A new paradigm for granite generation

Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Earth Sciences

Volumn 95, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 11-22

  Vigneresse, Jean Louis ^a  

^a CRPG CNRS   (France)

Author keywords

Ascent; Emplacement; Granite emplacement; Mantle; Melting; Segregation

Indexed keywords

DEHYDRATION MELTING; GRANITE; PETROGENESIS;

EID: 15444377565     PISSN: 02635933     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0263593300000882     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Allègre, C. J. & Ben Othman, D. 1980. Nd-Sr isotopic relationship in granitoid rocks and continental crust development: a chemical approach to orogenesis. Nature 286, 335-42.
2. Améglio, L. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1999. Geophysical imaging of the shape of granitic intrusions at depth: a review. In Castro, A., Fernandez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 168, 39-54. London: Geological Society.
3. Améglio, L., Vigneresse, J. L. & Bouchez, J. L. 1997. An assessment of combined fabrics and gravity data in granites. In Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. & Stephens, W. E. (eds) Granite From Melt Segregation to Emplacement Fabrics, 199-214. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
4. Aranguren, A., Larrea, F. J., Carracedo, M., Cuevas, J. & Tubia, J. M. 1997. The Los Pedroches batholith (southern Spain): polyphase interplay between shear zones in transtension and setting of granites. In Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. H. W. & Stephens, W. E. (eds) Granite: From Segregation of Melt to Emplacement Fabrics, 215-29. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5. Arzi, A. A. 1978. Critical phenomena in the rheology of partially melted rocks. Tectonophysics 44, 173-84.
6. Barnichon, J. D., Hanevith, H. D., Hoffer, B., Charlier, R., Jongmans, D. & Duchesne, J. C. 1999. The deformation of the Egersund-Ogna anorthosite massif, south Norway: finite element modelling of diapirism. Tectonophysics 303, 109-30.
7. Barraud, J., Gardien, V., Allemand, P. & Grandjean, P. 2001. Analog modelling of melt segregation and migration during deformation. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth A26, 317-23.
8. Bea, F. 1996. Residence of REE, Y, Th and U in granites and crustal protoliths. Implications for the chemistry of crustal melts. Journal of Petrology 37, 521-52.
9. Bea, F., Pereira, M. D. & Stroh, A. 1994. Mineral/leucosome trace-element partitioning in a peraluminous migmatite (a laser ablation-ICP-MS study). Chemical Geology 117, 291-312.
10. Benn, K. 1994. Overprinting of magmatic fabrics in a granite by small strains: numerical modelling. Tectonophysics 213, 153-62.
11. Bercovici, D. 2003. The generation of plate tectonics from mantle convection. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205, 107-21.
12. Bergantz, G. W. 1995. Changing techniques and paradigms for the evaluation of magmatic processes. Journal of Geophysical Research B100, 17603-13.
13. Bergantz, G. W. 2000. On the dynamics of magma mixing by reintrusion: implications for pluton assembly processes. Journal of Structural Geology 22, 1297-309.
14. Bons, P. D., Dougherty-Page, J. & Elburg, M. A. 2001. Stepwise accumulation and ascent of magmas. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 627-33.
15. Bouchez, J. L., Delas, C., Gleizes, G., Nédelec, A. & Cuney, M. 1992. Submagmatic microfractures in granites. Geology 20, 35-8.
16. Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. & Stephens, W. E. 1997. Granite: From Melt Segregation to Emplacement Fabrics. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
17. Bowden, P. & Turner, D. C. 1974. Peralkaline and associated ring-complexes in the Nigeria-Niger province, West Africa. In Sorenson, H. (ed.) The Alkaline Rocks. New York, NY: Wiley.
18. Brouand, M., Banzet, G. & Barbey, P. 1990. Zircon behavior during crustal anatexis - evidence from the Tibetan Slab migmatites. Journal of Volcanic and Geothermal Research 44, 143-61.
19. Brown, M., Averkin, Y. A., McLellan, E. L. & Sawyer, E. 1995. Melt segregation in migmatites. Journal of Geophysical Research B100 15655-79.
20. Brun, J. P., Gapais, D., Cogné, J. P., Ledru, P. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1990. The Flamanville granite (NW France): an unequivocal example of an expanding pluton. Geological Journal 25, 271-86.
21. Burg, J. P. & Vigneresse, J. L. 2002. Non-linear feedback loops in the rheology of cooling-crystallising felsic magma and heating-melting felsic rock. In De Meer, S., Drury, M. R., De Bresser, J. H. P. & Pennock, G. M. (eds) Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 200, 275-92. London: Geological Society.
22. Cashman, K. V. & Bergantz, G. W. 1991. Magmatic processes. Reviews of Geophysics 29, 500-12.
23. Castro, A., Fernandez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1999. Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 168. London: Geological Society.
24. Clarke, D. B., Fallon, R. & Heaman, L. M. 2000. Interaction among upper crustal, lower crustal and mantle materials in the Port Mouton pluton, Meguma Lithotectonic Zone, southwest Nova Scotia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37, 579-600.
25. Collins, W. J. 1996. Lachlan Fold Belt granitoids: products of three-component mixing. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, 171-81.
26. Clemens, J. D. 1990. The granulite-granite connexion. In Vielzeuf, D. & Vidal, P. (eds) Granulite and Crustal Evolution, 25-36. NATO ASI Series C311. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
27. Clemens, J. D., Petford, N. & Mawer, C. K. 1997. Ascent mechanisms of granitic magmas: causes and consequences. In Holness, M. B. (ed.) Deformation-enhanced Fluid Transport in the Earth's Crust and Mantle 144-71. London: Chapman & Hall.
28. Collins, W. J., Richards, S. R., Healy, B. E. & Ellison, P. I. 2000. Origin of heterogeneous mafic enclaves by two-stage hybridisation in magma conduits (dykes) below and in granitic magma chambers. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91 27-45.
29. Condie, K. C. 1998. Episodic continental growth and supercontinents: a mantle avalanche connection? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 163, 97-108.
30. Crank, J. 1975. The Mathematics of Diffusion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
31. Cribb, J. W. & Barton, M. 1996. Geochemical effects of decoupled fractional crystallisation and assimilation. Lithos 37, 293-307.
32. Cruden, A. R. 1988. Deformation around a rising diapir modeled by creeping flow past a sphere. Tectonics 7, 1091-101.
33. Cruden, A. R. 1998. On the emplacement of tabular granites. Journal of the Geological Society of London 155, 853-62.
34. De Paolo, D. J. 1981. Trace element and isotopic effects of combined wallrock assimilation and fractional crystallisation. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 53, 189-202.
35. Deniel, C., Vidal, P., Fernandez, A., Le Fort, P. & Peucat, J. J. 1987. Isotopic study of the Manaslu granite (Himalaya, Nepal): inferences on the age and source of the Himalayan leucogranites. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 78-92.
36. Didier, J. & Barbarin, B. 1991. Enclaves and Granite Petrology. Developments in Petrology 13. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
37. Dimanov, A., Dresen, G., Xiao, X. & Wirth, R. 1999. Grain boundary diffusion creep of synthetic anorthite aggregates: the effect of water. Journal of Geophysical Research B104, 10483 97.
38. England, P. C. & Thompson, A. B. 1984. Pressure-temperature-time paths of regional metamorphism. I. Heat transfer during evolution of thickened continental crust. Journal of Petrology 25, 894-928.
39. Gleason, G. C., Bruce, V. & Green, H. W. 1999. Experimental investigation of melt topology in partially molten quartzo feldspathic aggregates under hydrostatic and non hydrostatic stress. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 17, 705-22.
40. Guillet, P., Bouchez, J. L. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1985. Le complexe granitique de Plouaret (Bretagne) Mise en évidence structurale et gravimétrique de diapirs emboités. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 8, 503-13.
41. Guineberteau, B., Bouchez, J. L. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1987. The Mortagne granite pluton (France) emplaced by pull apart along a shear zone: structural and gravimetric arguments and regional implication. Geological Society of American Bulletin 99, 763-70.
42. Guyon, E., Roux, S., Hansen, A., Bideau, D., Troadec, J. P. & Crapo, H. 1990. Non-local and non-linear problems in the mechanics of disordered systems: application to granular media and rigidity problems. Reports on Progress in Physics 53, 373-419.
43. Harlov, D. E. 2002. Review of petrographic and mineralogical evidence for fluid induced dehydration of amphibolite facies to granulite facies rocks. Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften 30, 13-36.
44. Harris, N., Ayres, M. & Massey, J. 1995. Geochemistry of granitic melts produced during the incongruent melting of muscovit: implications for the extraction of Himalayan leucogranite magmas. Journal of Geophysical Research B100, 15767-77.
45. Hecht, L. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1999. A multidisciplinary approach combining geochemical, gravity and structural data: implications for pluton emplacement and zonation. In Castro, A., Fernandez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 168, 95-110. London: Geological Society.
46. Hecht, L., Vigneresse, J. L. & Morteani, J. 1997. Constraints on the origin of zonation of the granite complexes in the Fichtelgebirge (Germany and Czech Republik): evidence from a gravity and geochemical study. Geologische Rundschau 87, S93-109.
47. Hildreth, E. W. & Moorbath, S. 1988. Crustal contributions to arc magmatism in the Andes of Central Chile. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 76, 177-95.
48. Hogan, J. P., Price, J. P. & Gilbert, M. C. 1998. Magma traps and driving pressure: consequences for pluton shape and emplacement in an extensional regime. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1155-68.
49. Holden, P., Halliday, A. N., Stephens, W. E, & Henney, P. J. 1991. Chemical and isotopic evidences for major mass transfer between mafic enclaves and felsic magma. Chemical Geology 92, 135-52.
50. Hutton, D. H. W. 1982. A tectonic model for the emplacement of the main Donegal granite, NW Ireland. Journal of the Geological Society, London 139, 615-31.
51. Hutton, D. H. W. 1997. Syntectonic granites and the principle of effective stress: a general solution to the space problem? In Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. H. W. & Stephens, W. E. (eds) Granite: From Segregation of Melt to Emplacement Fabrics, 189-97. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
52. Jahn, B. M., Wu, F. & Chen, B. 2000. Granitoids of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt and continental growth in the Phanerozoic. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91, 181-93.
53. Jurewicz, S. R. & Watson, E. B. 1985. Distribution of partial melt in a felsic system: the importance of surface energy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 85, 25-9.
54. Kalakay, T. J., John, B. E. & Lageson, D. R. 2001. Fault-controlled pluton emplacement in the Sevier fold-and-thrust belt of southwest Montana, USA. Journal of Structural Geology 23, 1151-65.
55. Kerr, A. D. & Pollard, D. D. 1998. Toward more realistic formulations for the analysis of laccoliths. Journal of Structural Geology 20, 1783-93.
56. Kohlstedt, D. L., Bai, Q, Wand, Z. C. & Mei, S. 2000. Rheology of partially molten rocks. In Bagdassarov, N., Laporte, D. & Thompson, A. B. (eds) Physics and Chemistry of Partially Molten Rocks 3-28. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
57. Lister, J. R. & Kerr, R. C. 1991. Fluid-mechanical models of crack propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes. Journal of Geophysical Research B96, 10049-77.
58. Loosveld, R. J. H. 1989. The synchronism of crustal thickening and low pressure facies metamorphism in the Mount Isa Inlier, Australia. 2. Fast convective thinning of mantle lithosphere during crustal thickening. Tectonophysics 165, 191-218.
59. Maaløe, S. & Wyllie, P. J. 1975. Water content of a granite magma deduced from the sequence of crystallization determined experimentally with water-undersaturated conditions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 52, 175-91.
60. Mahon, K. L, Harrison, T. M. & Drew, D. A. 1988. Ascent of a granitoid diapir in a temperature varying medium. Journal of Geophysical Research B93, 1174-88.
61. McKenzie, D. 1984. The generation and compaction of partially molten rocks. Journal of Petrology 25, 713-65.
62. McNulty, B. A., Tobisch, O. T., Cruden, A. R. & Gilder, S. 2000. Multistage emplacement of the Mount Givens pluton, central Sierra Nevada batholith, California. Geological Society of America Bulletin 112, 119-35.
63. Miller, C. F., Watson, E. B. & Harrison, T. M. 1988. Perspectives on the source, segregation and transport of granitoid magmas. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 79, 135-56.
64. Morgan, P. 1984. The thermal structure and thermal evolution of the continental lithosphere. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 15 107-93.
65. O'Hara, M. J. & Mathews, R. E. 1981. Geochemical evolution in an advancing, periodically replenished, periodically tapped, continuously fractionated magma chamber. Journal of the Geological Society, London 138, 237-77.
66. O'Hara, M. J. 1977. Geochemical evolution during fractional crystallization of a periodically refilled magma chamber. Nature 266, 503-7.
67. Parsons, T., Sleep, N. H. & Thompson, G. A. 1992. Host rock rheology controls on the emplacement of tabular intrusions: Implications for underplating of extending crust. Tectonics 11, 1348-56.
68. Paterson, S. R., Fowler, T. K., Schmidt, K. L., Yoshinobu, A. S., Yuan, E. S. & Miller, R. B. 1998. Interpreting magmatic fabric patterns in plutons. Lithos 44, 53-82.
69. Paterson, S. R. & Vernon, R. H. 1995. Bursting the bubble of ballooning plutons - A return to nested diapirs emplaced by multiple processes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 107 (11 ), 1356-80.
70. Paterson, S. R. & Schmidt, K. L. 1999. Is there a close spatial relationship between faults and plutons? Journal of Structural Geology 21, 1131-42.
71. Patino Douce, A. E. & Beard, J. S. 1995. Dehydration melting of biotite gneiss and quartz amphibolite from 3 to 15 kbar. Journal of Petrology 96, 707-38.
72. Percival, J. A. 1983. High grade metamorphism in the Chapleau-Foleyet area, Ontario. American Mineralogist 68, 667-86.
73. Petford, N., Clemens, J. D. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1997. Application of information theory to the formation of granitic rocks. In Bouchez, J. L., Hutton, D. & Stephens, W. E. (eds) Granite From Melt Segregation to Emplacement Fabrics, 3-10. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
74. Petford, N., Cruden, A. R., McCaffrey, K. J. W. & Vigneresse, J. L. 2000. Granite magma formation, transport and emplacement in the Earth's crust. Nature 408, 669-73.
75. Petford, N., Kerr, R. C. & Lister, J. R. 1993. Dike transport of granitoid magmas. Geology 21, 845-8.
76. Pitcher, W. S. 1993. The Nature and Origin of Granite. London: Chapman & Hall.
77. Rämö, O. T. & Haapala, I. 1995. One hundred years of rapakivi granite. Mineralogy and Petrology 52, 129-85.
78. Pollard, D. D. & Muller, O. H. 1976. The effect of gradients in regional stress and magma pressure on the form of sheet intrusions in cross section. Journal of Geophysical Research B81, 975-84.
79. Powell, R. 1984. Inversion of the assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) equations: characterization of contaminants from isotope and trace element relationships in volcanic suites. Journal of the Geological Society, London 141, 447-52.
80. Rabinowicz, M. & Vigneresse, J. L. 2004. Melt segregation under compaction and shear channelling: Application to granitic magma segregation in a continental crust. Journal of Geophysical Research 109 (B4), article number B04407.
81. Rabinowicz, M., Genthon, P., Ceuleneer, G. & Hillairet, M. 2001. Compaction in a mantle mush with high melt concentrations and the generation of magma chambers. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 188, 313-28.
82. Ramsay, J. & Huber, M. 1983. The Techniques of Modern Structural Geology. Vol. 1: Strain Analysis. London: Academic Press.
83. Rapp, R. P. & Watson, E. B. 1995. Dehydration melting of metabasalt at 8-32 kbar: implications for continental growth and crust-mantle recycling. Journal of Petrology 36, 891-931.
84. Read, H. H. 1957. The Granite Controversy. London: Thomas Murby and Co. London.
85. Ricard, Y., Bercovici, D. & Schubert, G. 2001. A two-phase model for compaction and damage. 2. Applications to compaction, deformation and the role of interfacial surface tension. Journal of Geophysical Research B106, 8907-24.
86. Roberts, M. P. & Clemens, J. D. 1995. Feasability of AFC models for the petrogenesis of calc-alkaline magma series. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 121, 139-47.
87. Rollinson, H. R. 1993. Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, Interpretation. London: Longman Scientific and Technical.
88. Roman-Berdiel, T. 1999. Geometry of granite emplacement in the upper crust: contributions of analogue modelling. In Castro, A., Fernandez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 168, 77-94. London: Geological Society.
89. Roman-Berdiel, T., Gapais, D. & Brun, J. P. 1995. Analogue models of laccolith formation. Journal of Structural Geology 17, 1337-46.
90. Rubin, A. M. 1997. Dike ascent in partially melted rocks. Journal of Geophysical Research B103, 20901-19.
91. Ryan, M. P. 1994. Magmatic Systems. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
92. Saint Blanquat, M. de, Tikoff, B., Teyssier, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. 1998. Transpressional kinematics and magmatic arcs. In Holdsworth, R. E., Strachan, R. A. & Dewey, J. F. (eds) Continental Transpressional and Transtensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 135, 327-40. London: Geological Society.
93. Sawyer, E. W. 2000. Grain scale and outcrop-scale distribution and movement of melt in a crystallizing granite. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 91, 73-85.
94. Sawyer, E. W. 2001. Melt migration in the continental crust: distribution and movement of melt in anatectic rocks. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, 291-309.
95. Schmelling, H., Cruden, A. R. & Marquart, G. 1988. Finite deformation in and around a fluid sphere moving through a viscous medium: implications for diapiric ascent. Tectonophysics 149, 17-34.
96. Schmidt, C. J., Smedes, H. W. & O'Neill, J. M. 1990. Syncompressioal emplacement of the Boulder and Tobacco Root batholiths (Montana-USA) by pull apart along old fault zones. Geological Journal 25, 305-18.
97. Sclater, J. G., Parsons, B. & Jaupart, C. 1981. Oceans and continents: similarities and differences in the mechanisms of heat loss. Journal of Geophysical Research B86, 6966-83.
98. Shaw, D. M. 1970. Trace element fractionation during anatexis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34, 237-43.
99. Shaw, H. R. 1980. Fracture mechanisms of magma transport from the mantle to surface. In Hargraves, R. B. (ed.) Physics of Magmatic Processes. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
100. Spera, F. J. & Bohrson, W. A. 2001. Energy-constrained open-system magmatic processes II: Applications of Energy Constrained Assimilation-Fractional crystallisation (EC-AFC) model to magmatic systems. Journal of Petrology 42, 1919-41.
101. Talbot, C. J., Medvedev, S., Alavi, M., Sharivar, H. & Heidari, E. 2000. Salt extrusion at Kuh-e-Jahani, Iran, from June 1994 to November 1997. In Vendeville, B., Mart, Y. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Salt Shale and Igneous Diapirs In and Around Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 174, 93-110. London: Geological Society.
102. 86Sr systematics in igneous rocks. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 47, 243-54.
103. 2O-undersaturated granitic liquids. American Journal of Science 282, 1567-95.
104. Thompson, A. B. 1999. Some time-space relationships for crustal melting and granitic intrusion at various depths. In Castro, A., Fernandez, C. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Understanding Granites: Integrating New and Classical Techniques. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 168, 7-25. London: Geological Society.
105. Tikoff, B. & Teyssier, C. 1992. Crustal-scale, en-echelon 'P-shear' tensional bridges: a possible solution to the batholithic room problem. Geology 20, 927-30.
106. Touret, J. 1977. The significance of fluid inclusions in metamorphic rocks. In Fraser, D. G. (ed.) Thermodynamics in Geology, 203-25. NATO ASI Series C30. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
107. 20. Geological Society of America Memoir 74. Washington: Geological Society of America.
108. Van der Molen, I. & Paterson, M. S. 1979. Experimental deformation of partially-melted granite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 70, 299-318.
109. Vigneresse, J. L. 1990. Use and misuse of geophysical data to determine the shape at depth of granitic intrusions. Geological Journal 25, 249-60.
110. Vigneresse, J. L. 1995a. Control of granite emplacement by regional deformation. Tectonophysics 249, 173-86.
111. Vigneresse, J. L. 1995b. Crustal regime of deformation and ascent of granitic magma. Tectonophysics 249, 187-202.
112. Vigneresse, J. L., Barbey, P. & Cuney, M. 1996. Rheological transitions during partial melting and crystallisation with application to felsic magma segregation and transfer. Journal of Petrology 37, 1579-600.
113. Vigneresse, J. L., Tikoff, B. & Améglio, L. 1999. Modification of the regional stress field by magma intrusion and formation of tabular granitic plutons. Tectonophysics 302, 203-24.
114. Vigneresse, J. L. & Bouchez, J. L. 1997. Successive granitic magma batches during pluton emplacement: the case of Cabeza de Araya (Spain). Journal of Petrology 38, 1767-76.
115. Vigneresse, J. L. & Burg, J. P. 2000. Continuous versus discontinuous melt segregation in migmatites: insights from a cellular automaton model. Terra Nova 12, 188-92.
116. Vigneresse, J. L. & Burg, J. P. 2004. Some insights on the rheology of partially molten rocks. In Grocott, J., McCaffrey, K., Taylor, G. & Tikoff, B. (eds) Vertical Coupling and Decoupling in the Lithosphere. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 227 327-36. London: Geological Society.
117. Vigneresse, J. L. & Clemens, J. D. 2000. Granitic magma ascent and emplacement: neither diapirism nor neutral buoyancy. In Vendeville, B., Mart, Y. & Vigneresse, J. L. (eds) Salt, Shale and Igneous Diapirs In and Around Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 174, 1-19. London: Geological Society.
118. Vigneresse, J. L. & Tikoff, B. 1999. Strain partitioning during partial melting and crystallising felsic magmas. Tectonophysics 312, 117-32.
119. Wedepohl, K. H., Heinrichs, H. & Bridgewater, D. 1991. Chemical characteristics and genesis of the quartz-feldspathic rocks in the Archean crust of Greenland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 107, 163-79.
120. Weertman, J. 1971. Theory of water-filled crevasses in glaciers applied to vertical magma transport beneath ocean ridges. Journal of Geophysical Research B76, 1171-83.
121. Weijermars, R. 1986. Flow behaviour and physical chemistry of bouncing putties and related polymers in view of tectonic laboratory applications. Tectonophysics 124, 325-58.
122. Weinberg, R. F. 1996. The ascent mechanism of felsic magmas: news and views. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 87, 95-103.
123. Weinberg, R. F., Sial, A. N. & Pessoa, R. R. 2001. Magma flow within the Tavares pluton, northeast Brazil: Compositional and thermal convection. Geological Society of America Bulletin 113, 508-20.
124. Weinberg, R. F. & Podladchikov, Y. Y. 1994. Diapiric ascent of magmas through power law crust and mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research B99, 9543-59.
125. Whitney, J. A. 1990. Origin and evolution of silicic magmas. Reviews in Economic Geology 4, 183-201.
126. Wilson, J. & Grocott, J. 1999. The emplacement of the granitic Las Tazas complex, northern Chile: the relationship between local and regional strain. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 1513-23.
127. Wirth, R. & Franz, L. 2000. Thin amorphous intergranular layers at mineral interfaces in xenoliths: the early stage of melting. In Bagdassarov, N., Laporte, D. & Thompson, A. B. (eds) Physics and Chemistry of Partially Molten Rocks, 229-68. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
128. Wyllie, P. J. 1977. From crucibles through subduction to batholiths. In Saxena, S. K. & Battacharji, S. (eds) Energetics of Geological Processes, 389-433. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
129. Wyllie, P. J., Huang, W. L., Stern, C. R. & Maaløe, S. 1976. Granitic magmas: possible and impossible sources, water contents and crystallization sequences. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 13, 1007-19.
130. Yardley, B. W. D. & Valley, J. W. 1997. The petrologic case for a dry lower crust. Journal of Geophysical Research B102, 12173-85.
131. Zoback, M. L. 1992. First- and second-order patterns of stress in the lithosphere: the World Stress Map Project. Journal of Geophysical search B97, 11703-28.