzoni A, et al. Phase II study of vinorelbine (Navelbine) in previously treated small cell lung cancer patients. EORTC Lung Cancer Cooperative Group. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A:1720-1722.
58. Furuse K, Kubota K, Kawahara M, Takada M, Kimura I, Fujii M, et al. Phase II study of vinorelbine in heavily previously treated small cell lung cancer. Japan Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Study Group. Oncology 1996; 53:169-172.
59. Hainsworth JD, Burris III HA, Erland JB, Baker M, Scullin Jr DC, Shaffer DW, et al. Combination chemotherapy with gemcitabine and vinorelbine in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory small cell lung cancer: A phase II trial of the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network. Cancer Invest 2003; 21:193-199.
60. Gridelli C, Rossi A, Barletta E, Panza N, Brancaccio L, Cioffi R, et al. Carboplatin plus vinorelbine plus G-CSF in elderly patients with extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: a poorly tolerated regimen. Results of a multicenter phase II study. Lung Cancer 2002; 36:327-332.
61. Mackay HJ, O'Brien M, Hill S, Lees SM, Thatcher N, Smith IE, et al. A phase II study of carboplatin and vinorelbine in patients with poor prognosis small cell lung cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2003; 15:181-185.
62. Jassem J, Ramlau R, Karnicka-Mlodkowska H, Krawczyk K, Krzakowski M, Zatloukal P, et al. A multicenter randomized phase II study of oral vs. intravenous vinorelbine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:1375-1381.
63. Yamaoka T, Hanada M, Ichii S, Morisada S, Noguchi T, Yanagi Y. Cytotoxicity of amrubicin, a novel 9-aminoanthracycline, and its active metabolite amrubicinol on human tumor cells. Jpn J Cancer Res 1998; 89:1067-1073.
64. Negoro S, Ohe K, Matsui K, et al. Phase I-II study of amrubicin and cisplatin in previously untreated patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:abstr 2608.
65. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M, Negoro S, Sugiura T, Yokoyama A, et al. Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:85-91.
66. Sandler A, Langer C, Bunn Jr PA, Einhorn LH. Interim safety analysis of irinotecan and cisplatin combination chemotherapy for previously untreated extensive small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 22:abstr 2537.
67. Smyth JF, Smith IE, Sessa C, Schoffski P, Wanders J, Franklin H, et al. Activity of docetaxel (Taxotere) in small cell lung cancer. The Early Clinical Trials Group of the EORTC. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A:1058-1060.
68. Latreille J, Cormier Y, Martins H, Goss G, Fisher B, Eisenhauer EA. Phase II study of docetaxel (Taxotere) in patients with previously untreated extensive small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 1996; 13:343-345.
69. Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Sarma RP, Johnson DH. Phase II study of paclitaxel in patients with extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1430-1435.
70. Kirschling RJ, Grill JP, Marks RS, Kugler JW, Gerstner JB, Kuross SA, et al. Paclitaxel and G-CSF in previously untreated patients with extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase II study of the North Central Cancer Treatment Group. Am J Clin Oncol 1999; 22:517-522.
71. Niell HB, Herndon JE, Miller AA, et al. Randomized phase III Intergroup trial (CALGB 9732) of etoposide (VP-16) cisplatin (DDP) with or without paclitaxel (TAX) in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2003; 21:293.
72. Niell HB, Herndon JE, Miller AA. Final report of a randomized phase III Intergroup trial of etoposide (VP-16) and cisplatin (DDP) with or without paclitaxel (TAX) and G-CSF in patients with extensive stage small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC). Lung Cancer 2003; 41 (suppl 2):S81.
73. Mavroudis D, Papadakis E, Veslemes M, Tsiafaki X, Stavrakakis J, Kouroussis C, et al. A multicenter randomized clinical trial comparing paclitaxel-cisplatin-etoposide versus cisplatin-etoposide as first-line treatment in patients with small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2001; 12:463-470.
74. Reck M, von Pawel J, Macha HN, Kaukel E, Deppermann KM, Bonnet R, et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel, etoposide, and carboplatin versus carboplatin, etoposide, and vincristine in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95:1118-1127.
75. Moolenaar CE, Muller EJ, Schol DJ, Figdor CG, Bock E, Bitter-Suermann D, et al. Expression of neural cell adhesion molecule-related sialoglycoprotein in small cell lung cancer and neuroblastoma cell lines H69 and CHP-212. Cancer Res 1990; 50:1102-1106.
76. Roy DC, Ouellet S, Le Houillier C, Ariniello PD, Perreault C, Lambert JM. Elimination of neuroblastoma and small-cell lung cancer cells with an antineural cell adhesion molecule immunotoxin. J Natl Cancer Inst 1996; 88:1136-1145.
77. Lynch Jr TJ, Lambert JM, Coral F, Shefner J, Wen P, Blattler WA, et al. Immunotoxin therapy of small-cell lung cancer: a phase I study of N901-blocked ricin. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15:723-734.
78. Fidias P, Grossbard M, Lynch Jr TJ. A phase II study of the immunotoxin N901-blocked ricin in small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer 2002; 3:219-222.
79. Bauer KS, Dixon SC, Figg WD. Inhibition of angiogenesis by thalidomide requires metabolic activation, which is species-dependent. Biochem Pharmacol 1998; 55:1827-1834.
80. Kenyon BM, Browne F, D'Amato RJ. Effects of thalidomide and related metabolites in a mouse corneal model of neovascularization. Exp Eye Res 1997; 64:971-978.
81. Lee SM, James LE, Mohammed-Ali V, et al. A phase II study of carboplatin/etoposide with thalidomide in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002; 21:abstr 1251.
82. Shepherd FA, Giaccone G, Seymour L, Debruyne C, Bezjak A, Hirsh V, et al. Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of marimastat after response to first-line chemotherapy in patients with small-cell lung cancer: a trial of the National Cancer Institute of Canada-Clinical Trials Group and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20:4434-4439.
83. Hirte H, Goel R, Major P, Seymour L, Huan S, Stewart D, et al. A phase I dose escalation study of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor BAY 12-9566 administered orally in patients with advanced solid tumours. Ann Oncol 2000; 11:1579-1584.
84. Rigas JR, Denham CA, Rinaldi D, et al. Adjuvant targeted therapy in unresectable lung cancer: the results of two randomised placebo-controlled trials of BAY12-9566, a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI). Lung Cancer 2003; 41 (suppl 2):s34.
85. Gamou S, Hunts J, Harigai H, Hirohashi S, Shimosato Y, Pastan I, et al. Molecular evidence for the lack of epidermal growth factor receptor gene expression in small cell lung carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 2668-2673.
86. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of non-small-cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350:2129-2139.
87. Krystal GW, Hines SJ, Organ CP. Autocrine growth of small cell lung cancer mediated by coexpression of c-kit and stem cell factor. Cancer Res 1996; 56:370-376.
88. Krystal GW, Honsawek S, Litz J, Buchdunger E. The selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571 inhibits small cell lung cancer growth. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6:3319-3326.
89. Johnson BE, Fisher B, Fisher T, et al. Phase II study of STI571 (Gleevec™) for pateints with small cell lung cancer. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol 2002; 21:abstr 1171.
90. Krug LM, Crapanzano JP, Miller VA, Azzoli CG, Rizvi N, Gomez J, et al. C-kit protein expression in tumor specimens as a predictor of sensitivity to imatinib mesylate in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC): a phase II clinical trial. J Oncol 2004; 22(14S):7218.
91. Korsmeyer SJ. Regulators of cell death. Trends Genet 1995; 11: 101-105.
92. Rudin CM, Kozloff M, Hoffman PC, Edelman MJ, Karnauskas R, Tomek R, et al. Phase I study of G3139, a bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide, combined with carboplatin and etoposide in patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22:1110-1117.
93. Chapman PB. Vaccinating against GD3 ganglioside using BEC2 anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2003; 4: 710-715.
94. Giaccone G, Debruyne C, Felip E, Millward M, D'Addario G, Thiberville L, et al. Phase III study of BEC2/BCG vaccination in limited disease small cell lung cancer (LD-SCLC) patients, following response to chemotherapy and thoracic irradiation (EORTC 08971, the SILVA study). J Oncol 2004; 22(14S):7020.
95. Assersohn L, Souberbielle BE, O'Brien ME, Archer CD, Mendes R, Bass R, et al. A randomized pilot study of SRL172 (Mycobacterium vaccae) in patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treated with chemotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 14:23-27.
96. Harper-Wynne CL, Sumpter K, O'Brien MER, et al. Addition of SRL172 (mycobacterium vaccae) to standard chemotherapy in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) confers no survival benefit: results of a randomised multicenter study. Lung Cancer 2003; 41 (suppl 2):s181.
97. Baron JA, Cole BF, Sandler RS, Haile RW, Ahnen D, Bresalier R, et al. A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2003; 348:891-899.
98. Pastorino U, Bellomi M, Landoni C, De Fiori E, Arnaldi P, Picchio M, et al. Early lung-cancer detection with spiral CT and positron emission tomography in heavy smokers: 2-year results. Lancet 2003; 362:593-597.