Paleozoic sedimentary rocks in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district and vicinity, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Provenance, deposition, and metallogenic significance

Economic Geology

Volumn 99, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1385-1414

  Slack, John F ^a   Dumoulin, Julie A ^a   Schmidt, Jeanine M ^a   Young, Lorne E ^b,c   Rombach, Cameron S ^d,e  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b Teck Cominco Metals Ltd   (Canada)

^c Teck Cominco American Inc ^*  (United States)

^d DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^e AngloGold Ashanti Limited   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPOSITION; DEPOSITION; FLOW OF FLUIDS; GEOCHEMISTRY; PYRITES; RARE EARTH ELEMENTS; SEDIMENTS; SHALE;

KUNA FORMATIONS; PALEOZOIC ROCKS; PYRITE GRAINS; SILICEOUS ROCKS;

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS;

LEAD; MINERALIZATION; ORE DEPOSIT; PALEOZOIC; SEDIMENTARY ROCK; SILVER; ZINC;

ALASKA; BROOKS RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

CANIS FAMILIARIS; CARBONIFEROUS; CUON ALPINUS; ENTOVALVA; KUNA; PHOCIDAE;

EID: 15744403366     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1385     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Abercrombie, H.J., Hutcheon, I.E., Bloch, J.D., and de Caritat, P., 1994, Silica activity and the smectite-illite reaction: Geology, v. 22, p. 539-542.
2. Adams, K.E., Mull, C.G., and Crowder, R.K., 1997, Permian deposition in the north central Brooks Range, Alaska-Constraints for tectonic reconstruction: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,727-20,748.
3. Alibo, D.S., and Nozaki, Y., 1999, Rare earth elements in seawater: Particle association, shale-normalization, and Ce oxidation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 63, p. 363-372.
4. Anderson, A.V., 1987, Provenance and petrofacies of the Endicott and Hammond terranes, Philip Smith Mountains and Arctic quadrangles, Brooks Range, Alaska [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 19, no. 6, p. 354.
5. Armstrong, A.K., and Mamet, B.L., 1994, Evidence of climate change in the lower and middle Carboniferous shallow-water carbonate rocks of Arctic Alaska, New Mexico, and Arizona: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2110, p. 52-58.
6. Awwiller, D.N., 1993, Illite/smectite formation and potassium mass transfer during burial diagenesis of mudrocks: A study from the Texas Gulf Coast Paleocene-Eocene: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 63, p. 501-512.
7. Ayuso, R.A., Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., Young, L.E., Slack, J.F., Wandless, G., Lyon, A.M., and Dillingham, J.L., 2004, Origin of the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Evidence from regional Pb and Sr isotope sources: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1533-1553.
8. Baturin, G.N., Lucas, J., and Prevot-Lucas, L., 1998, Initial stages of phosphorite nodule formation in diatomaceous ooze on the Namibian shelf: Lithology and Mineral Resources, v. 33, p. 403-417.
9. Bauluz, B., Mayayo, M.J., Fernandez-Nieto, C., and Gonzalez Lopez, J.M., 2000, Geochemistry of Precambrian and Paleozoic siliciclastic rocks from the Iberian Range (NE Spain): Implications for source-area weathering, sorting, provenance, and tectonic setting: Chemical Geology, v. 168, p. 135-150.
10. Berner, R.A., 1984, Sedimentary pyrite formation: An update: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 605-615.
11. Berner, R.A., and Raiswell, R., 1983, Burial of organic carbon and pyrite sulfur in sediments over Phanerozoic time: A new theory: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 47, p. 855-862.
12. Berner, R.A., and Raiswell, R., 1984, C/S method for distinguishing freshwater from marine sedimentary rocks: Geology, v. 12, p. 365-368.
13. Bhatia, M.R., and Crook, K.A.W., 1986, Trace element characteristics of graywackes and tectonic setting discrimination of sedimentary basins: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 92, p. 181-193.
14. Bird, K.J., 1988, Structure-contour and isopach maps of the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 355-377.
15. Brosgé, W.P., Nilsen, T.H., Moore, T.E., and Dutro, J.T., Jr., 1988, Geology of the Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut Conglomerate in the central and eastern Brooks Range: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 299-316.
16. Brueckner, H.K., and Snyder, W.S., 1985, Chemical and Sr-isotopic variations during diagenesis of Miocene siliceous sediments of the Monterey Formation, California: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 55, p. 553-568.
17. Canfield, D.E., Raiswell, R., and Bottrell, S., 1992, The reactivity of sedimentary iron minerals toward sulfide: American Journal of Science, v. 292, p. 659-683.
18. Clark, C.L., and McBride, M.B., 1984, Chemisorption of Cu(II) and Co(II) on allophane and imogolite: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 32, p. 300-310.
19. Cooke, D.R., Bull, S.W., Large, R.R., and McGoldrick, P.J., 2000, The importance of oxidized brines for the formation of Australian Proterozoic stratiform sediment-hosted Pb-Zn (sedex) deposits: Economic Geology, v. 95, p. 1-17.
20. Cooke, D.R., Bull, S., and Large, R.R., 2003, Processes of ore formation in the stratiform sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits of northern Australia: Testing the Century model: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 78-79, p. 519-524.
21. Corbett, J.A., Lambert, I.B., and Scott, K.M., 1975, Results of analyses of rocks from the McArthur area, Northern Territory: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Minerals Research Laboratories Technical Communication 57, 34 p.
22. Coveney, R.M., Jr., 1979, Sphalerite concentrations in Mid-Continent Pennsylvanian black shales of Missouri and Kansas: Economic Geology, v. 74, p. 131-140.
23. Coveney, R.M., Jr., and Glascock, M.D., 1989, A review of the origins of metal-rich Pennsylvanian black shales, central U.S.A., with an inferred role for basinal brines: Applied Geochemistry, v. 4, p. 347-367.
24. Cox, M.A., and Whitford-Stark, J.L., 1987, Stylolites in the Caballos Novaculite, west Texas: Geology, v. 15, p. 439-442.
25. Crowley, T.J., and North, G.R., 1991, Paleoclimatology: New York, Oxford University Press, 339 p.
26. Cullers, R.L., 2000, The geochemistry of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age, Colorado, USA: Implications for provenance and metamorphic studies: Lithos, v. 51, p. 181-203.
27. Davy, R., Pirajno, F., Sanders, A.J., and Morris, P.A., 1999, Regolith geochemical mapping as an adjunct to geological mapping and exploration: Examples from three contiguous Proterozoic basins in Western Australia: Journal of Geochemical Exploration, v. 66, p. 37-53.
28. Desborough, G.A., and Poole, F.G., 1983, Metal concentrations in some marine black shales of the United States, in Shanks, W.C., III, ed., Cameron volume on unconventional mineral deposits: New York, American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc., p. 99-110.
29. De Vera, J., McClay, K.R., and King, A.R., 2004, Structure of the Red Dog district, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1415-1434.
30. Ding, Z.L., Sun, J.M., Liu, T.S., Zhu, R.X., Yang, S.L., and Guo, B., 1998, Wind-blown origin of the Pliocene red clay formation in the central Loess Plateau, China: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 161, p. 135-143.
31. Dixit, S., van Cappellen, P., and van Bennekom, A.J., 2001, Processes controlling solubility of biogenic silica and pore water build-up of silicic acid in marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 73, p. 333-352.
32. Dover, J.H., Tailleur, I.L., and Dumoulin, J.A., 2004, Geologic and fossil locality maps of the west-central part of the Howard Pass quadrangle and part of the adjacent Misheguk Mountain quadrangle, western Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map MF-2413, 2 sheets with text, scale 1:100,000.
33. Dumoulin, J.A., 2002, Lithologies and correlation of the basement complex (Devonian and older) in the subsurface of northern Alaska [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1142.
34. Dumoulin, J.A., and Bird, K.J., 2001, Stratigraphy and lithofacies of Lisburne Group carbonate rocks (Carboniferous-Permian) in the National Petroleum Reserve-Alaska: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course 21, p. 141-166.
35. Dumoulin, J.A., and Harris, A.G., 1997, Kinderhookian (Lower Mississippian) calcareous rocks of the Howard Pass quadrangle, west-central Brooks Range: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1574, p. 243-268.
36. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., and Schmidt, J.M., 1993, Deep-water lithofacies and conodont faunas of the Lisburne Group, west-central Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2068, p. 12-30.
37. Dumoulin, J.A., Watts, K.F., and Harris, A.G., 1997, Stratigraphic contrasts and tectonic relationships between Carboniferous successions in the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect corridor and adjacent areas, northern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,709-20,726.
38. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Gagiev, M., Bradley, D.C., and Repetski, J.E., 2002, Lithostratigraphic, conodont, and other faunal links between lower Paleozoic strata in northern and central Alaska and northeastern Russia: Geological Society of America Special Paper 360, p. 291-312.
39. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Blome, C.D., and Young, L.E., 2004, Depositional settings, correlation, and age of Carboniferous rocks in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1355-1384.
40. Ewart, A., 1982, The mineralogy and petrology of Tertiary-Recent orogenic volcanic rocks, with special reference to the andesitic-basaltic compositional range, in Thorpe, R.S., ed., Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks: Chichester, John Wiley, p. 25-95.
41. 2 and Zr as a measure of sorting within shale and sandstone series (northern Portugal): European Journal of Mineralogy, v. 3, p. 401-414.
42. German, C.R., Masuzawa, T., Greaves, M.J., Elderfield, H., and Edmond, J.M., 1995, Dissolved rare earth elements in the Southern Ocean: Ce oxidation and the influence of hydrography: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1551-1558.
43. Goodfellow, W.D., 1984, Geochemistry of rocks hosting the Howards Pass (XY) strata-bound Zn-Pb deposit, Selwyn basin, Yukon Territory, Canada, in Janelidze, T.V., and Tvalchrelidze, A.G., eds., Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, 6th: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Proceedings, p. 91-112.
44. Goodfellow, W.D., 2000, Anoxic, conditions in the Aldridge basin during formation of the Sullivan Zn-Pb deposit: Implications for the genesis of massive sulphides and distal hydrothermal sediments: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Volume 1, p. 218-250.
45. Grathoff, G.H., Moore, D.M., Hay, R.L., and Wemmer, K., 1998, Illite poly-type quantification and K/Ar dating of Paleozoic shales: A technique to quantify diagenetic and detrital illite, in Schieber, J., Zimmerle, W., and Sethi, P.S., eds., Shales and mudstones II: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 161-175.
46. Gromet, L.P., Dymek, R.F., Haskin, L.A., and Korotev, R.L., 1984, The "North American shale composite": Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 2469-2482.
47. Handschy, J.W., 1998, Sedimentology and paleogeographic significance of Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian clastic rocks, Endicott Mountains allochthon, central Brooks Range, Alaska: Geological Society of America Special Paper 324, p. 9-31.
48. Hannigan, R., and Basu, A.R., 1998, Late diagenetic trace element remobilization in organic-rich black shales of the Taconic foreland basin of Québec, Ontario, and New York, in Schieber, J., Zimmerle, W., and Sethi, P.S., eds., Shales and mudstones II: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 209-234.
49. Harris, A.G., Harris, L.D., and Epstein, J.B., 1978, CAI and gas data from Paleozoic rocks in the Appalachian basin: Maps for assessing hydrocarbon potential and thermal maturity (conodont alteration isograds and overburden isopachs): U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-917-B, 4 sheets, scale 1:2,500,00.
50. Harris, A.G., Lane, H.R., Tailleur, I.L., and Ellersieck, I., 1987, Conodont thermal maturation patterns in Paleozoic and Triassic rocks, northern Alaska-Geologic and exploration implications: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists and Alaska Geological Society, Pacific Section, v. 1, p. 181-191.
51. Henneke, E., Luther, G.W., III, de Lange, G.J., and Hoefs, J., 1997, Sulphur speciation in anoxic hypersaline sediments from the eastern Mediterranean Sea: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 307-321.
52. Hesse, R., 1998, Origin of chert, I: Diagenesis of biogenic siliceous sediments: Geoscience Canada, v. 15, p. 171-192.
53. Hower, J., Eslinger, E.V., Hower, M.E., and Perry, E.A., 1976, Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediment-1. Mineralogical and chemical evidence: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 87, p. 725-737.
54. Hurd, D.C., 1973, Interaction of biogenic opal, sediment and sea water in the central equatorial Pacific: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 37, p. 2257-2282.
55. Jennings, S., and King, A.R., 2002, Geology, exploration history and future discoveries in the Red Dog district, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Centre for Ore Deposits Research Special Publication 4, p. 151-158.
56. John, C.M., Föllmi, K.B., De Kaenel, E., Adatte, T., Steinmann, P., and Badertscher, C., 2002, Carbonaceous and phosphate-rich sediments of the Miocene Monterey Formation at El Capitan State Beach, California, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 72, p. 252-267.
57. Johnson, C.A., Kelley, K.D., and Leach, D.L., 2004, Sulfur and oxygen isotopes in barite deposits of the western Brooks Range, Alaska, and implications for the origin of the Red Dog massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1435-1448.
58. Johnson, K.M., and Grimm, K.A., 2001, Opal and organic carbon in laminated diatomaceous sediments: Saanich Inlet, Santa Barbara basin, and the Miocene Monterey Formation: Marine Geology, v. 174, p. 159-175.
59. Karl, S.M., Wandless, G.A., and Karpoff, A.M., 1992, Sedimentological and geochemical characteristics of Leg 129 siliceous deposits, in Larson, R.L., Lancelot, Y., Fisher, A., and Winterer, E.L., eds., Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results: College Station, Texas, Ocean Drilling Program, Proceedings, v. 129, p. 31-79.
60. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and Johnson, C.A., 2000, Sulfur-, oxygen-, and carbon-isotope studies of Ag-Pb-Zn vein-breccia occurrences, sulfide-bearing concretions, and barite deposits in the north-central Brooks Range, with comparisons to shale-hosted stratiform massive sulfide deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1615, p. 189-201.
61. Kelley, K.D., Dumoulin, J.A., and Jennings, S., 2004a, The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1577-1591.
62. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., Johnson, C.A., Clark, J.L., Fayek, M., Slack, J.F., Anderson, V.M., Ayuso, B.A., and Ridley, W.I., 2004b, Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for ore formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1509-1532.
63. Kidder, D.L., Krishnaswamy, R., and Mapes, R.H., 2003, Elemental mobility in phosphatic shales during concretion growth and implications for provenance analysis: Chemical Geology, v. 198, p. 335-353.
64. Knauth, L.P., 1994, Petrogenesis of chert: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 29, p. 233-258.
65. Kunze, F.R., and Casey, R.E., 1980, Metals on the surface of Radiolaria and their influence on silica preservation [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 12, no. 7, p. 467.
66. Kurtak, J.M., Hicks, R.W., Werdon, M.B., Meyer, M.P., and Mull, C.G., 1995, Mineral investigations in the Colville mining district and southern National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska: U.S. Bureau of Mines Open File Report 8-95, 217 p.
67. Land, L.S., Mack, L.E., Milliken, K.L., and Lynch, F.L., 1997, Burial diagenesis of argillaceous sediment, south Texas Gulf of Mexico sedimentary basin: A reexamination: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 109, p. 2-15.
68. Langmuir, C.H., Vocke, R.D., Jr., Hanson, G.N., and Hart, S.R., 1978, A general mixing equation with applications to Icelandic basalts: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 37, p. 380-392.
69. Lapointe, P., and Dankers, P., 1982, L'Arctique canadien sous un climat équatorial?: Geos (Ottawa), Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, v. 11, p. 12-15.
70. Lawver, L.A,, Grantz, A., and Gahagan, L.M., 2002, Plate kinematic evolution of the present Arctic region since the Ordovician: Geological Society of America Special Paper 360, p. 333-358.
71. Le Maitre, R.W., 1976, The chemical variability of some common igneous rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 17, p. 589-637.
72. Lev, S.M., McLennan, S.M., and Hanson, G.N., 1999, Mineralogic controls on REE mobility during black-shale diagenesis: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 69, p. 1071-1082.
73. Leventhal, J.S., 1998, Metal-rich black shales: Formation, economic geology, and environmental considerations, in Schieber, J., Zimmerle, W., and Sethi, P.S., eds., Shales and mudstones II: Stuttgart, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, p. 255-282.
74. Lewchuk, M.T., Foucher, J., and Elmore, R.D., 2004, Paleomagnetism of the Mesozoic Asik Mountain mafic complex in northern Alaska: Implications for the tectonic history of the Arctic composite terrane: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1345-1354.
75. Littke, R., Klussmann, U., Krooss, B., and Leythaeuser, D., 1991, Quantification of loss of calcite, pyrite, and organic matter due to weathering of Toarcian black shales and effects on kerogen and bitumen characteristics: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 3369-3378.
76. Löscher, B.M., 1999, Relationships among Ni, Cu, Zn, and major nutrients in the Southern Ocean: Marine Chemistry, v. 67, p. 67-102.
77. Lydon, J.W., 1995, Sedimentary exhalative sulphides (sedex), in Eckstrand, O.R., Sinclair, W.D., and Thorpe, R.I., eds., Geology of Canadian mineral deposit types: Geological Survey of Canada-Geology of Canada 8, p. 130-152.
78. Lydon, J.W., Walker, R., and Anderson, E.H., 2000, Lithogeochemistry of the Aldridge Formation and the chemical effects of burial diagenesis: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Volume 1, p. 136-179.
79. Lyons, T.W., Werne, J.P., Hollander, D.J., and Murray, R.W., 2003, Contrasting sulfur geochemistry and Fe/Al and Mo/Al ratios across the last oxic-to-anoxic transition in the Cariaco basin, Venezuela: Chemical Geology, v. 195, p. 131-157.
80. Macdonald, R., Smith, R.L., and Thomas, J.E., 1992, Chemistry of the sub-alkalic silicic obsidians: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1523, 214 p.
81. Mason, B., and Moore, C.B., 1982, Principles of geochemistry-fourth edition: New York, John Wiley, 344 p.
82. Mayfield, C.F., Tailleur, I.L., and Ellersieck, I., 1988, Stratigraphy, structure, and palinspastic synthesis of the western Brooks Range, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 143-186.
83. McLennan, S.M., 1989, Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 21, p. 169-200.
84. McLennan, S.M., and Taylor, S.R., 1991, Sedimentary rocks and crustal evolution: Tectonic setting and secular trends: Journal of Geology, v. 99, p. 1-21.
85. McLennan, S.M., Hemming, S., McDaniel, D.K., and Hanson, G.N., 1993, Geochemical approaches to sedimentation, provenance, and tectonics: Geological Society of America Special Paper 284, p. 21-40.
86. Middleton, H.A., and Nelson, C.S., 1996, Origin and timing of siderite and calcite concretions in late Palaeogene non- to marginal-marine facies of the Te Kuiti Group, New Zealand: Sedimentary Geology, v. 103, p. 93-115.
87. Milodowski, A. E., and Zalasiewicz, J.A., 1991, Redistribution of rare earth elements during diagenesis of turbidite/hemipelagic mudrock sequences of Llandovery age from central Wales: Geological Society of London Special Publication 57, p. 101-124.
88. Moore, D.W., Young, L.E., Modene, J.S., and Plahuta, J.T., 1986, Geologic setting and genesis of the Red Dog zinc-lead-silver deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 1696-1727.
89. Moore, T.E., and Nilsen, T.H., 1984, Regional variations in the fluvial Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian(?) Kanayut Conglomerate, Brooks Range, Alaska: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, p. 465-497.
90. Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Bird, K.J., Karl, S.M., Mull, C.G., and Dillon, J.T., 1994, Geology of northern Alaska: Geological Society of America-The geology of North America, v. G-1, p. 49-140.
91. Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Mull, C.G., Adams, K.E., Plafker, G., and Nokleberg, W.J., 1997, Crustal implications of bedrock geology along the Trans-Alaska Crustal Transect (TACT) in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,645-20,684.
92. Morelli, R.M., Creaser, R.A., Selby, D., Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and King, A.R., 2004, Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1569-1576.
93. Morse, J.W., and Berner, R.A., 1995, What determines sedimentary C/S ratios?: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1073-1077.
94. Morse, J.W., and Cornwall, J.C., 1987, Analysis and distribution of iron sulfide minerals in recent anoxic marine sediments: Marine Chemistry, v. 22, p. 55-69.
95. Mull, C.G., 1989, Generalized stratigraphy and structure of the Brooks Range and Arctic Slope: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Guidebook 7, v. 1, p. 31-46.
96. Mull, C.G., and Werdon, M.B., 1994, Generalized geologic map of the western Endicott Mountains, central Brooks Range, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Public Data File 94-55, scale 1:250,000.
97. Mull, C.G., Tailleur, I.L., Mayfield, C.F., Ellersieck, I., and Curtis, S.M., 1982, New upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic stratigraphic units, central and western Brooks Range, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 348-362.
98. Murray, R.W., Buchholtz ten Brink, M.R., Brumsack, H.-J., Gerlach, D.C., and Russ, G.P., III, 1991, Rare earth elements in Japan Sea sediments and diagenetic behavior of Ce/Ce*: Results from ODP Leg 127: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 2453-2466.
99. Murray, R.W., Peterson, L.C., Lin, H.L., and Overpeck, J.T., 1996, Biogenic opal, carbon, and carbonate accumulation in the Cariaco basin over the past 25,000 years under varying redox conditions [abs.]: EOS, American Geophysical Union Transactions, v. 77, no. 46, p. 298.
100. Nakamura, N., 1974, Determination of REE, Ba, Fe, Mg, Na, and K in carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 38, p. 757-775.
101. Nameroff, T.J., Balistrieri, L.S., and Murray, J.W., 2002, Suboxic trace metal geochemistry in the eastern tropical North Pacific: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. 1139-1158.
102. Nesbitt, H.W., and Young, G.M., 1982, Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites: Nature, v. 299, p. 715-717.
103. Nesbitt, H.W., and Young, G.M., 1984, Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 1523-1534.
104. Nilsen, T.H., Brosgé, W.P., and Dutro, J.T., Jr., 1985, New reference section of the Noatak Sandstone, Nimiuktuk River, Misheguk Mountain quadrangle, central Brooks Range: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 945, p. 10-13.
105. Niu, B., Yoshimura, T., and Hirai, A., 2000, Smectite diagenesis in Neogene marine sandstone and mudstone of the Niigata basin, Japan: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 48, p. 26-42.
106. Nokleberg, W.J., and Winkler, G.R., 1982, Stratiform zinc-lead deposits in the Drenchwater Creek area, Howard Pass quadrangle, northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1209, 22 p.
107. O'Sullivan, P.B., Moore, T.E., Potter, C.J., and Wallace, W.K., 2002, Constraints on the Mesozoic and Cenozoic thermotectonic evolution of the northern Brooks Range and the North Slope foreland basin from fisson track thermochronology [abs.]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, no. 6, p. 1156.
108. Pašava, J., Hladíkova, J., and Dobeš, P., 1996, Origin of Proterozoic metal-rich black shales from the Bohemian massif, Czech Republic: Economic Geology, v. 91, p. 63-79.
109. Passier, H.F., Middelburg, J.J., de Lange, G.J., and Böttcher, M.E., 1999, Modes of sapropel formation in the eastern Mediterranean: Some constraints based on pyrite properties: Marine Geology, v. 153, p. 199-219.
110. Patton, W.W., Jr., and Matzko, J.J., 1959, Phosphate deposits in northern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 302-A, 17 p.
111. Peacor, D.R., Coveney, R.M., Jr., and Zhao, G., 2000, Authigenic illite and organic matter: The principal hosts of vanadium in the Mecca Quarry Shale at Velpen, Indiana: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 48, p. 311-316.
112. Pearce, J.A., 1982, Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate boundaries, in Thorpe, R.S., ed., Andesites: Orogenic andesites and related rocks: Chichester, John Wiley, p. 525-548.
113. Pedersen, T.F., and Calvert, S.E., 1990, Anoxia vs. productivity: What controls the formation of organic-carbon-rich sediments and sedimentary rocks?: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 74, p. 454-466.
114. Petsch, S.T., Edwards, K.J., and Eglinton, T., 2002, Interactions of chemical, biological and physical processes during weathering of black shales [abs.]: International Symposium on the Geochemistry of the Earth's Surface, 6th, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 2002, Abstracts, v. 6, p. 47-52.
115. Piper, D.Z., 1994, Seawater as a source of minor elements in black shales, phosphorites, and other sedimentary deposits: Chemical Geology, v. 114, p. 95-114.
116. Piper, D.Z., 2001, Marine chemistry of the Permian Phosphoria Formation and basin, southeast Idaho: Economic Geology, v. 96, p. 599-620.
117. Piper, D.Z., and Link, P.K., 2002, An upwelling model for the Phosphoria sea: A Permian, ocean-margin sea in the northwest United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 86, p. 1217-1235.
118. Quinby-Hunt, M.S., and Wilde, P., 1994, Thermodynamic zonation in the black shale facies based on iron-manganese-vanadium content: Chemical Geology, v. 113, p. 297-317.
119. Quinby-Hunt, M.S., Wilde, P., Orth, C.J., and Berry, W.B.N., 1989, Elemental geochemistry of black shales-Statistical comparison of low-calcic shales with other shales: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1037, p. 8-15.
120. Raiswell, R., and Berner, R.A., 1987, Organic carbon losses during burial and thermal maturation of normal marine shales: Geology, v. 15, p. 853-856.
121. Raiswell, R., and Canfield, D.E., 1998, Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments: American Journal of Science, v. 298, p. 219-245.
122. Raiswell, R., and Fisher, Q.J., 2000, Mudrock-hosted carbonate concretions: A review of growth mechanisms and their influence on chemical and isotopic composition: Geological Society of London Journal, v. 157, p. 239-251.
123. Ripley, E.M., Shaffer, N.R., and Gilstrap, M.S., 1990, Distribution and geochemical characteristics of metal enrichment in the New Albany Shale (Devonian-Mississippian), Indiana: Economic Geology, v. 85, p. 1790-1807.
124. Sageman, B.B., Murphy, A.E., Werne, J.P., Ver Straeten, C.A., Hollander, D.J., and Lyons, T.W., 2003, A tale of shales: The relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian basin: Chemical Geology, v. 195, p. 229-273.
125. Sanford, R.F., Pierson, C.T., and Crovelli, R.A., 1993, An objective replacement method for censored geochemical data: Mathematical Geology, v. 25, p. 59-80.
126. Schmidt, J.M., 1997, Shale-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposits of Alaska: Economic Geology Monograph, 9, p. 35-65.
127. Schmidt, J.M., 2000, Geology and geochemistry of Zn-Pb-Ag vein-breccias at Whoopee Creek, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1615, p. 203-219.
128. Schroeder, J.O., Murray, R.W., Leinen, M., Pflaum, R.C., and Janacek, T., 1997, Barium in equatorial Pacific carbonate sediment: Terrigenous, oxide, and biogenic associations: Paleooceanography, v. 12, p. 125-146.
129. Scotese, C.R., and Golonka, J., 1992, PALEOMAP paleogeographic atlas: University of Texas at Arlington, Department of Geology, PALEOMAP Progress Report 20, 35 p.
130. Sheldon, R.P., 1987, Association of phosphatic and siliceous marine sedimentary deposits, in Hein, J.R., ed., Siliceous sedimentary rock-hosted ores and petroleum: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, p. 58-80.
131. Sheu, D.-D., 1987, Sulfur and organic carbon contents in sediment cores from the Tyro and Orca basins: Marine Geology, v. 75, p. 157-164.
132. Siok, J.P., III, 1985, Geologic history of the Siksikpuk Formation on the Endicott Mountains and Picnic Creek allochthons, north central Brooks Range, Alaska: Unpublished M.S. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 253 p.
133. Slack, J.F., and Höy, T., 2000, Geochemistry and provenance of clastic metasedimentary rocks of the Aldridge and Fort Steele Formations, Purcell Supergroup, southeastern British Columbia: Geological Association of Canada, Mineral Deposits Division Special Volume 1, p. 180-201.
134. Slack, J.F., and Stevens, B.P.J., 1994, Clastic metasediments of the Early Proterozoic Broken Hill Group, New South Wales, Australia: Geochemistry, provenance, and metallogenic significance: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 3633-3652.
135. Slack, J.F., Kelley, K.D., Anderson, V.M., Clark, J.L., and Ayuso, R.A., 2004a, Multistage hydrothermal silicification and Fe-Tl-As-Sb-Ge-REE enrichment in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district, northern Alaska: Geochemistry, origin, and exploration applications: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1481-1508.
136. Slack, J.F., Schmidt, J.M., and Dumoulin, J.A., 2004b, Whole-rock geochemical data for Paleozoic sedimentary rocks of the western Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2004-1371 (http:// pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1371/).
137. Sverjensky, D.A., Hemley, J.J., and D'Angelo, W.M., 1991, Thermodynamic assessment of hydrothermal alkali feldspar-mica-aluminosilicate equilibria: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 989-1004.
138. Taylor, S.R., and McLennan, S.M., 1985, The continental crust: Its composition and evolution: Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications, 312 p.
139. Thierstein, H.R., 1989, Inventory of paleoproductivity records: The Mid-Cretaceous enigma: Life Sciences Research Reports, v. 44, p. 355-375.
140. van Bennekom, A.J., Jansen, J.H.F., van der Gaast, S.J., van Iperen, J.M., and Pieters, J., 1989, Aluminum-rich opal: An intermediate in the preservation of biogenic silica in the Zaire (Congo) deep-sea fan: Deep-Sea Research, v. 36, p. 173-190.
141. van Cappellen, P., 1996, Reactive surface area control of the dissolution kinetics of biogenic silica in deep-sea sediments: Chemical Geology, v. 132, p. 125-130.
142. Vine, J.D., and Tourtelot, E.B., 1970, Geochemistry of black shale deposits-A summary report: Economic Geology, v. 65, p. 253-272.
143. Wallace, W.K., Moore, T.E., and Plafker, G., 1997, Multistory duplexes with forward dipping roofs, north central Brooks Range, Alaska: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, no. B9, p. 20,773-20,796.
144. Watts, K.F., Harris, A.G., Carlson, R.C., Eckstein, M.K., Gruzlovic, P.D., Imm, T.A., Krumhardt, A.P., Lasota, D.K., Morgan, S.K., Enos, P., Goldstein, R.H., Dumoulin, J.A., and Mamet, B.L., 1994, Analysis of reservoir heterogeneities due to shallowing-upward cycles in carbonate rocks of the Upper Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Wahoo Limestone of northeastern Alaska: U.S. Department of Energy Open-File Report, Contract DEAC22-89BC14471, 433 p.
145. Weaver, C.E., 1989, Clays, muds, and shales: Amsterdam, Elsevier, v. 44,819 p.
146. Werdon, M.B., 1996, Drenchwater, Alaska: Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in a mixed black shale-volcanic environment, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Reno, Geological Society of Nevada Symposium Proceedings, v. 3, p. 1341-1354.
147. Werdon, M.B., 1999, Geology and timing of Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization, northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, 130 p.
148. Werdon, M.B., 2000, Geologic setting of Mississippian vein-breccias at the Kady Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag prospect: Plumbing system for a failed sedex deposit?: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1614, p. 5-34.
149. Werne, J.P., Sageman, B.B., Lyons, T.W., and Hollander, D.J., 2002, An integrated assessment of a "type euxinic" deposit: Evidence for multiple controls on black shale deposition in the Middle Devonian Oatka Creek Formation: American Journal of Science, v. 302, p. 110-143.
150. Werner, W., 1988, Synsedimentary faulting and sediment-hosted submarine hydrothermal mineralization-A case study in the Rhenish massif, Germany: Göttinger Arbeiten zur Geologie und Paläontologie, no. 36, 206 p.
151. White, A.J.R., and Chappell, B.W., 1983, Granitoid types and their distribution in the Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia: Geological Society of America Memoir 159, p. 21-34.
152. 2S redox transition: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 1399-1416.
153. Wilkin, R.T., and Barnes, H.L., 1997, Formation processes of framboidal pyrite: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 323-339.
154. Wilkin, R.T., Barnes, H.L., and Brantley, S.L., 1996, The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: An indicator of redox conditions: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 3897-3912.
155. Wintsch, R.P., and Kvale, C.M., 1994, Differential mobility of elements in burial diagenesis of siliciclastic rocks: Journal of Sedimentary Research, v. 64, p. 349-361.
156. Young, L.E., 1992, The Wolverine Creek sequence: Evidence for an allochthon below the Brooks Range allochthon, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Report of Investigations 92-4, 19 p.
157. Young, L.E., 2004, A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1435-1448.
158. Yudovich, Ya.E., and Ketris, M.P., 1997, Geochemistry of black shales. Part I: Outline: Syktyvkar, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences Komi Science Centre, 52 p. [in English].