Origin of the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Evidence from regional Pb and Sr isotope sources

Economic Geology

Volumn 99, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1533-1553

  Ayuso, R A ^a   Kelley, K D ^b   Leach, D L ^b   Young, L E ^c,d   Slack, J F ^a   Wandless, G ^a   Lyon, A M ^a   Dillingham, J L ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

^b DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Teck Cominco Metals Ltd   (Canada)

^d NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BARITE; CALCITE; HYDROTHERMAL SYNTHESIS; IGNEOUS ROCKS; ISOTOPES; LEACHING; ORE DEPOSIT GEOLOGY; STRATIGRAPHY;

DOG DEPOSITS; KUNA FORMATION; LARGE-SCALE TRANSPORT; THROGENIC LEAD ISOTOPES;

LEAD ZINC DEPOSITS;

METALLOGENESIS; ORE DEPOSIT;

ALASKA; BROOKS RANGE; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 15744392009     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.99.7.1533     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aharon, P., Roberts, H.H., and Snelling, R., 1992, Submarine venting of brines in the deep Gulf of Mexico: Observations and geochemistry: Geology, v. 20, p. 483-486.
2. Ayuso, R.A., and Schulz, K.J., 2003, Pb-Nd-Sr isotope geochemistry of the Ordovician Bald Mountain and Mount Chase massive sulfide deposits, northern Maine: Economic Geology Monograph 11, p. 611-630.
3. Ayuso, R.A., Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., Slack, J.F., and Young, L., 2000, Pb and Sr isotope evolution of the Red Dog deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, p. A-84.
4. Ayuso, R.A., Wooden, J.N., Foley, N.K., Slack, J.F., Sinha, A.K., and Persing, H., 2003, Pb isotope geochemistry and U-Pb zircon (SHRIMP-RG) ages of the Bald Mountain and Mount Chase massive sulfide deposits, northern Maine: Mantle and crustal contributions in the Ordovician: Economic Geology Monograph 11, p. 589-610.
5. Bischoff, J.L., Radtke, A.S., and Rosenbauer, R.J., 1981, Hydrothermal alteration of graywacke by brine and seawater: Roles of alteration and chloride complexing on metal solubilization at 200°C and 350°C: Economic Geology, v. 76, p. 659-676.
6. Church, S.E., Gray, J.E., Delevaux, M.H., and LeHuray, A.P., 1986, Pb isotope signatures of Devonian-Mississippian massive sulfide deposits in Alaska and their significance to mineral exploration, in Elliott, I.L., and Smee, B.W., eds., GEOEXPO/86, Exploration in the North American Cordillera: Rexdale, Ontario, Canada, Association of Exploration Geochemists, p. 132-141.
7. Dehairs, F., Stroobants, N., and Goeyens, L., 1991, Suspended barite as a tracer of biological activity in the Southern Ocean: Marine Chemistry, v. 35, p. 399-410.
8. Deloule, E., Allegre, C., and Doe, B.R., 1986, Lead and sulfur isotope microstratigraphy in galena crystals from Mississippi Valley-type deposits: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 1307-1321.
9. DePaolo, D.J., 1986, Detailed record of the Neogene Sr isotopic evolution of seawater from DSDP site 590B: Geology, v. 14, p. 103-106.
10. Doe, B.R., and Zartman, R.E., 1979, Plumbotectonics I: The Phanerozoic, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits-second edition: New York, John Wiley, p. 22-70.
11. Doe, B.R., and Zartman, R.E., 1982, Plumbotectonics from Japan: Some evidence for a rejuvenated craton: Mining Geology, v. 32, p. 285-289.
12. Doe, B.R., Stuckless, J.S., and Delevaux, M.H., 1983, The possible bearing of the granite of the UHP deep drill holes, northern Illinois, on the origin of Mississippi Valley ore deposits: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 88, p. 7335-7345.
13. Dumoulin, J.A., Harris, A.G., Blome, C.D., and Young, L.E., 2004, Depositional settings, correlation, and age of Carboniferous rocks in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1355-1384.
14. Duttweiler, K.A., 1986, Sulfide occurrences in the Iktillik River region, southeast Chandler Lake quadrangle, Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 978, p. 10-13.
15. Elswick, E.R., Maynard, J.B., Warner, M.C., Sims, D.B., and Morton, J., 2000, Sulfur and strontium isotopic composition of massive barites at Red Dog, Alaska [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 32, p. A-281.
16. Fu, B., Aharon, P., Byerly, G.R., and Roberts, H.H., 1994, Barite chimneys on the Gulf of Mexico slope: Initial report on their petrography and geochemistry: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 14, p. 81-87.
17. Gacetta, J.D., and Church, S. E., 1989, Pb isotope database for sulfide occurrences from Alaska, December 1989: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 89-688, 60 p.
18. Garven, G., Raffensperger, J.P., Dumoulin, J.A., Bradley, D.A., Young, L.E., Kelley, K.D., and Leach, D.L., 2003, Coupled heat and fluid flow modeling of the Carboniferous Kuna basin, Alaska: Implications for the genesis of the Red Dog Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba ore district: Geofluids IV, International Conference on Fluid Evolution, Migration and Interaction in Sedimentary Basins and Orogenic Belts, 4th, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2003, Proceedings.
19. Gieskes, J.M., Elderfield, H., and Palmer, M.R., 1986, Strontium and its isotopic composition in interstitial waters of marine carbonate sediments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 77, p. 229-235.
20. Godwin, C.J., and Sinclair, A.J., 1982, Average Pb isotope growth curves for shale-hosted Zn-Pb deposits, Canadian Cordillera: Economic Geology, v. 7, p. 675-690.
21. Goodfellow, W.D., 1999, SEDEX deposits: Geology, genesis and exploration: Anchorage, Alaska, Alaska Miners Association Short Course 1, 84 p.
22. Gorzawski, H., Fontbote, L., Sureau, J.F., and Calvez, J.I., 1989, Strontium isotope trends during diagenesis in ore-bearing carbonates: Geologische Rundschau, v. 78, p. 269-290.
23. Greinert, J., Bohrman, G., Suess, E., Bollwerk, S.M., and Derkachev, A., 2002, Massive barite deposits and carbonate mineralization in the Deugin basin, Sea of Okhotsk: Precipitation processes at cold seep sites: Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, v. 203, p. 165-180.
24. Hanor, J., and Baria, L.R., 1977, Controls on the distribution of barite deposits in Arkansas, in Stone, C.G., ed., Geology of the Ouachitas, v. 2: Little Rock, Arkansas Geological Commission, p. 48-55.
25. Jennings, S., and King, A.R., 2002, Geology, exploration history and future discoveries in the Red Dog district, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Hobart, Australia, University of Tasmania, Centre for Ore Deposit Research Special Publication 4, p. 151-158.
26. Johnson, C.A., Kelley, K.D., and Leach, D.L., 2004, Sulfur and oxygen isotopes in barite deposits of the western Brooks Range, Alaska, and implications for the origin of the Red Dog massive sulfide deposits: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1435-1448.
27. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and Johnson, C.A., 2000, Sulfur-, oxygen-, and carbon-isotope studies of Ag-Pb-Zn vein breccia occurrences, sulfide-bearing concretions, and barite deposits in the north-central Brooks Range, with comparisons to shale-hosted massive sulfide deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1615, p. 189-201.
28. Kelley, K.D., Dumoulin, J.A., and Jennings, S., 2004a, The Anarraaq Zn-Pb-Ag and barite deposit, northern Alaska: Evidence for replacement of carbonate by barite and sulfides: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1577-1591.
29. Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and Johnson, C.A., Clark, J.L., Fayek, M., Slack, J.F., Anderson, V.M., Ayuso, R.A., and Ridley, W.I., 2004b, Textural, compositional, and sulfur isotope variations of sulfide minerals in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Implications for ore formation: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1509-1532.
30. Koski, R.A., Lonsdale, P.F., Shanks, W.C., Verndt, M.E., and Howe, S.S., 1985, Mineralogy and geochemistry of a sediment hosted hydrothermal sulfide deposit from the southern trough of the Guaymas basin, Gulf of California: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 6695-6707.
31. Lange, I.M., Nokleberg, W.J., Plahuta, J.T., Krouse, H.R., and Doe, B.R., 1985, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of stratiform sphalerite-galena-barite deposits, Red Dog Creek and Drenchwater Creek areas, northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 80, p. 1896-1926.
32. Large, D.E., 1983, Sediment-hosted massive sulphide Pb-zinc deposits: An empirical model: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook 8, p. 1-29.
33. Leach, D.L., Marsh, E., Emsbo, P., Rombach, C., Kelley, K.D., and Anthony, M., 2004, Nature of hydrothermal fluids at the shale-hosted Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposits, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1449-1480.
34. Ludwig, K.R., 1991, ISOPLOT-A plotting and regression program for radiogenic-isotope data: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 91-445, 41 p.
35. Lueck, L., 1980, Lead isotope ratios from the Red Dog and Drenchwater Creek Pb-zinc deposits, De Long Mountains, Brooks Range, Alaska: Short notes on Alaskan geology 1979-1980: Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Geologic Reports, v. 63, p. 1-5.
36. Lueck, L., 1986, Petrologic and geochemical characterization of the Red Dog and other base-metal sulfide and barite deposits in the DeLong Mountains, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Fairbanks, Alaska, Mineral Industries Research Laboratory Report 71, 96 p.
37. Lydon, J.W., 1983, Chemical parameters controlling the origin and deposition of sediment-hosted stratiform Pb-zinc deposits: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Handbook 8, p. 175-250.
38. Mayfield, C.F., Tailleur, I.L., Ellersieck, I., 1988, Stratigraphy, structure, and palinspastic synthesis of the western Brooks Range, northwestern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1399, p. 143-186.
39. Moore, D.W., Young, L.E., Modene, J.S., and Plahuta, J.T., 1986, Geologic setting and genesis of the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 1696-1727.
40. Moore, T.E., Nielsen, T.H., and Brosge, W.P., 1989, Sedimentology of the Kanayut Conglomerate: Alaska Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Geophysical Surveys, v. 2, p. 219-252.
41. Moore, T.E., Wallace, W.K., Bird, K.J., Karl, S.M., and Dillon, J.T., 1994, Geology of northern Alaska: Geological Society of America-The geology of North America, v. G-1, p. 49-140.
42. Morelli, R.M., Creaser, R.A., Selby, D., Kelley, K.D., Leach, D.L., and King, A.R., 2004, Re-Os sulfide geochronology of the Red Dog sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag deposit, Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1569-1576.
43. Mountjoy, E.W., Qing, H., and McNutt, R.H., 1992, Strontium isotopic composition of Devonian dolomites, western Canada sedimentary basin: Significance of sources of dolomitizing fluids: Applied Geochemistry, v. 7, p. 59-75.
44. Mull, C.G., 1982, The tectonic evolution and structural style of the Brooks Range, Alaska-An illustrated summary, in Powers, R.B., ed., Geologic studies of the Cordilleran thrust belt: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, v. 1, p. 1-45.
45. Mull, C.G., Tailleur, I.L., Mayfield, C.F., Ellersieck, I.F., and Curtis, S.M., 1982, New upper Paleozoic and lower Mesozoic stratigrapbic units, central and western Brooks Range, Alaska: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 66, p. 348-362.
46. Mull, C.G., Harris, A.G., and Carter, J.L., 1997, Lower Mississippian (Kinderhookian) biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy of the western Endicott Mountains, Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1574, p. 221-242.
47. Naehr, T.H., Stakes, D.S., and Moore, W.S., 2000, Mass wasting, ephemeral fluid flow, and barite deposition on the California continental margin: Geology, v. 28, p. 315-318.
48. Nelson, B.K., Nelson, S.W., and Till, A.B., 1993, Nd and Sr-isotope evidence for Proterozoic and Paleozoic crustal evolution in the Brooks Range, northern Alaska: Journal of Geology, v. 101, p. 435-450.
49. Nielsen, T.H., 1981, Upper Devonian and Lower Mississippian redbeds, Brooks Range, Alaska: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 23, p. 187-218.
50. Nielsen, T.H., and Moore, T.E., 1984, The Kanayut Conglomerate in the westernmost Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 868, p. 12-16.
51. Nokleberg, W.J., and Winkler, G.R., 1982, Stratiform zinc-Pb deposits in the Drenchwater Creek area, Howard Pass quadrangle, northwestern Brooks Range, Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1209, 22 p.
52. Paytan, A., Kastner, M., Martin, E.E., Macdougall, J.D., and Hebert, T., 1993, Marine barite as a monitor of seawater strontium isotope composition: Nature, v. 366, p. 445-449.
53. Paytan, A., Mearon, S., Cobb, K., and Kastner, M., 2002, Origin of marine barite deposits: Sr and Sr isotope characterization: Geology, v. 30, p. 747-750.
54. Seewald, J.S., and Seyfried, W.E., Jr., 1990, The effect of temperature on metal mobility in subseafloor hydrothermal systems: Constraints from basalt alteration experiments: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 101, p. 388-403.
55. Slack, J.F., Kelley, K.D., Anderson, V.M., Clark, J.L., and Ayuso, R.A., 2004, Multistage hydrothermal silicification and Fe-Tl-As-Sb-Ge-REE enrichment in the Red Dog Zn-Pb-Ag district, northern Alaska: Geochemistry, origin, and exploration applications: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1481-1508.
56. Stacey, J.S., and Kramers, J.D., 1975, Approximation of terrestrial Pb isotope evolution by a two-stage model: Earth and Planetary Sciences Letters, v. 26, p.207-221.
57. Torres, M.E., Brumsack, H.J., Bohramn, G., and Emeis, K.C., 1996, Barite fronts in continental sediments: A new look at barium remobilization in the zone of sulfate reduction and formation of heavy barites in authigenic fronts: Chemical Geology, v. 127, p. 125-139.
58. Torres, M.E., Bohramn, G., Dube, T.E., and Poole, F.G., 2003, Formation of modern and Paleozoic stratiform barite at cold methane seeps on continental margins: Geology, v. 31, p. 897-900.
59. Vaasjoki, M., and Gulson, B.L., 1986, Carbonate-hosted base metal deposits: Pb isotope data bearing on their genesis and exploration: Economic Geology, v. 81, p. 156-172.
60. 18O evolution of Phanerozoic seawater: Chemical Geology, v. 161, p. 59-88.
61. VonderHaar, D.L., Mahoney, J.J., and McMurty, M.M., 1995, An evaluation of strontium isotopic dating of ferromanganese oxides in a marine hydrogenous ferromanganese crust: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 4267-4277.
62. Werdon, M.B, 1996, Drenchwater, Alaska Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in a mixed black shale-volcanic environment, in Coyner, A.R., and Fahey, P.L., eds., Geology and ore deposits of the American Cordillera: Reno/Sparks, Nevada, Geological Society of Nevada Symposium, Proceedings, v. III, p. 1341-1354.
63. Werdon, M.B. 1998, Pb isotopic ratios, ICP and XRF analyses, and fluid inclusion data from the Kady Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag vein breccia prospect, northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys Department of Natural Resources, Alaska Public-Data File 98-43, 9p.
64. Werdon, M.B. 2000, Geologic setting of Mississippian vein-breccias at the Kady Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag prospect: Plumbing system for a failed SEDEX deposit?: Geologic studies in Alaska by the U.S. Geological Survey, 1997, U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1614, p. 5-34.
65. 39Ar dating of Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization in the northern Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1323-1343.
66. Young, L.E., 1989, Geology and genesis of the Red Dog deposit, western Brooks Range, Alaska: Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Bulletin, v. 82, p. 57-67.
67. Young, L.E., 1995, Empirical applications of common Pb-isotope ratios to exploration: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter, no. 22, p. 7-12.
68. Young, L.E., 2004, A geologic framework for mineralization in the western Brooks Range, Alaska: Economic Geology, v. 99, p. 1281-1306.
69. Young, L.E., and Moore, D.W., 1987, Geologic setting, petrology, and geochemistry of stratiform sphalerite-galena-barite deposits, Red Dog Creek and Drenchwater Creek areas-A discussion: Economic Geology, v. 82, p. 1077-1079.
70. Zartman, R.E., 1984, Lead, strontium, and neodymium isotopic characterization of mineral deposits relative to their geologic environments: Metallogenesis and Mineral Ore Deposits, International Geological Congress, 27th, Proceedings, v. 12, p. 83-106.