Energetics of high-speed running: Integrating classical theory and contemporary observations

American Journal of Physiology - Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Volumn 288, Issue 4 57-4, 2005, Pages

  Weyand, Peter G ^a,b,c,e   Bundle, Matthew W ^a,b,d  

^a RICE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c U S ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA   (United States)

^e EAST TEXAS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Aerobic power; Anaerobic power; Locomotion; Metabolism; Skeletal muscle

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AEROBIC CAPACITY; ANAEROBIC CAPACITY; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY TRANSFER; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HYPOXIA; LOCOMOTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RUNNING; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TREADMILL EXERCISE;

ADULT; AEROBIOSIS; ALGORITHMS; ANAEROBIOSIS; ENERGY METABOLISM; HUMANS; KINETICS; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; PHYSICAL ENDURANCE; RUNNING;

EID: 15544381788     PISSN: 03636119     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00628.2004     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Arsac LM and Locatelli E. Modeling the energetics of 100-m running using speed curves of world champions. J Appl Physiol 92: 1781-1788, 2002.
2. 2 deficit an accurate quantitative measure of the anaerobic energy production during intense exercise? J Appl Physiol 73: 1207-1209, 1992.
3. Bangsbo J. Quantification of anaerobic energy production during intense exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 30: 47-52, 1998.
4. Billat V, Koralsztein JP, and Morton RH. Time in human endurance models: from empirical models to physiological models. Sports Med 27: 359-379, 1999.
5. 2 max and velocity expressed relatively to critical velocity and maximal velocity. Int J Sports Med 22: 27-33, 2001.
6. Boobis LH. Metabolic aspects of fatigue during sprinting. In: Exercise Benefits, Limits and Adaptations, edited by Macleod D. Maughan R, Nimmo M, Reilly T, and Williams C. London: Spon, 1987, p. 116-143.
7. Booth FW and Thomason DB. Molecular and cellular adaptation of muscle in response to exercise: perspectives of various models. Physiol Rev 71: 541-585, 1991.
8. Bundle MW, Hoyt RW, and Weyand PG. High speed running performance: a new approach to assessment and prediction. J Appl Physiol 95: 1955-1962, 2003.
9. Burke RE and Levine DN. Mammalian motor units: physiological- histochemical correlation in three types in cat gastrocnemius. Science 174: 709-712, 1971.
10. Capelli C. Physiological determinants of best performances in human locomotion. Eur J Appl Physiol 80: 298-307, 1999.
11. Conley KE, Blei ML, Richards TL, Kushmerick MJ, and Jubrias SA. Activation of glycolysis in human muscle in vivo. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 273: C306-C315, 1997.
12. Consolazio CF, Johnson RE, and Pecora LJ. Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Functions in Man. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963.
13. Costill DL. Physiology of marathon running. JAMA 221: 1024-1029, 1972.
14. Costill DL, Daniels J, Evans W, Fink W, Krahenbuhl G, and Saltin B. Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. J Appl Physiol 40: 149-155, 1976.
15. Costill DL, Thomason H, and Roberts E. Fractional utilization of the aerobic capacity during distance running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 5: 248-252, 1973.
16. Daniels J and Daniels N. Running economy of elite male and elite female runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24: 483-489, 1992.
17. Di Prampero PE. Factors limiting maximal performance in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 90: 420-429, 2003.
18. Di Prampero PE, Capelli C, Pagliaro P, Antonutto G, Girardis M, Zamparo P, and Soule RG. Energetics of best performances in middle-distance running. J Appl Physiol 74: 2318-2324, 1993.
19. Ettema JH. Limits of human performance and energy-production. Int Z Angew Physiol Einschl Arbeitsphysiol 22: 45-54, 1966.
20. Gastin PB. Energy system interaction and relative contribution during maximal exercise. Sports Med 31: 725-741, 2001.
21. Gladden LB. Lactate metabolism during exercise. In: Principles of Exercise Biochemistry (3rd ed.), edited by Poortmans JR. New York: Karger, 2004, vol. 46, p. 152-196.
22. Gollnick PD, Armstrong RB, Saubert CVV, Piehl K, and Saltin B. Enzyme activity and fiber composition in trained and untrained men. J Appl Physiol 33: 312-316, 1972.
23. Hill AV. The physiological basis of athletic records. In: British Association for the Advancement of Science: Report of the 93rd Meeting, 1925, p. 156-173.
24. Hill AV. The dimensions of animals and their muscular dynamics. Sci Prog 150: 209-230, 1950.
25. Hochachka PW, Beatty CL, Burelle Y, Trump ME, McKenzie DC, and Matheson GO. The lactate paradox in human high-altitude physiological performance. News Physiol Sci 17: 122-126, 2002.
26. van Ingen Schenau GJ, Jacobs R, and de Koning JJ. Can cycle power predict sprint running, performance? Eur J Appl Physiol 63: 255-260, 1991.
27. Joyner M. Modeling: optimal marathon performance on the basis of physiological factors. J Appl Physiol 70: 683-687, 1991.
28. Krustrup P, Gonzalez-Alonso J, Quistorff B, and Bangsbo J. Muscle heat production and anaerobic energy turnover during repeated intense dynamic exercise in humans. J Physiol 536: 947-956, 2001.
29. Lloyd BB. The energetics of running: an analysis of world records. Adv Sci 22: 515-530, 1965.
30. Margaria R. Biomechanics and Energetics of Muscular Exercise. Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1976.
31. 2 deficit. J Appl Physiol 64: 50-60, 1988.
32. Medbø JI and Tabata I. Relative importance of aerobic and anaerobic energy release during short-lasting exhausting bicycle exercise. J Appl Physiol 67: 1881-1886, 1989.
33. Medbø JI and Tabata I. Anaerobic energy release in working muscle during 30 s to 3 min of exhausting bicycling. J Appl Physiol 75: 1654-1660, 1993.
34. Olesen HL. Accumulated oxygen deficit increases with the inclination of inclined running. J Appl Physiol 73: 1130-1134, 1992.
35. Peronnet F and Thibault G. Mathematical analysis of running performance and world running records. J Appl Physiol 67: 453-465, 1989.
36. Rome LC and Lindstedt SL. The quest for speed: muscles built for high-frequency contractions. News Physiol Sci 13: 261-268, 1998.
37. Rumball WM and Coleman CE. Analysis of running and the prediction of ultimate performance. Nat Lond 228: 184-185, 1970.
38. Savaglio S and Carbone V. Scaling in athletic world records. Nat Lond 16: 244, 2000.
39. Scott CB, Roby FB, Lohman TG, and Bunt JC. The maximally accumulated oxygen deficit as an indicator of anaerobic capacity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23: 618-624, 1991.
40. Spencer MR and Gastin PB. Energy system contribution during 200- to 1500-m running in highly trained athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 33: 157-162, 2001.
41. Volkov NI and Lapin VI. Analysis of the velocity curve in sprint running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 11: 332-337, 1979, 1979.
42. Ward-Smith JA. A mathematical theory of running, based on the first law of thermodynamics, and its application to the performance of world-class athletes. J Biomech 18: 337-349, 1985.
43. Ward-Smith JA. The bioenergetics of optimal performances in middle-distance and long-distance track running. J Biomech 32: 461-465, 1999.
44. Ward-Smith JA. New insights into the effect of wind assistance on sprinting performance. J Sports Sci 17: 325-334, 1999.
45. Ward-Smith JA. Aerobic and anaerobic energy conversion during high-intensity running. Med Sci Sports Exerc 31: 1855-1860, 1999.
46. Ward-Smith JA. The kinetics of anaerobic metabolism following the initiation of high-intensity exercise. Math Biosci 159: 33-45, 1999.
47. Ward-Smith JA and Radford PF. Investigation of the kinetics of anaerobic metabolism by analysis of the performance of elite sprinters. J Biomech 33: 997-1004, 2000.
48. Westerblad H, Allen DG, and Lannergren J. Muscle fatigue: lactic acid or inorganic phosphate the major cause? News Physiol Sci 17: 17-21, 2002.
49. Weyand PG, Lee CS, Martinez-Ruiz R, Bundle MW, Bellizzi MJ, and Wright S. High-speed running performance is largely unaffected by hypoxic reductions in aerobic power. J Appl Physiol 86: 2059-2064, 1998.
50. Weyand PG, Sternlight DB, Bellizzi MJ, and Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. J Appl Physiol 89: 1991-1999, 2000.
51. Wilkie DR. Equations describing power input by humans as a function of duration of exercise. In: Exercise Bioenergetics and Gas Exchange, edited by Cerretelli P and Whipp BJ. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980, p. 75-80.